1、化工专业英语一、二章预测题一（化工一班）一 词汇拼写与翻译汉译英：1.化学工程与工艺 2.有机化学 3.周期表 4.价电子层 5.碱金属 6.分子间作用力 7.氢键 8.分子式 9.分子量 10.共价键英译汉：1. Carbon tetrafluoride 2. molecular dipoles 3. inductive effect 4. Electronegativity， 5.functional group， 6.configuration， 7.substituent，8.valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory 9 .boiling
2、 point 10. kinetic energy二 化合物命名1.(CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br （1-bromo-3-methylbutane） 2. C2H5Cl（chloroethane） 3.（ ）4.（ ）5. C2H5OH （Ethyl Alcohol）三 翻译英译汉：1. Thus, in order to break the intermolecular attractions that hold the molecules of a compound in the condensed liquid state, it is necessary to increase th
3、eir kinetic energy by raising the sample temperature to the characteristic boiling point of the compound.2. Most organic compounds have melting points below 200 C. Some CH3CH3 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexaneCH3CH3CH3CH3 2-ethyl-1,1-dimethyl-3-propylcyclohexanedecompose before melting, a few sublime（from
4、 solid to gas directly),but a majority undergo repeated melting and crystallization without any change in molecular structure. 3. When two different atoms are bonded covalently, the shared electrons are attracted to the more electronegative atom of the bond, resulting in a shift of electron density
5、toward the more electronegative atom. Such a covalent bond is polar, and will have a dipole.4. Functional groups are atoms or small groups of atoms (two to four) that exhibit a characteristic reactivity when treated with certain reagents.5. Different atoms have different affinities for nearby electr
6、ons. The ability of an element to attract or hold onto electrons is called electronegativity.6. All atoms and molecules have a weak attraction for one another, known as van der Waals attraction.7. The exceptionally strong dipole-dipole attractions that cause this behavior are called the hydrogen bon
7、d.8. The molecule providing a polar hydrogen for a hydrogen bond is called a donor.9. The highest occupied electron shell is called the valence shell, and the electrons occupying this shell are called valence electrons.10.The number of electrons an atom gain or lose to achieve a valence octet is cal
8、led valence.汉译英：1. 最高占据能级电子层被称之为价（电子）层，价层上所占据电子被称之为价电子。2. 一个相关的原则,是值得注意到一点.虽然氢键很弱( 大约 4-5 个千卡每摩尔),当几个这种键共同存在于产物结构中时会变得很强.在木材和其他相关材料中纤维素纤维中的氢键表现的很强.3. 同样，伯胺和仲胺既是供体又是受体，但叔胺只是受体。4. 水是最普遍的溶剂，在地球上分布广泛并且在生活中扮演者最基本的角色，使得它成为讨论水溶性的基准。5. 在这些结构中没有双键、三键和环的存在。四 单项选择1. The ability of an element to attract or hold
9、 onto electrons is called ( )A. Electronegativity B. functional groupC. configuration D. substituent2. （ ）are atoms or small groups of atoms (two to four) that exhibit a characteristic reactivity when treated with certain reagents.A. Electrostatic attraction B. Functional groupsC. carbon tetrafluori
10、de D covalent bonding.3. Different compounds having the same molecular formula are called( ).A. isomers B. constitutional isomersC. Multiple bonding D. covalent bonding4. The preferred charge distribution will have the positive charge on the less electronegative atom ( ) and the negative charge on t
11、he more electronegative atom ( ).A. C、N B.N、OCC、O D.N、H5. （ ） omit the symbols for carbon and hydrogen entirely。AShorthand formulas B. Hybrid OrbitalsC. formula weight D. hydrogen bond6. Indeed, many of the physical _of compounds that are used to identify them are due to intermolecular interactions.
12、A; characteristics B: disposition C: nature D: temperament7For general purposes it is useful to consider temperature to be a measure of the _of all the atoms and molecules in a given systemA: kinetic energy B Potential energy. C :Heat D:.Kinetic energy8.If there were no_, all matter would exist in a
13、 gaseous state, and life as we know it would not be possible.A: van der Waals forces B: van der Waals interactionsC: Gravity D: gravitational9. The distance between molecules in a crystal lattice is small and regular, with intermolecular forces serving to constrain the motion of the molecules more _
14、than in the liquid state. A: severely B：Serious C：critical D：critically10._, if the solid melts, or the liquid freezes, a discontinuity occurs and the temperature of the sample remains constant until the phase change is complete. A: However B:or C:once D:forever五 Cloze1. When discussing structural f
15、ormulas, it is often useful to distinguish different groups of carbon atoms by their structural characteristics. A carbon (1) is one that is bonded to no more than one other carbon atom. A carbon (2) is bonded to two other carbon atoms, and(3) and (4) carbon atoms are bonded to three and four other
16、carbons. The three C5H12 isomers shown below illustrate these terms.2. The molecule providing a polar hydrogen for a hydrogen bond is called a ( ). The molecule that provides the electron rich site to which the hydrogen is attracted is called an ( ). Water and ( ) may serve as both donors and accept
17、ors, whereas ( ), ( ), ketones（酮类） and ( ) can function only as acceptors.化工专业英语一、二章预测题二一 Traslation1 离子化合物 (ionic compound)共价键 ( covalent bonds)双原子分子 (diatomic elements)分子偶极距 (molecular dipoles)官能团 (Functional groups)有机化学 (organic chemistry)动能 (kinetic energy)叔碳 (tertiary carbon)库伦力 (coulombic forc
18、es)二英译汉1 .Structural formulas (分子结构式)2. bond angles (键角)3. isomers (异构体)4.valenceshell electron-pair repulsion theory (价电子对互斥理论)5. primary carbon (伯碳)6. quaternary carbon (季碳)7.the three dimensional shape ( 三维构型)8. inductive effect ( 诱导效应)9. alkanes (烷烃 )10. periodic table (周期表)三. 化合物得命名三氟乙醇 trifluo
19、ro ethanol 甲醛 formaldehyde 醋酸 acetic acid四氟化碳 carbon tetrafluoride 丙醇 propanol4the alogens are one electron short of a valence shell octet and are among the most reactive of the e1.lements。卤素是电子层 8 电子中少一个电子的元素，也是所有元素中最活泼的。2.carbon dioxide is notable because it is a case in which two pairs of electro
20、ns are shared by the same two atoms。二氧化碳十分显著，因为它是两对电子被两个相同原子共同分享的案例3.Different atoms have different affinities for nearby electrons。The ability of element to attract or hold onto electrons is called electronegativity。一个元素吸引或束缚电子的能力被称作电负性4.Functional groups are atoms or small groups of atms that exhi
21、bit a characteristic reactivity when treated with certain reagents。官能团是原子或者原子团当遇到特定的试剂会显示特征性的反应的集团5.Different compounds having the same mole cular formala are called ismers。不同的化合物具有相同的分子结构被称作是异构体6.Indeed many of the physical characteristics of compounds that are used to identify them are due to inte
22、rmolecular interactions。当然用来判断他们的物理特性归因于分子之间的相互作用7.It shoud be noted that there are also smaller repulsive forces between molecules that increase rapidly at very small intermolecular distances。应该注意的是在分子之间仍有小的互斥为在小的分子距离范围内增长的特别快8.The formula of each enty is followed by its formula weight in parenthes
23、es and the boiling point in degrees celsius。一序列的公式跟着的是它的分子量和摄氏温度的沸点9.The molecule that provides the electron rich site to which the hydrogen is attracted is called an acceptor。能够提供给氢被吸引的电子位置的分子被称为受体10.Water dissolves many ionic salts thanks to its high dielectric constant and ability to solvate ions
24、。水能溶解很多离子盐归因为它高的价电常数和溶解离子的能力5汉译英1.官能团是遇到特定的试剂时表现出特征性活性的原子或原子团Founctional groups are atoms or small groups of atoms thatExhibit a characteristic reactivity when treated with certain reagents。2.氢和更多的带负电的原子结合形成极性共价键，比如氢，由于氢原子很小，双极子键的正电部分比其他磁性键更容易接近相邻分子的亲核或碱性部分。Hydrogen forms polar covalent bonds to mor
25、e electronegative atoms such as oxygen，and because a hydorgen atom is quite small，the positive end of the bond dipple can approach neighboring nucleophilic or basic sites more closely than can other polar bonds。3.由于分子间作用力强迫分子运动比在液态中更剧烈，一个晶格中的分子间距是很小的且有规律的。The distance between molecules in a crystal
26、lattice is small and regular，with intermolecular force serving to constrain the motin of the molecules more severely than in the liquid state。4.在缩写的分子式中，碳之间的省略，但是每一个不寻常的构造单元都被写上下标来指定多功能取代基，包括氢。In condensed structural formulas the bonds to each carbon are omitted，subscript numbers designating multipl
27、e substituents，including the hydrogens。5.一般来说，在一个特定的系统中，对于所有的原子和分子而言，温度来测量动能是很有用的。For general purposes it is useful to consider temperature to be a measure of the kinetic energy of all the atoms and molecules in a given system。六.1 .Which of the follaving gases dont have valence shell electron octet?
28、( A )A Helium B Neon C Argon D Krypton2 .Alkali metals are exceptionally reactive because ( A )A capturing electron B Losing electron C Not clear 3. Which of the following elements dont have covalent bonding?( c )A carbon dioxide B carbon tetrafluoride C sodium chloride D water4. The electronegativi
29、ty of the following elements from high to law is( B )A carbon ,Fluonine ,hydrogen B Fluorine,carbon ,hydrogen,potassium C Fluorine,hydrogen,carbon,potassium 5.In the two dimensional shape what bond is directed in back in back of the plane( B )A a straight line B a wedge shaped bond C a hatched bond
30、6 among these options，which is the ionic compound？A.Benzene B. Sodium chloride C hydrogen chloride D. Carbon dioxide7 how many constitutional isomers does C4H10O have？A.5 B.6 C.7 D.88 among these compound，which doesnt have the hydrogen bonding？A .methane B.ammonia C. Hydrogen chloride D.hydrogen flu
31、oride9 which molecule has dipole covalent bonds？A. O2 BCO2 C.H2O D.CH410 how many functional groups in this molecule CHCL=CHOH?A,1 B.2 C.3 D.4七1. When discussing structural formulas,it is often useful to distinguish different groups of carbon atoms by their structural characteristics ,A ( primary )
32、carbon is one that is bonded to no more than one other carbon atoms .A ( secondary) carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms ,and ( tertrary) and (quaternary) carbon atoms are bonded respectively to three and four other carbons.The three C5H12 isomers shown below illustrate these terms.2. When sod
33、ium is burned in a chlorine atmosphere,it produces ( sodium chloride ).This has a high ( melting point ) and dissolves ( in water ) to give a conducting solution .Sodium chloride is an ( ionic compound ),in which an electron of sodium atom was transferred to a chloride atom and generates a sodium (
34、cation ) and a chloride anion专业外语. 单项选择1. Planar bridged annulenes (轮烯)having _ -electrons have proven to be relatively unstableA. 2n B.4n C.6n D.8n2. As We know The environmental conditions , such as_ _A. catalysts B. pressure C. temperature D. above all3. _ the name implies, are characterized by r
35、eplacement of an atom or group (Y) by another atom or group (Z).A. Substitution reactions B. Rearrangement reactionC. Addition reaction D. Elimination reaction4. Chemists also use arrow symbols for other purposes, such as_A. The Reaction Arrow B. The Equilibrium ArrowC. The Resonance Arrow D Above a
36、ll5. Double bonds are easily cleaved by reagents except_A. potassium ermanganate B ozoneC methane D bromine6. These -orbitals are occupied by _electrons (where n is an integer or zero). This requirement is known as The Hckel Rule.A 2n B 4n C 8n D 4n+27. Benzene is the typical aromatic compound. It i
37、s planar, bond angles=_A 90 B 120 C 150 D 1258. which substance is termed amphoteric(两性)A Water B NH3 C HCL D NH4CL9. which one is the most electronegative atoms ？A N B O C CL D F 10 . In an addition reaction the number of -bonds in the substrate molecule_A increases B decreases C remain unchanged D
38、 unknown二 化合物命名1.烯烃 2. 戊烷 3.环己烷 4. 钠 5.溴丙烷三 单词翻译英译汉1.properties 2. Reactant 3. functional roups 4. reverse 5. bracket 6. charges 7. electronegative 8. carbocations. 9. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 10. aromatic汉译英11. 苯 12 核磁共振 13.动力学 14 中间体 15 放热的 16 活化能 17 反应方式 18 共轭 19 衍生物 20 角张力四 句子翻译1 Ultima
39、tely, the best way to achieve proficiency in organic chemistry is to understand how reactions take place, and to recognize the various factors that influence their course。2 it is important to consider the various properties and characteristics of a reaction that may be observed and/or measured as th
40、e reaction proceeds。3 Most reactions are conducted in solution, not in a gaseous state. The solvent selected for a given reaction may exist a strong influence on its course. Remember, solvents are chemicals, and most undergo chemical reaction under the right conditions.4 Organic chemistry encompasse
41、s a very large number of compounds, and our previous discussion and illustrations have focused on their structural characteristics.5 If you scan any organic textbook you will encounter a very large, often intimidating 吓人的, number of reaction.6 首先，仅仅反应物的物质结构的变化我们把化学反应分成四大类。7 一个重排反应会产生一个异构体，并且键的数量正常情况
42、下是不会变的。8 通过路易斯理论，一个酸是一个电子对的接受者,Y 一个碱是一个电子对的捐赠者。9 努力官能管怎么样和为什么在化学反应中作用的，化学家试着去发现当不同的分子和离子混合时是怎样互相起作用的。10. 在结构上不同的反应物可能会对反应的进程产生明显的影响，即使官能管没有改变。五 完形填空To determine whether a carbon atom has undergone a redox change during a reaction we simply note any changes in the number of bonds to hydrogen and the
43、number of bonds to more electronegative atoms such as O, N, F, Cl, Br, I, 和一个共振效应,即在不连续的电子移动部件之间的分子8. 这类物种被称为活性中间体,并在很多反应中被认为是瞬态中间体。9. 确定是否一个碳原子经历了氧化还原反应时，我们简单地注意的债券数目和氢的债券数目任何变动，更多的电负性原子如O,N,F,Cl、溴,碘, 因此,p-orbitals只能重叠作为孤立的组,而不是在整个环。四、Choice1. Substances that can serve as both acids and bases, such
44、 as water, are termed _.A amphoteric. B unisexuality C Brnsted acids2. The term electrophile corresponds to a _.A Lewis acid B Brnsted acid C Lewis base3. An_, which is a function of the electronegativity differences that exist between atoms (and groups).A resonance effect B inductive effect C Steri
45、c Effects4. If the bond breaks with both electrons of the shared pair remaining with one fragment, this is called._.A breakage B homolysis. C heterolysis5. As We know The environmental conditions , such as_ _.A catalysts B essure C mperature D bove all6. Double bonds are easily cleaved by reagents e
46、xcept_.A potassium permanganate B methane C ozone D bromine7. Planar bridged annulenes (轮烯)having _ -electrons have proven to be relatively unstableA 2n B 4n C 6n D 8n8. Chemists also use arrow symbols for other purposes, such as_A The Reaction Arrow B The Resonance Arrow C The Equilibrium Arrow D A
47、bove all9. Benzene is the typical aromatic compound. It is planar, bond angles=_A 90 B 120 C 150 D 12510. 9. which one is the most electronegative atoms ？A N B O C F D Cl五、 ClozeAccording to the Brnsted theory, an acid is a proton _, and a base is a proton _. In an acid-base reaction, each side of t
48、he equilibrium has an acid and a base reactant or product, and these may be neutral species or _.TEST1 答案一、 Vocabulary Chemical Reaction catalysts substituents nitrile tautomerizations aromatic properties substituted derivatives heats of hydrogenation specific rotations annulenes杂化原子 平衡点 反应机理 酰胺 电子对受体 碳正离子 亲电试剂 热力学 诱导效应 水解反应二、Compound portion cyclohexadiene 1-bromo-2,2-dimeth
