1、第 1 页 共 9 页动词的被动语态考点一：被动语态的构成及用法词的被动语态 英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫做主动语态；主语是动作的承受者，叫做被动语态。 例如： We swept the floor. 我们打扫了地板。（主动语态） The floor was swept. 地板被打扫过。（被动语态） 1.被动语态的构成 (1) 被动语态是由 “be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。 be 有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化规则与其作为连系动词的 be 的变化完全一样。 a 被动语态的肯定句 Apple trees are planted in the south. 苹果树种
2、在南方。 b 被动语态的否定句 The building hasnt been completed. 这座建筑物没有竣工。 c 被动语态的一般疑问句 被动语态的一般疑问句的结构是：Be+ 主语+ 过去分词（vt）+ （by+宾语） Are they made in China? Yes, they are. Was the museum built in 1993? No, it was built in 1986. d 被动语态的特殊疑问句 被动语态的特殊疑问句的结构是：疑问词+be+主语+过去分词（vt）。 What is the machine used for? It is used
3、for making paper. Where were the car made? They were made in China. (2) 被动语态的几种时态形式： a一般现在时 结构：主语 am / is / are + 过去分词 主动句：She cleans her room every day. 被动句：Her room is cleaned (by her) every day. (肯定句） 否定句：Her room isnt cleaned (by her) every day. 一般疑问句：Is her room cleaned (by her) every day? 第 2
4、页 共 9 页注意：被动句的 be 助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化，其时态应与主动句的时态一致 b.一般过去时 结构：主语was / were +过去分词 主动句：The workers made the VCD last week. 被动句：The VCD was made by the workers last week.(肯定句) 否定句: The VCD wasnt made by the workers last week.一般疑问句：Was the VCD made by the workers last week? c. 一般将来时 结构：主语will be +
5、过去分词 主动句：My father will send me to America soon. 肯定句：I will be sent to America by my father soon. 否定句：I wont be sent to America by my father soon. 一般疑问句：Will you be sent to America by your father soon? d. 过去将来时 结构：主语would be + 过去分词 主动句：He said he would punish the naughty boy tonight. 肯定句：He said the
6、 naughty boy would be punished by him tonight. 否定句：He said the naughty boy wouldnt be punished by him tonight. e. 现在进行时 结构：主语 am / is / are + being + 过去分词 主动句：He is telling a story now. 肯定句：A story is being told by him now. 否定句：A story isnt being told by him now. 一般疑问句：Is a story being told by him n
7、ow? f. 过去进行时 结构：主语was / were + being + 过去分词 主动句：He was telling a story when I came in. 肯定句：A story was being told by him when I came in. 否定句：A story wasnt being told by him when I came in. 第 3 页 共 9 页一般疑问句：Was a story being told by him when I came in? g. 现在完成时 结构：主语have / has +been + 过去分词 主动句: The b
8、oy has finished the work. 肯定句: The work has been finished by the boy. 否定句: The work hasnt been finished by the boy. 一般疑问句: Has the work been finished by the boy? h. 过去完成时 结构：主语 + had + been + 过去分词 主动句: They had built ten buildings by 2003. 肯定句: Ten buildings had been built by them by 2003. 否定句: Ten
9、buildings hadnt been built by them by 2003. 一般疑问句: Had ten buildings been built by them by 2003? i. 含有情态动词结构：主语+can/may/must+be+ 过去分词主动句: I can find it.肯定句: It can be found by me.否定句: It cant be found by me.一般疑问句: Can it be found by me?2.被动语态的用法(1) 不知道动作的执行者是谁。 English is taught in all middle school
10、s. 所有中学都开设英语课。 (2) 没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 The meeting was held last week. 会议上周召开了。 (3) 要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时。 Teapots are used for drinking. 茶壶是饮水用的。3.被动语态中应注意的几个问题 (1) 在被动语态句子中要注意主语与谓语在人称和数方面要保持一致。 (2) 主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况： ahave（有）以及和 have 构成的短语动词不能用于被动语态 第 4 页 共 9 页b不及物动词没有动作的承受者，不能用被动语态。 c主动句的宾语是 each other 或反身代
11、词时，不能变成被动句的主语。 d主动句的宾语是不定式或动词的-ing 形式时，不能变成被动句的主语。 (3) 注意有时用主动语态表示被动意义的情况。 例如： This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很禁洗。 The machine made in China sell well abroad. 中国制造的机器在国外畅销4. 被动语态和系表结构的区别动词“be+过去分词”这一结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。这两种结构主要的区别是：被动语态强调动作，系表结构强调状态。我们还可以通过以下方法来判断：(1) 从形式上来看，被动语态往往接 by 施动者，而
12、系表结构往往有固定的搭配。如：be joined to, be connected with, be separated from, be covered with, be interested in, be surprised at, be satisfied with, be concerned about 等。We were surprised at the unexpected news. 听到这个意外消息，我们感到惊讶。 (系表结构)注意：句中有“by+人” 时，多用被动语态；而“by+物” 时，多属系表结构。如：The house was surrounded by the pol
13、ice. 这房子被警察包围了。 (被动语态)The house was surrounded by trees. 这房子四周都是树。 (系表结构，表示静止的状态)(2) 从时态上来看，被动语态的 be 时态要与动作发生的时间一致；而系表结构的 be 只有一般时或完成时，表示目前或过去的性质或状态。如：This window was broken by Kate yesterday 这窗户是凯特昨天打破的。 (被动语态)This glass is broken. 这块玻璃是破的。(系表结构，指目前的状态)(3)从句中的状语来看，过去分词前有 well, very, quite 等副词修饰的是系表
14、结构；若句中有时间、方式或目的状语时，一般为被动语态。The play is well written. 这剧本写得很好。(系表结构)The play was written with great care. 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。(被动语态，有方式状语)(4)被动语态中的过去分词必须是及物动词，而系表结构中的过去分词可以是 gone, fallen, risen等不及动词。如下列两句是系表结构：My pen is gone. 我的钢笔不见了。The sun is risen. 太阳升起来了。第 5 页 共 9 页In-Class Exercises1. Good books _ aga
15、in and again. A. should be readed B. should be read C. must read D. ought to read 2. The children _ by the nurse. A. were looked B. looked after C. were looked after D. looked 3. He _ some pieces of advice, but he _ to them. A. gave, didnt listen B. was given, wasnt listened C. give, wasnt listened
16、D. was given, didnt listen 4. When_ the accident _ ? A. was, happen B. did, happen C. is, happen D. was, happened 5. The question _ by us soon. A. is going to discuss B. will discuss C. is going to be discussed D. has been discussed 6. The lab _ about five years ago. A. was builded B. was built C. b
17、uilds D. has been built 7. A lot of tall buildings _ in his hometown in the last three years. A. have set up B. have been set up C. were set up D. set up 8. They _ printing 500 copies by the end of last month. A. had finished B. have finished C. had been finished D. have been finished 9. Rice _ also
18、 _ in their hometown. A. isgrown B. isgrew C. wasgrew D. wasgrown 10. He _ by the teachers. A. is always praised B. praises C. have been praised D. always is praised考点二：主动语态和被动语态的转换 1.主动语态变为被动语态的方法 (1) 将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句里的主语成分。把主动句里的宾格人称代词改为主格形式。 (2) 把主动结构的谓语动词改为 be+过去分词形式。 第 6 页 共 9 页(3) 将主动句的主语变为介词 b
19、y 的宾语。 例如： People use radios for listening to the news.（主动） Radios are use for listening to the news by people.（被动） I posted a letter last week.（主动） A letter was posted by me last week.（被动） 注意： 在 make, let, see, hear, notice, watch, feel 等动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但这种句子如果变为被动语态时，则应加上 to。 例如：We heard her
20、 sing an English song.（主动）She was heard to sing an English song by us.（被动） 2.主动语态变为被动语态的主要类型 (1) 谓语动词只有一个宾语的。 例如： The workers are building a ship.（主动语态） The ship is being built by the workers.（被动语态） I have finished the exercises.（主动语态） The exercises have been finished by me.（被动语态） (2) 谓语动词有两个宾语的，其中一
21、个变为被动句的主语，另一个仍作为宾语，称为保留宾语。 例如： I sent him a present. （主动语态） He was sent a present by me. （被动语态） /A present was sent to him by me.（被动语态） 注意： a）在主动句中有些动词，如 ask, answer, teach 等变成被动句时，一般将间接宾语（指人的）改成被动句的主语。 例如： He asked us a lot of questions.（主动语态） We were asked a lot of questions by him. b)在主动句中有些动词，如
22、build, buy, choose 等变成被动句时，将直接宾语（指物的）改成被动句的主语。 例如： My father bought me a new bike.（主动语态） The new bike was bought for me by my father.（被动语态） 第 7 页 共 9 页(3) 谓语动词后跟复合宾语，只把宾语改为被动句的主语，宾语补足语不变。 例如： He left the door open.（主动语态） 他让门开着。 The door was left open by him.（被动语态） 门由他打开着。 (4) 许多由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词，相当于一
23、个及物动词，可以有宾语，因而也可以有被动语态。但应注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。 例如： We must take good care of our books.（主动语态） 我们应该保管好我们的书本。Our books must be taken good care of.（被动语态） 我们的书本应被保管好。（被动） (5) 谓语动词含有情态动词时，只变及物动词为被动语态。结构：情态动词+be+过去分词（vt.）例如： We must finish it at once. （主动语态） 我们必须马上做完这件事。 It must be
24、finished at once（被动语态） 这件事必须马上做完。 (6) 带有 be going to 结构的被动语态，被动结构表现在不定式上。结构：sth be going to be done。 例如： I am going to close the door.（主动语态） 我将去关门。 The door is going to be closed.（被动语态） 门将要关上。In-Class Exercises一、把下列句子从主动语态改成被动语态 1. Mr. Green delivers our mail. 2. The children have eaten the cake. 3.
25、 Linda wrote that letter last night. 4. The jeweler is going to fix my watch. 5. Ms. Bond will teach our class next term. 6. They are repairing the car in the garage. 7. That company employs many people. After-Class Exercises第 8 页 共 9 页一、填空题1.Most of the waste metal can_(put)to use again. 2.Some roc
26、ks in the sea may_(see) in the daytime. 3.This part of the seabed_(explore) many times. 4.Much useful information about these planets_-(collect) since 1971. 5.Outer space_-(not explore) by people before 1957. 6.Much parking space in cities_(save) by using small cars. 二、选择题1.All the apparatus_before
27、the experiment began. (a) were prepared (b) had been prepared (c) had prepared (d) have been prepared 2.The professor gave orders that the test_before 5:30. (a) be finished (b) will finish (c) will be finished (d) shall finish 3.Ill be going to school on foot while my bicycle_. (a) is being repaired
28、 (b) is repaired (c) will repaired (d) has been repaired 4.In recent years a number of communication satellites_into orbit about the earth. (a) have been put (b) were put (c) had put (d) are put 5.Perhaps most of the work_by this time tomorrow. (a) will have been done (b) will be done (c)would have
29、been done (d) has been done 6.If it had rained another ten minutes, the game_. (a) would have been called off (b) would have called off (c) would be called off (d) was called off 7.The teacher demanded that her students_on time every class. (a) are (b) be (c) were (d) had been 8.The radar sets_for q
30、uite a long time without any trouble. (a) have been running (b) have been run (c) have run (d) were running 9.If you had spoken clearly, you_. (a) would have been understood (b) would have understood (c) were understood (d) would understand 10.While the ice box_, a number of defects were found. (a)
31、was being examined (b) was examined (c) was examining (d) had been examined 第 9 页 共 9 页三、把下列句子从主动语态改成被动语态1. They gave him a medal for his wonderful work. 2. The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he give her medicine. 3. They made the young head of the volleyball team. 4. Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
