1、Word Structure: Morphology,Morphology 形态学,The part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.,Are words the smallest units?,Many words can be divided into smaller parts, E.g.: dogs walking blackens player dog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er the parts also occur in other w
2、ords: Compare: cat-s; runn-ing; dark-en-s; eat-er,These smaller parts occur consistently with many words: -s: dogs, cats, the plural consistently -ing: walking, running, a noun from a verb -en: blacken, darken, a verb meaning become ADJ from an adjective ADJ -er: player, eater,an agentive nominal fr
3、om a verb, a person or thing who does that activity,Basic Units,Phonology: phonemeMorphology: morpheme 词素Basic definition: A morpheme is a minimal unit of sound and meaning The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (maybe a word or not a word) A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical functi
4、on,Connection: Sound & Meaning,A phoneme sometimes has more than one sound form, while being the same abstract unit/p/ phonemep ph allophones Morphemes ? Allomorphs,In phonologyallophones: the same phoneme, in particular contexts.In morphologyallomorphs: the same morpheme, in particular contexts (wh
5、at it is attached to),Morpheme & Allomorphs,Example: English pluralAlsomoose: ox:,moose- ox-en,Regular Irregular,Morpheme: minimal unit of sound and meaningA further division: whether they can occur on their own or not:No: -s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry Yes: dog, kick, berry,Bound
6、morpheme 黏着词素 Free morpheme 自由词素,Bound & Free morpheme,In a complex word (two or more morphemes):teacherteach -erroot affix Root (stem, base): the basic or core morpheme. 词干 词基 Affix: the things added to the root.,Root & Affix 词根&词缀,Root (stem, base) 词根: free E.g. teacher, dresses, unkind bound E.g.
7、 inept, unkempt, repeat (Note: receive, submit, permit, one morpheme),Affix 词缀: Prefix 前缀: unhappy Infix 中缀: absogoddamlutely (俚语 slangs) Suffix 后缀: happiness,Root & Affix,Free Morpheme 自由词素,Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes E.g.: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, etc
8、.A. lexical morpheme (open class)feature: has lexical meaning; new examples can be freely addede.g.: N, Verb, Adj, Adv (content words)B. functional morpheme (closed class)feature: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible to add)e.g.: Pro, Prep, Conj, Art. (function words),Open class 开放性词类,C
9、losed class封闭性词类,Definition: must be attached to another morphemeBoy Boys Boy Boys Beauty Beautiful Expensive InexpensiveNew word?,Bound Morpheme 黏着词素,Bound Morpheme 黏着词素,A. Derivational morpheme 派生词素 to form new (different) words may change syntactic class E.g.: -able, -ex, un-, re-, -ness, etc. B.
10、 Inflectional morpheme 屈折词素 no new word added not change syntactic class to indicate the grammatical function E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.,Exercises:,How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?,Exerc
11、ises: p41,How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?,Exercises:,The farmers cows escaped.It was raining. Those socks are inexpensive. The strongest rower continued. The pitbull has bitten the cyclist. She quickly closed the book. The alphabetization went well. Jim needs the newer copy.,
12、Classification of Morphemes,lexical free (open classes) Morphemes functional (closed classes)bound derivationalinflectional,Whats the difference between “able” and “-able”?able (adj. in “Im able to do it”) -able (e.g., “enjoyable”)able lexical (free) morpheme -able derivational morpheme,Word formati
13、on,Derivation 派生法 Compounding 合成法 Blending 拼缀法 Clipping 截短法 Acronyms 首字母缩略法 Onomatopoeia 拟声 Back formation 逆成法 Borrowing 借用 Coining 新造 ,2. Compounding 合成法,Complex words: rainy rainbow rain -y rain bowroot + affix root + root,Derivation,Compounding,3.Reduplication 重叠词,full or partial repetition of a
14、free morpheme; sometimes with variationso-so zigzagbye-bye dilly-dallyhotchpotch mishmash人人，天天，一点点， 冷冰冰，来来往往，点点滴滴，,4. Blending 拼缀法,similar to compounding, but some parts of the free morphemes involved are lost 1st part of 1st word + end of 2nd word e.g. brunch breakfast+ lunchsmog smoke+ fogmotel mo
15、tor+ hotel,newscast news + broadcasttelex teleprinter + exchangebit binary + digitReaganomics Reagan + economicsfantabulous fantastic + fabulous,5. Clipping 截短法,part of a free morpheme is cut off, i.e., shortening a polysyllabic word; often in casual speech,e.g.,prof. math gas lab dorm ad bike flu L
16、iz Kathy,professor mathematics gasoline laboratory dormitory advertisement bicycle influenza Elizabeth Catherine,6. Acronyms 首字母缩略法,abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial lettersTwo ways of pronunciation： A. follow the pronunciation patterns of Eng.NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)TO
17、EFL (Test of Eng. as a Foreign Language)AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)NASA(National Aeronautics & Space Administration)UFO ( ? ),B. If unpronounceable each letter is sounded out separately Acronyms lose their capitals to become everyday terms: laser (light amplification by stimulated emi
18、ssion of radiation) radar (radio detecting and ranging) zip (zone improvement plan),MTV (music television) VCR (video cassette recorder),ATM (automatic teller machine) I.Q. (intelligence quotient) MRT (Mass Rapid Transit),TGIF ( ? ); ASAP ( ? ); WYSIWYG ( ? ),7. Back formation 逆成法,e.g. editor editdo
19、nation donateburglar burglezipper zip television televisebabysitter baby sitNote: teach teacher: derivational affixation editor edit: back formation,8. Onomatopoeia 拟声法,words imitate sounds in nature or in technology, but need to conform to phonological system of the languageA dog: bow wow or woof-w
20、oof, 汪汪 A clock: tick-tock, 滴答 A rooster: cock-a-doodle-doo 咕咕咕 A camera: click, 喀擦 A duck: quack 嘎嘎 A cat: meow 喵喵 Ring of a bell: ding-dong, 叮咚 A cow: moo, 哞哞 A bee: buzz, 嗡嗡 A snake: hiss, 嘶嘶,9. Borrowing 借用法,(Borrowed words or loan-words): the taking over of words from other languages A. Loan tr
21、anslation: direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language hot dog 热狗 superman 超人 Redology, Confucius, Runningdogs, papertigers, FourBooks, FiveClassics, Scarliterature, Tatami (Japanese), alcohol (Arabic), jasmine (Persian)B. Transliteration cool 酷 DINK 丁克 YUPPIE 雅痞 Kungfu,
22、 fengshui, tofu, dim sum, Shangrila taikonaut, mahjong, yinyang taichi (shadowboxing),10. Coining 新造法,Coining (Coinage): Creating a completely new free morpheme, which is unrelated to any existing morphemes; a rare thinge.g. googol, aspirin, nylon, Note: different from everyday use of “coinage”,11.
23、Extension of word formation rules,Part of a word is treated as a morpheme though its notburger (mar)athon a(lco)holichamburger telethon workaholiccheese burger danceathonbuffalo burger walkathonfish burgervege burgertofu burger,12. Functional shift,Functional shift (or conversion, category change): A change in the part of speechV N a guess, a must, a spy, a printout,walk, run, laugh, touch N V position, process, contact, notice, party, fax, butter, bottle(computer-related terms) input, output, format V ADJ see-through, a stand-up comedian,Exercise：Identify the word formation process,
