1、1,英语听力情况调查,Questionnaire on English listening,2,General instruction,The following questionnaire is designed to understand how Chinese students learn English in a listening class. Please answer,3,Specific instructions,Below are some statements referring to how you feel when you listen to tapes in Eng
2、lish in the listening class. There are no right or wrong answer,4,Conceptual framework,5,Physical symptoms,1. My heart beats very faster when Im listening to English although Ive got well prepared. 2. My hands are sweaty when I am listening to English even if the material is not difficult for me. 3.
3、 I feel very nervous when I am asked to do listening comprehension questions in class although I know I can do them.,6,4. I feel nervous when I meet the critical eyes of the teacher during a listening class. 5. I feel nervous in a listening class whenever the teacher is present. 6. I feel embarrasse
4、d when the teacher asks me to repeat what I have heard.,7,Trait anxiety refers to learners inherent discomfort and nervousness that is a relatively stable personality featureEnvironmental anxiety refers to the discomfort, nervousness or embarrassment induced by the environmental factors.,8,9,Tasks f
5、or this morning,Discuss Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire Analyze the data Discuss the questionnaires designed by two participants,10,TESOL QUARTERLY, Vol. 21, No. 1, March 1987The Learning Style Preferences of ESL StudentsJOY M. REID Colorado State University,11,Conceptual definiti
6、on,learning styles, is broadly described as “cognitive, affective, and physiological traits that are relatively stable indicators of how learners perceive, interact with, and respond to the learning environment” (Keefe, 1979a, p. 4).,12,Research with U.S. school children (R. Dunn, 1983, 1984; Reiner
7、t, 1976) has demonstrated that learners have four basic perceptual learning channels (or modalities):,13,Subcategories of learning styles,Visual learning: reading, studying charts Auditory learning: listening to lectures, audiotapes Kinesthetic learning: experiential learning, that is, total physica
8、l involvement with a learning situation Tactile learning: “hands-on” learning, such as building models or doing laboratory experiments,14,Questions,Structure of the questionnaire The items of different categories Problems in the questionnaire,15,Perceptual learning styles,Visual learning 3, 7, 9, 17
9、, 20 Auditory learning 1, 4, 6, 13, 15 Tactile learning 8, 10, 12, 16, 18 Kinesthetic learning 2, 5, 11, 14, 19,16,Problems,ExplanationOpinion and behaviorFive-point scale,17,The source of items,A self-reporting questionnaire was developed on the basis of existing learning style instruments, with mo
10、difications suggested by NNS informants and U.S. consultants in the fields of linguistics, education, and cross-cultural studies.,18,The survey, which was constructed and validated for NNSs, consisted of randomly arranged sets of 5 statements on each of the six learning style preferences to be measu
11、red: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile, group learning, and individual learning.,19,Validation,Validation of the questionnaire was done by the split-half method. Correlation analysis of an original set of 60 statements (10 per learning style) determined which 5 statements should remain within e
12、ach subset.,20,Outline,1. Criteria for a good questionnaire 2. Procedures for constructing a questionnaire,21,I. Criteria for a good questionnaire,For questionnaire items Valid, reliable and unambiguousFor questionnaire formatHaving a professional outlook,22,2. Procedures for constructing a question
13、naire,(1) Decide the mode of administration By person By mail,23,(2) Different types of information,Factual questions gender / age /name /date of birth Behavior questions (What does a respondent do?) Actions / feelings Attitudinal questions (What does a respondent think?) opinions / beliefs /prefere
14、nces/reasons (Dornyei, 2002:8-9),24,(3) Determine the way you process the data,Individual-item-based questionnaire describe the frequency and mean of one isolated item Category-based questionnaire describe the mean of a category that contains three or more questionnaire items,25,Questionnaire,The fo
15、llowing questionnaire is designed to find out to what extent you are interested in research. The information obtained will help me improve my teaching. Please answer each question frankly and honestly.,26,Part I: Please answer each question by writing down the question number together with the lette
16、r that can best indicate what you really do. The letters stand for the following responses. A = This statement is never or almost never true of me. B = This statement is usually not true of me. C = This statement is somewhat true of me. D = This statement is usually true of me. E = This statement is
17、 completely or almost true of me.,27,1. I read research papers in Chinese. 2. I read research papers in English. 3. I conduct empirical studies. 4. I publish research papers in Chinese 5. I publish research papers in English 6. I read books on research methods. 7. I have very little knowledge about
18、research methods. 8. I am eager to learn more about research methods. Part II: Background information Gender_ Age _ Education Level _ (BA/MA) In which university are you teaching? _,28,Category-based questionnaire,When speaking in English, I first organize what I want to say in Chinese and then tran
19、slate it into English. I translate the English text into Chinese to understand the text better. When writing in English, I first organize what I want to express in Chinese and then translate it into English. I remember in Chinese what I have understood through listening to English.,29,Mother-tongue-
20、use strategy,ListeningSpeakingReading Writing,30,L2 learner anxiety,1. My heart beats very faster when Im asked to answer question although Ive got well prepared. 2. My face flushes whenever I try to say something in English in class. 3. I feel very nervous when I am asked to answer a big question i
21、n class although I know how to do it.,31,4. I feel nervous when I meet the critical eyes of the teacher during my oral presentation in class. 5. I feel nervous during a group discussion whenever the teacher is present. 6. I feel somewhat embarrassed when the teacher asks me to repeat what I have sai
22、d.,32,Trait anxiety refers to learners inherent discomfort and nervousness that is a relatively stable personality featureEnvironmental anxiety refers to the discomfort, nervousness or embarrassment induced by the environmental factors.,33,(4) Deciding the content of individual items,Using ordinary
23、words Avoid ambiguous words Avoid a leading questions,34,(5) Choose question structure,Multiple-choice questionsDichotomous questionsScales,35,Multiple-choice questions,How do you learn the cultural differences in your daily life? Please check as many as you like. (1) Read English magazines, and boo
24、ks on Western customs and etiquette (2) See English movies and videos (3) Actively interacting with native speakers of English.,36,Dichotomous questions,(1) Do you talk to yourself in English outside class?YesNo (2) Do you often read English newspapers?YesNo,37,(6) Determining the order of questions
25、,Background information first General question first Easy question first Questions of the same category must be spread out,38,(7) Deciding the format of a questionnaire,Over the past 15 years I have increasingly come to he belief that producing an attractive and professional design is half the battl
26、e in eliciting reliable and valid data (Dornyei, 2003: 19),39,(8) Conducting one pilot study or more,To check whether there is any ambiguity or misunderstanding To examine whether the preconceived categories can meet the statistical requirement,40,(4) What should be included in a questionnaire?,A ge
27、neral explanation Background information Instructions/directions Questionnaire items,41,Discussion in pairs,What are included in this questionnaire? How do you classify these 20 items into four categories? Is there any problem in this questionnaire? Can you improve it?,42,The structure of a question
28、naire,Background information Explanation & instructions Questionnaire items (investigating behaviors) Expressing thanks,43,Five-point scale,1 = This statement is never or almost never true of me. 2 = This statement is usually not true of me. 3 = This statement is somewhat true of me. 4 = This statem
29、ent is usually true of me. 5 = This statement is completely or almost completely true of me.,44,3. SELECTING SUBJECTS,Three basic random sampling techniques simple random samplingsystematic random samplingstratified random sampling,45,Simple random sampling,With simple random sampling, each unit is
30、numbered from 1 to N (where N is the size of the population). Next, a table of random numbers is used to select n items to the sample.,46,01 Beijing University 11 Liaoning Normal University 02 Qinghua University 12 Sichuan University 03 Beijing Normal University 13 Wuhan University 04 Fudan Universi
31、ty 14 Nankai University 05 Huadong Normal University 15 Zhongshan University 06 Nanjing Normal University 16 Henan University 07 Shanghai University 17 Shantou University 08 Dongnan University 18 Zhejiang University 09 Nanjing University 19 Shangdong University 10 Hehai University 20 Xiamen Universi
32、ty,Table 6.4: Numbered population of 20 universities,47,Task One,Select 10 universities out of the 20 universities,48,A brief table of random numbers,91567 42595 27958 30134 04024 86385 29880 99730 46503 18584 18845 49618 02304 51038 20655 58727 34914 63976 88720 82765 34476 17032 87589 40836 57491
33、16703 23167 49323 45021 33132 12544 41035 30405 83946 23792 14422 15059 45799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735 25499 16631 35006 85900 07119 97336 71048 08178 77233 13916 47564,49,01 Beijing University 11 Liaoning Normal University 02 Qinghua University 12 Sichuan University 03 Beijing Norm
34、al University 13 Wuhan University 04 Fudan University 14 Nankai University 05 Huadong Normal University 15 Zhongshan University 06 Nanjing Normal University 16 Henan University 07 Shanghai University 17 Shantou University 08 Dongnan University 18 Zhejiang University 09 Nanjing University 19 Shangdon
35、g University 10 Hehai University 20 Xiamen University,01, 02, 04, 09, 10, 18, 20,11, 03, 16,50,Systematic random sampling,Why do we need systematic random sampling? Suppose the total number of a population consists of 900 students and you would like to select 30 students out of them as a random samp
36、le. Following the technique of simple random sampling, you need to spend a lot of time.,51,A brief table of random numbers,91567 42595 27958 30134 04024 86385 29880 99730 46503 18584 18845 49618 02304 51038 20655 58727 34914 63976 88720 82765 34476 17032 87589 40836 57491 16703 23167 49323 45021 331
37、32 12544 41035 30405 83946 23792 14422 15059 45799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735 25499 16631 35006 85900 07119 97336 71048 08178 77233 13916 47564,52,Procedures for systematic random sampling,Number all the subjects.Calculate the intervalThe total number of the populationInterval = The s
38、ize of the sampleChoose the number to start with,53,A brief table of random numbers,91567 42595 27958 30134 04024 86385 29880 99730 46503 18584 18845 49618 02304 51038 20655 58727 34914 63976 88720 82765 34476 17032 87589 40836 57491 16703 23167 49323 45021 33132 12544 41035 30405 83946 23792 14422
39、15059 45799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735 25499 16631 35006 85900 07119 97336 71048 08178 77233 13916 47564,54,674+30=704,674, 704, 734, 764, 794, 824, 854, 884, 14, 44, 74, 104, 134, 164, 194, 224, 254, 284, 314, 344, 374, 404, 434, 464, 494, 524, 554, 584, 614, 644,55,Stratified-random
40、 sampling,Why do we need stratified-random sampling? Suppose there are 900 first-year students majoring in science in one national university. Among them, there are only 90 female students. Suppose you want to get a sample of 30 students in which males and females are balanced. If using systematic r
41、andom sampling, the female students may be far less than 10%.,56,Procedures for stratified-random sampling,Divide the students into subpopulations Extract a random sample from each subpopulation by a systematic random sampling.,57,Procedures for systematic random sampling,Number all the subjects.Cal
42、culate the intervalThe total number of the populationInterval = The size of the sampleChoose the number to start with,58,Task Three,Select a sample of 30 students out of the 900 students with males and females being evenly divided.Females: 90; males: 810 15 out of the 90; 15 out of the 810 by a syst
43、ematic random sampling90/15=6; 810/15=54,59,A brief table of random numbers,91567 42595 27958 30134 04024 86385 29880 99730 46503 18584 18845 49618 02304 51038 20655 58727 34914 63976 88720 82765 34476 17032 87589 40836 57491 16703 23167 49323 45021 33132 12544 41035 30405 83946 23792 14422 15059 45
44、799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735 25499 16631 35006 85900 07119 97336 71048 08178 77233 13916 47564,60,Task Three,Select a sample of 30 students out of the 900 students with males and females being evenly divided. Females: 90; males: 810 15 out of the 90; 15 out of the 810 by a systemati
45、c random sampling90/15=6; 810/15=5456, 62, 68, 74, 80, 86, 92-90=2, 8, 12,18, 24, 30, 36, 40, 46,61,A brief table of random numbers,91567 42595 27958 30134 04024 86385 29880 99730 46503 18584 18845 49618 02304 51038 20655 58727 34914 63976 88720 82765 34476 17032 87589 40836 57491 16703 23167 49323
46、45021 33132 12544 41035 30405 83946 23792 14422 15059 45799 22716 19792 09983 74353 68668 30429 70735 25499 16631 35006 85900 07119 97336 71048 08178 77233 13916 47564,62,Task Three,Select a sample of 30 students out of the 900 students with males and females being evenly divided. Females: 90; males
47、: 810 15 out of the 90; 15 out of the 810 by a systematic random sampling90/15=16; 810/15=54F: 56, 72, 88, 104-90=14, 30, 46, 62, 78, 94-90=420, 36, 52, 68, 84, 100-90=10M: 674, 728, 782, 836-810=26, 80, 134, 188, 242, 296, 350, 404, 458, 512, 566, 620,63,Convenience sampling,Despite our best effort
48、s, it is often impossible to do strict random sampling in our actual research especially for individual researchers. Often, instead of strict random sampling techniques, we simply use convenience sampling, i.e. elements are selected for the sample for the convenience of the researcher. In other word
49、s, the researcher tends to choose subjects that are readily available.,64,What needs to be considered in subject selection?,A large sample size or a relatively small one? A random sample or a convenience sample? Longitudinal or cross-sectional?,65,A large sample size or a relatively small one?,Based on my understanding of the statistical requirement, the smallest sample for a survey is no less than 30 while a large sample, is no less than 500. If your study needs to compare two or three groups, then each group requires to be no less than 30.,
