1、动词的被动语态,语态的概述,语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语的关系。动词分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 She typed a letter. A letter was typed by her. Granny takes care of the girl. The girl was taken care of by Ganny.,1、被动语态的概述 被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般只有及物动词才有被动语态。 Farming tools are being sent t
2、o the countryside. He had been invited to teach at a university . 2、被动语态的构成 “be+及物动词的过去分词”。be有人称、数和时态的变化。现以动词see为例：,注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词-ed。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词-ed” I
3、 need one more stamp before my collection is completed .（一般现在时被动语态） Ive been told the sports meet might be put off. The water will be further polluted unless some measures are taken.,I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. He must be prevented from going. The life of the
4、 milu is being studied there. He said that the books would be given to the students. 3、被动语态的使用范围 （1）不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者 这时不用by短语 This jacket is made of cotton. English is spoken in Canada.,（2）为了强调动作的承受者时 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. The store is run by the old man . The song was com
5、posed by a student. （3）出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 You are said to be active recently. The plan was generally considered not practical. Its said that he would come back soon.,常用于如下短语： Its not known that 不得而知 Its said that Its reported that Its not decided that Its believed that 据认为 Its announced that 4、主动语
6、态变为被动语态 遵循以下原则：主动句中的宾语变为被动结构的主语；主动句中的谓语变为被动结构；主动句中的主语变为by介词短语，有时介词短语可省,（1）含有单个宾语的主动句变为被动句 一般将主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语，动词变为被动语态，主动句的主语变为by的宾语 Everyone likes the book. The book is liked by everyone. He wrote a letter. A letter was written by him. （2）含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句 有些动词后面可以跟“宾语+补足语”结构，这种结构被称作复合宾语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词
7、、形容词、动词不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。,含复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不动 行为动词 They advised her to take the medicine. She was advised to take the medicine. They named the boy John. The boy was named John. We found him working in the factory. He was found working in the factory. 感官动词和使役动词跟不定式作宾补时在主动句中
8、，动词不定式做感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make ,have）的宾语补足语，通常省去动词不定式符号to。但改为被动结构后，要把省略了to再加上。,They made him go there alone. He was made to go there alone. I saw him cross the road and enter the bank. He was seen to cross the road and enter the bank. 注意：动词是let时，其被动结构中仍不带to They let John go. John was let g
9、o. （3）含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句 直接宾语是名词、代词时,有些动词（give, tell, buy等）在句中做谓语时可有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），又称双宾语。含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语。当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to（有时可以省去）或for。 She gave me the book. I was given the book. The book was given to me.,My mother gave me a pencil. I was given a
10、pencil by my mother. A pencil was given to me by my mother. Father bought me a new coat. I was bought a new coat. A new coat was bought for me. 注意：被动句中两个间接宾语对比时，其前的介词to不可省略。 This apple is given to me, not to you.,直接宾语是从句时 一般只能构成以间接宾语为主语的被动句。 Someone told me where the accident had happened. I was tol
11、d where the accident had happened. He asked me whether the meeting was to be put off. I was asked whether the meeting was to be put off. （4）带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句 通常用it作为被动结构的形式主语,Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine. It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. We believed that
12、he was ill. It was believed that he was ill. 带宾语从句的主动句换为被动句时，可以改为不定式结构 He said the play was very interesting. The play was said to be very interesting.,He reported that they had finished the project. They were reported to have finished the project. （5）带有情态动词或be going to的主动句换为被动句 如果主动句带有情态动词或be going
13、 to(be about to, be to, used to, have to )等，变为被动句时，情态动词或be going to等不变，只是后面的主动词变为被动语态。 He is going to give me a book. I am going to be given a book.,We must take measures to stop pollution. Measures must be taken to stop pollution. 5、被动结构的时态 由be的不同时态+及物动词-ed形式构成 （1）一般现在时 一般现在时的被动结构由“be的一般现在时（am/is/a
14、re）+及物动词-ed形式”构成 In some parts of the world, tea is served with milk and sugar. Football is played all over the world. Jack, you are wanted on the phone.,I am asked to do the work. （2）一般过去式 一般过去式的被动结构由“be的一般过去式（was/were）+及物动词-ed形式” 构成。 Shortly after we were seated, a waiter came over to our table wi
15、th a smile. The building was built in 1559. His leg was broken in an accident. （3）一般将来时 一般将来时的被动结构由“be的一般将来时（shall/will be）+及物动词-ed形式” 构成 More factories will be built in my hometown.,He will be taken to the park on Sunday. （4）现在进行时 现在进行时的被动结构由“be的现在进行时（am/is/are being）+及物动词-ed” 构成 -Have you moved in
16、to the new house?-Not yet.The rooms are being painted. The life of the milu is being studied at present. A teaching building is being built now.,（5）过去进行时 过去进行时的被动语态由“be的过去进行时（was/were being）+及物动词-ed” 构成 When I got there, a new road was being built by them. Last time I went back to my hometown, a big
17、 factory was being built there. （6）现在完成时 现在完成时的被动语态由“be的现在进行时（has/have been）+及物动词-ed形式” 构成。 Ive been told the sports meet might be put off.,No permission has been given for anybody to enter the building. All the preparations for the task have been completed and were ready to start. （7）过去完成时 过去完成时的被动
18、语态由“be的过去完成时（had been）+及物动词-ed形式” 构成。 He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year. By the end of last year, about 2 million Chinese characters had been translated into English.,（8）将来完成时 其被动语态由“be的将来完成时（will/shall have been）+及物动词-ed” 构成。 The new book will have been finished by th
19、e end of the month. The building will have been completed before he comes. （9）过去将来完成时 过去将来完成时的被动语态是由“be的过去将来完成时（would/should have been）+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。 He said the articles should have been translated by six oclock.,He told me that the dam would have been completed by December. 注意：将来完成时和过去将来完成时很少用于被
20、动结构，完成进行时没有被动结构。 6、含有情态动词或be going to 的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物动词的-ed形式” 构成。 This bike can be mended in two hours. The trees may be planted in spring.（可以） The room must be kept clean.,The flowers should be watered often. They have to be given a
21、 lot of money. 7、短语动词的被动语态 只有及物动词才有被动语态，有些短语动词相当于及物动词，也可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 Have you sent for the doctor? Has the doctor been sent for?派人去请医生了吗?,They often made fun of her. She was often made fun of. She has been laughed at by her classmates. I promise that the matter wil
22、l be taken care of. 我答应把这事放在心上。 注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。,You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. More attention should be paid to your pronunciation. 8、Get型被动语态 被动语态的基本形式由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。但也有“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get型被
23、动语态。get型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个动词或比较简单的动词短语。 （1）get+及物动词的过去分词,get常与marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构指动作的结果而非动作本身，指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. He got wounded in the battle. The bo
24、y got hurt on his way home . Be careful when you cross this very busy streetIf not，you may get run over by a car,get-型被动语态一般不可接by短语引出动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+及物动词的过去分词”的形式。 误：The boy got hurt by a car on his way to school. 正：The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school. get-型被动语态一般不用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不与s
25、ee, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。 The old man was offered a large sum of money. （正）,The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误) Some farmers were seen working in the fields.（正） Some farmers got seen working in the fields.( 误) get-型被动语态有言外之意或具有感情色彩 He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。（有“活该”之意
26、） How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了？（有“不该关上”之意）,get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。 She got tired. 她感到累了。（有开始感到疲劳的含义） She was tired. (只表示“她累了”) （2）seem, appear+动词-ed形式或stand, rest, grow, become+动词-ed也可表示被动语态。 He seemed annoyed by his words. Their curiosity grew aroused.,9、by短语在被动语态中的用法
27、从主动句变为被动句以及被动句的使用，都涉及了“by+行为者”(即by短语)，by短语有时可省略，有时不可省略 （1）省略by短语的情况 主动句是“主+谓+宾+状”结构 They built the school in 1962. The school was built in 1962. 主动句中含有双宾语时。 Tom gave me a book. A book was given to me.,主动句中含有复合宾语。 They heard him come. He was heard to come. 主动句中含有宾语从句时。 We expect that Mary will win. M
28、ary is expected to win. 或:It is expected that Mary will win. 当动作的施事者不可知或不易说出时。 A great number of new books will be published next year.,在特定的语境或上下文中，施事者为双方所共知，没有必要说出来时。 He was made monitor of the class. 说话人本身是行为者，但出于某种考虑（为了表示礼貌、措辞婉转等），不愿说出自己是动作的行为者时。 You have been told many times not to touch the pic
29、tures. 主动句中的主语是句子的强调成分时。 Even a child can answer this question. This question can be answered even by a child.,（2）不省略by的情况 如果省去by短语，句子意思就不完整 Mr.Brown wrote the letter. The letter was written by Mr. Brown. 汉译英时，用英语表达汉语的“被、由、为所”等意思时。America was discovered by Columbus in 1492. The telephone was invente
30、d by Bell. 主动句是以疑问代词作主语的问句时,Who discovered America? Who was America discovered by? 典型例题1.An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next weekA. are to be held B. is to be heldC. are holding Dwill hold2The question he asked is hard _A. for answer B. to answer Cto be answered D. answering,3By the end
31、of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.A. would be completed B. was being completedC. has been complete D. had been completed 4More than a dozen students in that school abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent,5. After a fire broke out in the lab
32、, a lot of equipment. A. is damaged B. had damaged C. damaged D. was damaged 6.Great changes _in the city ,and a lot of factories_.A. have been taken placehave been set up B. have taken placehave been set upC. have taken placehave set up D. were taken placewere set up,7. Do you like the material?Yes, it_ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt8.Why did you leave that position? I a better position at IBM. A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offered,B B D B D B C D,
