1、1,An Introduction to English Lexicology,Name: Yang Yongfei E-mail: Tel No:,2,Some Interesting Facts,There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger, Neither apple nor pine in pineapple And while no one knows what is a hotdog, you can be pretty sure it isnt canine（犬类） English muffins(=hot muffns热松饼
2、，美式早餐/英式午茶糕点) were not invented in England，Nor French-fries in France，(炸薯条); 再如： French window 落地窗， take French leave 不辞而别， French grey 浅灰色,3,Sweetmeats(糖果)； sweetbreads(甜面包）？ In English we find that quicksand can work slowly, Boxing rings(拳击赛台)are square And why is that writers write, but fingers d
3、ont fing，grocers dont groce, and hammers dont ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isnt the plural of booth，beeth? One goose，two geese, So, one moose(驼鹿), two meese?(复数形式仍然是moose)；One mouse, two mice; One louse(虱子), two lice; One house? two hice? If teachers taught, why didnt preacher praught?(
4、preached),4,If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Why do people recite at a play, and play at a recital? Ship by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：polysemy) Have noses that run and feet that smell （polysemy）? Park on driveways and drive
5、on parkways?（美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道)：私人车道；parkway大路，干道) How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites?,5,When a house burns up, it bums down.(方位稳喻) You fill in a form by filling it out. (collocation) And an alarm clock goes off by going on You get
6、in and out of a car, yet you get on and off a bus. If there is a phrase of “gold bar”, then what does “gold brick” mean? And why, when I wind up my watch, I start it, But when I wind up this essay, I end it?（polysemy）,6,English is a crazy language, full of wonders and attractions, thus making it an
7、interesting subject as well as a useful one.,7,What is English?,8,8,English as a Language,Common/popular language,International language,Native language,First language,Second language,Mother tongue,Foreign language,Official language,Computer language,Widely-used language,Influential language,Cosmopo
8、litan language (Esperanto),Universal/global language,Business language,Scientific language,But what is language? Code system, linguistic rulescommunicative abilities,9,9,English as a Tool,communication,Bridging gaps,internet,E-mail,Learning/studying,How to make the tool usable/workable?,It is a matt
9、er of “use” instead of “usage”!,10,10,English as Skills,Listening skill,Speaking skill,Reading skill,Writing skill,Translating skill,How to learn/command/develop skills?,It is a matter of “can” instead of “know”!,11,11,English as Means,Convey thoughts,Express feeling,Find good jobs,Study abroad,Surv
10、ive in the “global village”,Compete with rivals,Pay attention to its functions and your performance!,12,12,English as Culture & Cultures,literature,history,religion,beliefs,attitudes,values,concepts,courtesy,manners,customs,International communication is cross-cultural communication!,The target lang
11、uage culture and the speakers cultural background!,13,13,English as Behavior,education,cultivation,image,manners,profit,Proper behavior, spoken or written, can help win the business.,Inappropriate behavior can result in losing the business.,14,14,Varieties of English,Standard / Royal English,America
12、n, British English,formal,slang,written,Four-letter word,taboo,jargon,informal,spoken,euphemism,Japanese English, Chinese English,Dont just learn textbook English, classroom English and Chinese English!,15,15,English Learning Purposes,EGP: English for General Purposes,ESP: English for Specific/Speci
13、al Purposes,EEP: English for Educational purposes,EAP: English for Academic Purposes,EBP: English for Business Purposes,EOP: English for Occupational Purposes,EST: English for Science and Technology,EMP: English for Medical Purposes,EP: Dont learn English just for examination purposes!,16,16,Tell me
14、 and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.-Benjamin Franklin from New Directions (Peter S. Gardner) 1998 CUP,What is learning?,Learners are an important resource for their own collective learning, and this resource can be accessed through collaboration, cooperation and experient
15、ial learning. from Designing Tasks for Communicative Classroom (David Nunan)CUP 1989,17,17,intake,input,output,notice,Language (English) Learning Process,Outside-forced input Self-driven input Purposeful input Motivated/effective input,Lack, need, want, must,18,18,forced stimulated motivated activat
16、ed,output,notice,lacked wanted needed must,input,Purposeful Reading Listening Multi-sourced,English Learning Process,19,Aims of the course:,Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of wor
17、d-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations, and foster the ability to use “the right word”. As a saying goes, “Right words in right places makes a good writing”.,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,Significance of the course
18、:,Enlarge your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of
19、 analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.,Recommended readings:,林承璋, 2005, 英语语言学引论。武汉：武汉大学出版社。 陆国强，2003现代英语词汇学。上海：上海外语教育出版社 张维友，1999英语词汇学。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
20、 汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，英语词汇学教程。上海：上海外语教育出版社。 Nation, I. S. P. 1990. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. Boston: Heinle. Nation, I. S. P. 2001. Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: CUP.,31,32,33,34,Lexicology - An International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies by D.
21、Alan Cruse (Editor) Publisher: Mouton de Gruyter; Bilingual edition (2005),35,P. Hanks, ed. Lexicology - Critical Concepts in Linguistics 6 vols. Publisher: Routledge (2008),36,Requirements and Grading,Take notes when necessary; Be attentive，while active in thinking; Homework assignments, presentati
22、on and attendance: 30%; Final exam: 70%.,37,1. Introduction: 1.1 Relationship among Three “L”s,LanguageLinguisticsLexicology (Words/Vocabulary),38,1.2 What is language?,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of infor
23、mation.,“Language is mans way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”,39,1.2 What is language?,a s ocial action and a carrier of inf.a s ystem of structure.a s ocial phenomenon.a p hysiological phenomenon.a p sychological phenomenon.a
24、p hysical phenomenon. A system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics; a social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. (赵世开) (rft.2/p.),40,1.2 What is language?,Sapir (1921)“a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emot
25、ions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”Chomsky (1957) “language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.“ (structure) Hall (1968)“the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other b
26、y means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”,41,1.3 What is linguistics?,Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of hum
27、an communication. It includes a study of phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, lexicology, stylistics, corpusapplied linguistics.,42,1.4 What is lexicology?,The term lexicology was borrowed from the French word lexicologie, which contains two morphemes: lexicon (Greek )and logie（French）. The form
28、er means “words (vocabulary) or wordbook”, and the latter means “the study or science of”. So the literal meaning of the term is “the science of words”.,43,1.4.1 What does lexicology study?,Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals
29、 with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the application and signification of words. Without words, there would be no language, and without language, there would be no linguistics.,44,1.4.2 Subjects relevant to lexicology study,mor
30、phologylexicographystylistics phraseologyetymology etc.,45,1.4.3 Methods of Lexicology Study: Synchronic vs. diachronic study,A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time (vertically), whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in
31、 a language that took place over a period of time (horizontally). （rft.8-12/p.）,46,To sum up, English Lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course as well as a practical one.English lexicology as a theory of modern English may be useful in vocabulary study because it derives from practice and shoul
32、d guide practice. （hush money, bean brain, empty nest, etc.）,47,1.5 Three basic elements of English (language):,speech sounds (phonetics) grammar vocabulary (lexicology),48,1.5.1 What is a word?,The definition of a word comprises the following points:1. a minimal free form of a language2. a sound un
33、ity3. a unit of meaning4. a form that can function alone in a sentenceA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。,49,1.5.2 What is vocabulary? :,Broadly speaking, all the words in a language together constitute w
34、hat is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language at a given period. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, idiolect, register, terminology, etc. The present-day English vocab
35、ulary is over two million words, with an increasing of at least 850 words each year.Lexicology vs. vocabulary?,50,1.5.3 A persons vocabulary groups,Speaking vocabulary,Writing vocabulary,Reading/guess vocabulary,Active vocabulary,Negative vocabulary,Productive vocabulary,Receptive vocabulary,51,1.5.
36、4 Productive& receptive vocabulary,Productive vocabulary (V) is active V or motivated V we can use without reluctance in our daily life, while receptive V is those unmotivated V in ones lexicon.if we describe productive V and receptive V as a line, productive V and receptive V are like the two ends
37、of the line.So, whats the role of vocabulary in the language system?,52,1.5.5 The role of vocabulary in the language system Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the there essential elements of language: speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary. “Without grammar very
38、little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” “there is a sense in which learning a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language. Not being able to find the words to express yourself is the most frustrating experience in speaking another l
39、anguage.”,53,Chapter 2,English Vocabulary: - A General Survey of the History and Development,54,English is a language of complex components. On one hand , English, as a Germanic/Teutonic languages, shares similar grammatical structures and many common words with other languages in the Germanic langu
40、age group such as German, Dutch, Danish and Swedish. On the other hand, half of its vocabulary is derived from the Latin directly or French and other romance languages. In addition, English vocabulary contains many borrowing from many other languages in the world, Hindi, Arabic, Malay, Chinese, Amer
41、ican Indians, etc.It is no exaggeration to say that English has an undoubted cosmopolitan vocabulary.,55,What was the original source of English vocabulary? Why and how has English expanded its vocabulary by assimilating so many foreign words in the course of its development? What are the underlying
42、 reasons for the rapid expansion of English vocabulary?,Questions?,56,Objectives: Introduce the history and the general characteristics of English; Let know the growth of contemporary English vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development。 Teaching focus: the Indo-European language family and Ge
43、rmanic branch； three phases of the historical development； general characteristics of English； three sources of contemporary English vocabulary； modes of vocabulary development.,57,Content,2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Indo-European Language Family 2.3 The Historical development of English Vocabulary 2.4
44、 New Sources of Present-day English Vocabulary 2.5 Modes of English Vocabulary Development,58,2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Etymology (词源学):,The study of the origin and history of words and their meanings.etymologia (Latin), etymologi (Greek).the history of a linguistic formby tracing its development from
45、its earliest recorded occurrence in the language where it is found, and its transmission from L1 to L2, by analyzing its component parts, and by identifying its cognates to an ancestral form. (rft.13/p.),59,2.1.2 Classification of languages,1. Typological Classification (类型分类法)/(语法的构造特点)Analytic lan
46、guage: (分析语) indicates the relation of words in a sentence by word order, preposition or auxiliary. Synthetic language: (综合语)shows the relation of words by inflections.E.g. Adjective, Noun in Old English with four cases:nominative (主格)，genitive(所有格), dative(与格)，accusative (宾格)。- (rft.19-20/p.),Note:
47、 isolating L (Mandarin Chinese)agglutinating L (Japanese),60,2. Genetic Classification (谱系分类法)（语言的共同来源和亲属关系）Sino-Tibetan(汉藏语系), Indo-European.(印欧语系), Semito-Hamitic （闪含语系), Bantu（班图语系), Uralic（乌拉尔语语系), Altaic （阿尔泰语系）, Malayo-Polynesian （马来-波利尼西亚语系）, Indian （印第安语系） Caucasian Family （高加索语系）, Austro-As
48、iatic Family(南亚语系) etc.Basic notions concerned: 语系(Family),语族(Sub-family), 语支(Branch), 分支(sub-branch).但大多时候人们用Branch代表语族，这是简略说法。,61,The only difference between a branch and a family is that a branchs proto-language has an identified ancestor, e.g. the ancestor of Proto-Italic was Proto-Indo-European
49、, but we dont know what the ancestor of Proto-Indo-European was. Groups of related languages have a common ancestor. We refer to their common ancestor languages by using the Proto- prefix:Proto-Italic Proto-Celtic Proto-Hellenic,Proto-Indo-European,62,2.1.3 The World Languages,It is estimated that there are about 5000 languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about 300 language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family, and so on. Chinese is a member in the Sino-Tibetan Family, while English is a member in the Indo-European Family.,
