1、英语词汇学教程 A Survey of English Lexicology,授课对象：英语专业2008级 授课教师：申屠益芳 授课时间： 2010/3-2010/7,词汇：记还是不记？,这是一个问题吗？因为：没有滴水无以成大海 没有泥砖无以建高楼,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” 没有语法，人们可以表达的事物寥寥无几； 而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。-英国语言学家威尔金斯（Wilkins),英语词汇学教程 A Survey of Engli
2、sh Lexicology,理论指导：现代英语语言。 研究对象：英语词汇。 学习内容：单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。 学习目标：1.比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识；2.比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程；3.能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。,牛津英语字典所收英语单词是六十多万个。 韦伯斯特大词典所收英语单词几乎达到一百万之多。 现代英语词汇超过两百万个！ 汉语大字典所收汉字五万六千个。与英语相比，汉语的词汇量是非常小的。,How Much Do You Know About the
3、English Vocabulary?,莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左右的内容。,大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量?,词汇测试,2000词汇量 （高考词汇量）A
4、verage contain divide imagine expect suffer treat safety Score restaurant damage honor4000词汇量 （4级词汇量）Abandon benefit conflict dramatic Encounter flexible merchant principle schedule sponsor typical withdraw6000词汇量 （6级、专业4级词汇量）accumulate boundary coherent dilute edible formidable gorgeous heritage ju
5、dicial overlap subvert unprecedented,词汇测试,8000词汇量 （雅思、托福、专业8级词汇量）asymmetry bilateral centrifugal dismantle epidemic hectic ingenuity opaquesimultaneously variation perpetuate paralysis8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量）abrasion belligerent coalesce divulgeequivocate fortuitous immaculate loquacious morbid peccad
6、illo procrastination taciturn,龙之九子,长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅,龙之九子,长子，赑屃（b x） /囚牛（qini） 次子，螭吻（chwn） 三子，蒲牢（ plo） 四子，狴犴（b n） 五子，饕餮（to ti） 六子，蚆嗄（b xi） 七子，睚眦（y z） 八子，狻猊（ sun n）/负屃（f x） 九子，椒图（ jiot）/貔貅（ pxi）,Skill of memorizing new words,insomnia Anyone can suffer fro
7、m insomnia, although such problems are more common among women, the ill, the elderly, smokers, and alcoholics. (if you suffer from insomnia, you are not able to sleep 失眠) In=not/somni=sleep Somnambulate=sleepwalking Somniloquence=sleeptalking In some nights awake,Skill of memorizing new words,charis
8、ma Chairman Mao revealed hischarisma to the whole world.(a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)China rises Mao（中国出了一个毛泽东，毛就是领袖魅力的代名词！）,Loom Suddenly a mountain loomed up in front of them. (to appear as a large unclear shape, especia
9、lly in a threatening way 隐约出现) An economic crisis is looming on the horizon. (if a problem or difficulty looms, it is likely to happen very soon 逼近 ) 物体/困难就在眼前100米！,Skill of memorizing new words,英语词汇概说,Unit 1,1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology,What is language? Language is a system of arbitrar
10、y vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.,“Language is mans way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”,What is linguistics? Generally speaking, linguistics can be define
11、d as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication,What is lexicology? Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given langu
12、age. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.,1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course,The role of vocabulary in the language system Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the three essential elements of language: speec
13、h sounds, grammar and vocabulary. “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.” “there is a sense in which learning a foreign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language. Not being able to find the words to express yourself
14、is the most frustrating experience in speaking another language.”,Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their mean
15、ings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.,Aims of the course,Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words
16、 more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.,The significance of the course,2.1 The st
17、ructure of English words,Entry（词条） Lexeme（词位）：列入词典的每个词条 Word form（词形）：词的不同形状 Lexical unit（词汇单位）：一个词形跟一个意义的结合 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。 Function word（功能词）e.g. pro. prep. Content word（实意词）e.g. v. n. adj. adv. I (pron.我） Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (n.肺尘病）,What Is a Word?,The definition
18、of a word It is quite difficult to state the criteria by which a word can be defined; so far no completely satisfactory definition has been given. In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical me
19、aning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. Therefore, from the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word acts as a structural unit of a sentence.,The definition of a word To sum up, the defini
20、tion of a word comprises the following points A minimal free form of a language A sound unity A unit of meaning A form that can function alone in a sentence,Compare:,Book books bookish bookcase Tolerate tolerance tolerant toleration tolerable intolerable Telephone telegram telescope telecommunicatio
21、n,book+s book+ish book+case Toler+ate toler+ance toler+ant toler+ation toler+able in+toler+able -ate Tele- -phone,2.2 Morphemes,The definition of a morpheme The morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not dividable or analyzable into smaller forms. A word is the smallest
22、 unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more
23、morphemes:,Example One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize,2.3 Types of Morphemes,Free morphemes (自由词素) Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themsel
24、ves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are content morphemes or free roots (自由词根). man, earth, wind, faith, red, write.,Bound Morphemes (粘着词素) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because
25、they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes.,Types of bound morphe
26、mes Bound roots (粘着词根): A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. For example: dict- conveys the meaning of say or speak-contradict, predict, contradi
27、ction, prediction, dictate, diction, dictionary. dur- conveys the meaning of continuous-during, duration, durable, endure,Types of bound morphemes Affixes (词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can
28、put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.,Inflectional affixes (曲折词缀) Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. For example: cats, walked, walking, Johns book,Derivational affixes (派生词缀) A
29、ffixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes Prefixes (前缀) Suffixes (后缀),Diagram of morphemes,Morphemes,Free,Bound,Bound root,Affixes,Inflectional,Derivational,Prefix,Suffix,2.4 Allomorphs,An allomorph (词素变体) is any of the variant forms
30、of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example: The morpheme of plurality -s: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/; /z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, / go: went, gone,-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix. Verbs ending with the sound /t/
31、usually take ion (as in invent, invention); verbs ending with consonants other than /t/ take tion (as in describe, description); verbs ending in ify and ize take ation (as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization); verbs ending in d, -de, or mit, take sion (as in expansion, decision, omis
32、sion); there are exceptions: attend, attention; convert, conversion, etc.,A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile); its allomorphs are ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible); il- before l (illogical, illegal); in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible
33、, incomplete).,-ish adj. 有似的 bookish,childish -case n.箱子 bookcase,suitcase -ate v.成为 negate,evaporate -ance n.性质、状态 arrogance, importance -ant adj. 的significant,elegant -ation n.动作、状态、结果education,dictation -able adj. Eatable,accetable -scope n. 观察的仪器、镜 microscope,stethoscope -gram n书写或描绘出来的东西 telegr
34、am, diagram -dom/-hood/-ship n. 状态，性质freedom, kingdom childhood, manhood friendship,leadership,toler- 忍受、容忍 tolerate,intoerrable Tele- 遥远 telephone,telegraph Cred- 信任 credit incredible Loqu- 说话 loquacious, eloquence Dur- 持续 duration, edure Aqu- 水 aquatic, aqueduct Video- 看、视 videotape,videodisc Supe
35、r- 超级 supermarket,superpower Mono- 单、一 monocracy,monologue Inter- 在中/间 interaction,international,基本构词方法,Unit 2,Word-formation,In English, there are various ways of word-formation, such as affixation, conversion, composition, blending, shortening etc. Affixation Affixation is a method of word-formati
36、on by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation.,The three major processes affixation or derivation (17.5%) Prefixation suffixation conversion (10.5%) composition or compounding (27%),一、Derivation,派生词缀和词根结合，或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法，为派生法。用派生
37、法构成的词叫派生词。 词根、前缀、后缀：扩大词汇的三把钥匙！,I.Prefixation,The definition of prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefi
38、xes Non-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege,The classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified accord
39、ing to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:,1.Negative prefix,Order Literate Symmetry Governmental Relevant Productive Believable Vulne
40、rable Sane Related Aligned Mature,Disorder Illiterate Asymmetry Nongovernmental Irrelevant Unproductive Unbelievable Invulnerable Insane Unrelated Nonaligned Immature,2.Reversative or privative prefix,Centralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute,Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulat
41、e Dispossess Depollute,de- But it was error when I want to debug my project.Why the hell do we “deplane“ when we exit an airplane? Or “stow“ our luggage in the overhead bins? Cant we just store our luggage in the overhead bins and exit the plane when we reach our destination? We need to decentralize
42、 our cities. Too many people live in our cities, we live too close together. More examples:deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger),deice(r),BUG:电脑系统或程序中隐藏的错误,缺陷问题. DEBUG:排除错误、程序调试 人们将计算机错误戏称为虫子(bug). 而找寻错误的工作称为(debug).,3.Pejorative【贬义的】 prefix,4) Prefixes of degree or size,Computer Critical Conscious N
43、atural Sensitive Simple Number Statement culture,Minicomputer Ultracritic /hypercritic Subconscious Supernatural Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive Oversimple Outnumber Understatement Subculture,5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude,6) Locative prefixes,View Conference Continental Ground Cast Pacific R
44、acial Shore,Interview teleconference Intercontinental Foreground Telecast Transpacific Transracial Foreshore,U.S. intercontinental missile,洲际导弹 是指射程在8000千米以上的导弹。是战略核武器的重要组成部分。拥有这种导弹的国家，不必远涉重洋就能直接对敌国实施战略性攻击。,7) Prefixes of time and order,8) Number prefixes,Hemi- semi-/demi- 【半】 Mono- uni- 【单】 Di- bi-
45、 【二】 Tri- tri- 【三】 Tetra- quadri- 【四】 【希腊】 【拉丁】 Penta- quint- 【五】 Hexa- sex- 【六】 Hepta- sept- 【七】 Oct- oct- 【八】 Ennea- nona- 【九】 Deca- deci- 【十】,Lingual Lateral Polar Dimensional,Unilingual, bilingual, trilingual, multilingual Unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateral Unipolar, bipolar, tripol
46、ar, multipolar Unidimensional, bidimensional, tridimensional (three-dimensional), multidimensional,9) Conversion prefixes【改变词性】,10) Miscellaneous prefixes 【各种各样的】,II. Suffixation,The definition of suffixation Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes whic
47、h primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,The classification of suffixes S
48、ince suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into 1) noun suffixes 2) adjective suffixes 3) adverb suffixes 4) verb suffixes,1) Noun suffixes,Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds. Denominal nouns (concrete or abstract) Deverbal n
49、ouns De-adjectival nouns Noun and adjective suffixes,2) Adjective Suffixes,3) Adverb Suffixes,4) Verb suffixes,False Sterile Intense Fat Horror Memory Apology,Falsify Sterilize Intensify Fatten Horrify Memorize Apologize,二、复合法 Compounding /Composition,把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成新词的方法叫做复合法或合成法(compounding/co
50、mposition)，用复合法构成的词叫做复合词(compound),The definition of compounding Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.,
