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TED演讲【了解中国的崛起】20160129【内含中英文对照演讲稿】.pdf

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1、The world is changing with really remarkable speed. If you look at the chart at the top here, youll see that in 2025, these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be almost the same size as the American economy. And if you look at the chart for 2050, its projected that the C

2、hinese economy will be twice the size of the American economy, and the Indian economy will be almost the same size as the American economy. And we should bear in mind here that these projections were drawn up before the Western financial crisis. 世界正在 以惊人的速度飞 快得改变着。 如果你 看着这上方的 图表, 你会看到 在 2025 年 , 高盛投

3、资公司的这些 预测 表明中国经济规 模 会和美国经济几 乎相当。 如果看 2050 年的 图表, 预测表明中 国经济规模 将会是美 国经济的两倍 , 印度的经济 规模将会和 美国的经 济几乎持平。 在这里,我 们应该记住 这些预测 是在 西方经济危机之 前做出的 。 A couple of weeks ago, I was looking at the latest projection by BNP Paribas for when China will have a larger economy than the United States. Goldman Sachs projected

4、 2027. The post-crisis projection is 2020. Thats just a decade away. China is going to change the world in two fundamental respects. First of all, its a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion people, which has been growing for over 30 years at around 10 percent a year. 几周前, 我查看法国巴黎

5、 银行的 最近预测, 中国在什 么时候 会超越美国 经济 , 成为第 一大经济体。 高盛投资公 司预测 2027 年。 危机过后的预 测 是 2020 年。 这也不过只有 10 年的光景。 中国将在两个基 本方面上 改变世界。 首先, 中国 是一个幅员 广大的发展 中国家 它有 13 亿人口, 在过 去 30 年间 它以每年 10%左右的经济 增长率发展 。 And within a decade, it will have the largest economy in the world. Never before in the modern era has the largest econ

6、omy in the world been that of a developing country, rather than a developed country. Secondly, for the first time in the modern era, the dominant country in the world - which I think is what China will become - will be not from the West and from very, very different civilizational roots. 在未来 10 年间,

7、它会有世界上 最大的经济体。 在世界 现代史中, 以前 从来都是发 达国家 还 没有一个发展中的国 家 变成了世界上 最大的经 济体。 第二, 在现代史中 第一 次 在世界 上, 我认为中国会变成大 国, 它有别于西方国 家 而它是从非常,非 常不同的 文明根源发 展起的大国。 Now, I know its a widespread assumption in the West that as countries modernize, they also westernize. This is an illusion. Its an assumption that modernity is

8、a product simply of competition, markets and technology. It is not. It is also shaped equally by history and culture. China is not like the West, and it will not become like the West. It will remain in very fundamental respects very different. Now the big question here is obviously, how do we make s

9、ense of China? How do we try to understand what China is? And the problem we have in the West at the moment, by and large, is that the conventional approach is that we understand it really in Western terms, using Western ideas. We cant. Now I want to offer you three building blocks for trying to und

10、erstand what China is like, just as a beginning. 现在我知道西方国家 有一个普遍的 假设 随着国家的现代 化, 它们也会西方 化。 这是个幻 想。 这是对于现代化 仅仅是竞争 ,市场和技术 的一种产品的 假设。 中国的现 代化不仅仅 是这样的,也是由 历史和 文化共同作用下 形成的。 中国不同 于西方国家, 它 也不会变成 和西方国家一样。 它会在非常基 础的方面表现 得 非常不同。 现在这的大问题 明显是, 我 们该怎样认识中国? 我们 该怎样了解中国 ? 在西方我们现在 的问题大体上 是 传统的方法 我们用西方的术语, 用 西方的观点来了 解

11、 真正的中国。 我们不能这样。 现在我 想给大家 3 个基础理由 来试着了解中 国 只是起个头。 The first is this: that China is not really a nation-state. Okay, its called itself a nation-state for the last hundred years, but everyone who knows anything about China knows its a lot older than this. This was what China looked like with the victor

12、y of the Qin Dynasty in 221 B.C. at the end of the warring-state period - the birth of modern China. And you can see it against the boundaries of modern China. Or immediately afterward, the Han Dynasty, still 2,000 years ago. And you can see already it occupies most of what we now know as Eastern Ch

13、ina, which is where the vast majority of Chinese lived then and live now. 首先是这个, 中国事实上 不是一个民族国 家。 在过去的几百 年,中国自称 是一 个 民族国 家。 但对中国很了解的 人 知道中国比这历史 要悠久得多 。 中国是 在公元前 221 年也就在 战国时期的末期从秦 朝一统江山起 , 现代中国就诞生了 。 你可以看到现代 中国 的边界 线 。 随之其后的汉朝, 还在 2000 年前。 你可以看出中国已 经占据 我们现在所知 的 华东地区的 大部分, 绝大多数的中国 人当时在那儿居 住 现在还生活在那 儿

14、。 Now what is extraordinary about this is, what gives China its sense of being China, what gives the Chinese the sense of what it is to be Chinese, comes not from the last hundred years, not from the nation-state period, which is what happened in the West, but from the period, if you like, of the ci

15、vilization-state. Im thinking here, for example, of customs like ancestral worship, of a very distinctive notion of the state, likewise, a very distinctive notion of the family, social relationships like guanxi, Confucian values and so on. These are all things that come from the period of the civili

16、zation-state. In other words, China, unlike the Western states and most countries in the world, is shaped by its sense of civilization, its existence as a civilization-state, rather than as a nation-state. And theres one other thing to add to this, and that is this: Of course we know Chinas big, hug

17、e, demographically and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people. What we often arent really aware of is the fact that China is extremely diverse and very pluralistic, and in many ways very decentralized. You cant run a place on this scale simply from Beijing, even though we think this

18、 to be the case. Its never been the case. 这点非同寻常的 是,它赋 予了中国做为中 国的意义, 也赋予 了中国人 成为他 们中国人的 意义, 这不是从过去几百 年, 也不是从民族国 家开始形成这 种认识, 这跟西 方发展也不 一样, 而这一阶段 , 如果你 喜欢, 可以说 是文明国家的 阶段。 我想到 这儿, 举 个例子吧, 传统习惯例如: 对祖先 的崇拜, 非常有特色的国 家概念, 诸如此类的, 非常 有 特色的家庭 观念, 社交关系如关系, 儒家价 值观等等。 所有这些 事都来自于 文明国 家的 阶段。 换 言之, 中国不像世界上的 西方国家和多

19、数国家, 它由它自身文明 所形成, 它是 作为一个文 明国家 而不是一个民族国 家而存在的。 还有另 一件事要加进 来,这就是: 当 然我们知道 中国是幅员辽阔, 人口众 多, 在人口统计和地理上 都是首屈一指, 它有 13 亿 人口。 我们 常常没关注的 事实是 中国也是极 其多样化 和非常多元 化的, 在许多方面甚 至 权力是非常 分散化的。 尽管我 们认为不能仅从 北京中央政府 来管理这庞大 规模的国家 , 我 们以为会是 这样, 但从来都不是这样 。 So this is China, a civilization-state, rather than a nation-state.

20、And what does it mean? Well, I think it has all sorts of profound implications. Ill give you two quick ones. The first is that the most important political value for the Chinese is unity, is the maintenance of Chinese civilization. You know, 2,000 years ago, Europe: breakdown - the fragmentation of

21、the Holy Roman Empire. It divided, and its remained divided ever since. China, over the same time period, went in exactly the opposite direction, very painfully holding this huge civilization, civilization-state, together. 所以这才是中国,一 个文明国家, 而不是 一个民族国家 。 那这意味着什么 呢? 那么我想 这有很多种深刻的含 义。 我会给你两个简 短介绍。 第一个是

22、中国人 最主要的 政治价值观 是统一, 用来维护 中华文明 。 大家知道,2000 年前 , 欧洲: 灭亡, 神圣 罗马 帝国 罗马帝 国 的分裂。 从那时到现在, 它 不断地分裂。 在同一时 间段, 中国 却有着完全 相 反的方向, 非常艰难地维系着这 种强大的统一 文明, 把文明国家统 一在一起。 The second is maybe more prosaic, which is Hong Kong. Do you remember the handover of Hong Kong by Britain to China in 1997? You may remember what t

23、he Chinese constitutional proposition was. One country, two systems. And Ill lay a wager that barely anyone in the West believed them. “Window dressing. When China gets its hands on Hong Kong, that wont be the case.“ Thirteen years on, the political and legal system in Hong Kong is as different now

24、as it was in 1997. We were wrong. Why were we wrong? We were wrong because we thought, naturally enough, in nation-state ways. Think of German unification, 1990. What happened? Well, basically the East was swallowed by the West. One nation, one system. That is the nation-state mentality. But you can

25、t run a country like China, a civilization-state, on the basis of one civilization, one system. It doesnt work. So actually the response of China to the question of Hong Kong - as it will be to the question of Taiwan - was a natural response: one civilization, many systems. 第二 或许是更一般的例子 香港的 例子。 大家是否

26、记得 香港 在 1997 年从英国 政府转交给 中国政府? 大家能记得 中国宪法 体制是什么吗 ? 一国两制。 我会打赌 在西 方没有人会 信这一套。 “ 装饰门面。 当中国 政府接手香港 , 这不可能。” 13 年来, 香港 现在的政治和司法体制 和 1997 年一样,但和中 国大陆的有所 不同。 我们都错了, 为什么 我们理解错 了呢? 我们错是因为我们 理所当然地 以民族国 家角度思考。 想想 1990 年德国统一。 发 生什么了? 基本上东德被 西德吞噬。 一个国家, 一个 体制。 这是民族国家的 心态。 但是 你不能用此来管理一 个像中国这样 的, 一个文明国家, 它建 立在一种文明

27、 ,一 个体制 上 。 这行不通。 的确中 国 在香港问题上的回 应 也是在台湾问题上 的回应 , 它是一 个很自然的 回应: 一种文明,多种体 制。 Let me offer you another building block to try and understand China - maybe not sort of a comfortable one. The Chinese have a very, very different conception of race to most other countries. Do you know, of the 1.3 billion C

28、hinese, over 90 percent of them think they belong to the same race, the Han? Now, this is completely different from the worlds other most populous countries. India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil - all of them are multiracial. The Chinese dont feel like that. China is only multiracial really a

29、t the margins. So the question is, why? Well the reason, I think, essentially is, again, back to the civilization-state. A history of at least 2,000 years, a history of conquest, occupation, absorption, assimilation and so on, led to the process by which, over time, this notion of the Han emerged -

30、of course, nurtured by a growing and very powerful sense of cultural identity. 让我来说另一个基础 理由 来试着了解中国 这或 许是一个让人 不舒服的理由 。 中国与其他 大多数国家对 民族的概念 有非常 , 非常不 同的理解 。 大家知道, 13 亿中国人 , 超过 90% 的中国人 认为他们属于同 一个民族 , 汉族。 目前这与 世界上 其它人口众多 的 国家截然相 反。 印度,美国, 印度尼西亚, 巴西, 他们都是多民 族的。 中国人没有 感到 过多民 族 。 中国仅是 在边界线上有多 种少数民族的人 。 那问

31、题是,为什 么? 好吧,我认 为实质上, 原因 得再次追溯到这文明 国家。 至少在 2000 年的历史长 河中, 征服,占领, 合并,同 化等的历史 随着时间的推 移导致了 汉民族这概 念的形成过程 当然, 这概念也孕 育了 增强 了汉文化认同感 也使其变 得非常强大,具 有深远意义。 Now the great advantage of this historical experience has been that, without the Han, China could never have held together. The Han identity has been the ce

32、ment which has held this country together. The great disadvantage of it is that the Han have a very weak conception of cultural difference. They really believe in their own superiority, and they are disrespectful of those who are not. Hence their attitude, for example, to the Uyghurs and to the Tibe

33、tans. 现在这历史经验的巨 大优势 呈现出来,没 有汉民族, 中国永 远不可能连为 一体 。 汉民族 文化认同一直 把这个国家 粘合在一起。 它的巨 大的劣势 是汉民族对 文化差异 有很少的认 知概念。 他们真正相信 他们自 身汉族文化的 优越性, 他们不尊 重 那些不同民族 的差异性 。 因此, 举个例子,比如他 们对待 回族和藏族的 态度。 Or let me give you my third building block, the Chinese state. Now the relationship between the state and society in China i

34、s very different from that in the West. Now we in the West overwhelmingly seem to think - in these days at least - that the authority and legitimacy of the state is a function of democracy. The problem with this proposition is that the Chinese state enjoys more legitimacy and more authority amongst

35、the Chinese than is true with any Western state. And the reason for this is because - well, there are two reasons, I think. And its obviously got nothing to do with democracy, because in our terms the Chinese certainly dont have a democracy. And the reason for this is, firstly, because the state in

36、China is given a very special - it enjoys a very special significance as the representative, the embodiment and the guardian of Chinese civilization, of the civilization-state. This is as close as China gets to a kind of spiritual role. 让我给出第三个基础 理由, 中国式 的国家 。 现在在中国 国家和社会 间的关系 非常不同于 西方的那种关系 。 在西方我们

37、绝大多数人似 乎认为-至少在最 近 国家的权威和 合法性 是 民主的一个功能。 有关这问 题 是中国这个国家 对中国 人民享有更多 合法性 和 更多权威性 这 比起 任何西方国家, 它都是事实。 这个的原因 是因 为 我认为有两个理由。 中国很明 显与民主无关, 因为依我 们来看,中国完 全称不上是民 主。 这个理由是, 首 先,因为在 中国, 国家 是一个非常 特别有所指的 , 它享有一个非常 特别的意义 作为中华 文 明的代表, 体现 和捍卫者, 也是代表中国国家的 代表, 化身和捍卫 者。 这也接近中国有种 精神象征 的作用。 And the second reason is becau

38、se, whereas in Europe and North America, the states power is continuously challenged - I mean in the European tradition, historically against the church, against other sectors of the aristocracy, against merchants and so on - for 1,000 years, the power of the Chinese state has not been challenged. I

39、ts had no serious rivals. So you can see that the way in which power has been constructed in China is very different from our experience in Western history. The result, by the way, is that the Chinese have a very different view of the state. Whereas we tend to view it as an intruder, a stranger, cer

40、tainly an organ whose powers need to be limited or defined and constrained, the Chinese dont see the state like that at all. The Chinese view the state as an intimate - not just as an intimate actually, as a member of the family - not just in fact as a member of the family, but as the head of the fa

41、mily, the patriarch of the family. This is the Chinese view of the state - very, very different to ours. Its embedded in society in a different kind of way to what is the case in the West. 第二个理由是因为, 反之在欧 洲, 北美洲, 国家的权力不断受到 挑战。 我指 在欧洲历史 传统, 历史上反对教堂, 反对其它各种贵族阶 级, 反对商人等等 有 1000 年 历史, 中国 国家的权力 从来没被挑战 过。

42、它没有真 正的对手可抗 衡。 所以大家 可以看到 在中国已经 建立的权力的方式 与我们 西方历史的经验 非常 不同。 顺便提 一下, 结果 是中 国人看待国 家有非常不同的视角 。 鉴于我们倾向于把 国家看作是一 个入侵者, 一个陌 生人 , 当然是 一个组织 它的权力需要被 限制 或被界定和约束 , 中国人可一 点都不这样看 待 国家。 中国 人视国家 作为一个亲密的 朋友,也不止是 作为一个密友 , 作为家庭里的一 员, 事实上也 不止是家里一员, 而是一家之 长, 家庭里的家长。 这是从中国视 角来看待国 家, 和我们 的截然不同。 根植于中国 社会的案例 与我们在 西方的社会例 证 是

43、完全不同的 。 And I would suggest to you that actually what we are dealing with here, in the Chinese context, is a new kind of paradigm, which is different from anything weve had to think about in the past. Know that China believes in the market and the state. I mean, Adam Smith, already writing in the la

44、te 18th century, said, “The Chinese market is larger and more developed and more sophisticated than anything in Europe.“ And, apart from the Mao period, that has remained more or less the case ever since. But this is combined with an extremely strong and ubiquitous state. The state is everywhere in

45、China. I mean, its leading firms - many of them are still publicly owned. Private firms, however large they are, like Lenovo, depend in many ways on state patronage. Targets for the economy and so on are set by the state. And the state, of course, its authority flows into lots of other areas - as we

46、 are familiar with - with something like the one-child policy. 我给大家的建议是我 们的确要了解 在中国 背景下 , 这是一种新的范例 , 它与 我们过去曾 想过的范例是不同的 。 要知道中国人相信 市场和国有。 我指 ,亚当 斯 密 在 18 世纪晚期 已经著书, 说过 , “ 中国市场 比起欧洲的任 何一个市场 , 它都是较大的 , 较为发 达的 也是 较为复杂的。” 除了毛泽 东时代, 中国市场大 体是如上的例 证。 但这也是 在 一个极强大 和无处不在的国家做 后盾。 国家就是中国 的一切。 我指,它 引领着公司, 他 们中

47、的许多 公司还是国企所有。 私有 企业,不管它们 有多大, 像 Lenovo 联想, 在很多方 面也依赖于 国家的资助。 国家设置了经济目 标 等等。 当然, 国家的权威也穿插 在许多其他 方面 比如 我们所述熟悉的 独生子女 政策。 Moreover, this is a very old state tradition, a very old tradition of statecraft. I mean, if you want an illustration of this, the Great Wall is one. But this is another, this is the

48、 Grand Canal, which was constructed in the first instance in the fifth century B.C. and was finally completed in the seventh century A.D. It went for 1,114 miles, linking Beijing with Hangzhou and Shanghai. So theres a long history of extraordinary state infrastructural projects in China, which I su

49、ppose helps us to explain what we see today, which is something like the Three Gorges Dam and many other expressions of state competence within China. So there we have three building blocks for trying to understand the difference that is China - the civilization-state, the notion of race and the nature of the state and its relationship to society. 此外, 中国是一个非常古 老的传统国家, 有一个非 常古老传统的 治国纲领。 如 果你想搞明 白这样的例子, 长城就是其 中一个。 但这有另一个, 这是 (京杭) 大运河, 它 起初是 在 公元前 5 世纪被建 造的 在公元 7 世纪 时 它最终竣工。 它有 1114 英里, 链接北 京 到杭州 和上海。 在中国, 非凡的国家大型基础建 设的历史 由来已久, 我认为这也 帮 助

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