1、2018/10/18,1,大学英语四级,大学英语四级考试讲座,新四级阅读应试技巧,Reading Comprehension,2018/10/18,2,2词汇阅读理解,(1)快速阅读题型简介,(2)快速阅读答题技（巧,3篇章阅读理解,(4)真题分析(2011.6),内容梗概,本讲内容梗概:,(3)快速阅读解题步骤,一、快速阅读,2018/10/18,3,1.快速阅读题型简介,快速阅读(Skimming and Scanning)是新增题型； 阅读文章单词量一般在 800-1200 字左右,体裁主要是说明文，题材涉及人文社科, 自然科学等，答题时间为 15 分钟； 文章后面共有10道题,包括 7
2、道正误判断/选择题和3道短句填空题 (on Answer Sheet 1)；,2018/10/18,4,1)总的阅读量在800-1200词左右,但不一定是一篇,有可能是长度不等的几篇文章。 2)题目基本按照其考察内容在文章中出现的自然顺序排列.题目分布不均匀,有的部分题目集中,有的部分没有出题。 3)文章有大标题,但不一定有小标题.(目前的题目都有小标题) 4)文章中有可能出现图表和图片,也可能是网页的模式。 5)会有一部分超纲词汇,但如果不影响答题,有的给出了中文意思,也可能不给出中文意思。 6)题目以细节题为主,在文章中能找到答案,但说法与原文有一定差异,但意思相同。7)样题的答案中有3个
3、Y, 3个N, 和1个NG 填空题答案基本上都是原文中出现的词;,根据考试委员会对样卷的说明，两次真题试卷以及对其他考试中快速阅读部分的研究我们可以初步得出以下结论:,2018/10/18,5,(1)判断题,以文中所给信息为依据对所给表述做出正确的判断 (主旨大意和细节事实）,Y (YES) - 判断陈述内容与文中给出的信息相符合 N (NO) - 判断陈述内容与文中给出信息相矛盾 NG (NOT GIVEN) - 陈述的内容在文中未提及或找不到依据。,题目使用的是原文的同义词、同义表达法或是对原文的简单归纳或者题目表达的范畴小于原文范畴(即原文内容包含题目),应判断为“Y”。,2018/10
4、/18,6,难点分析：NG and N,题目使用的是原文的反义词、反义表达法、信息与原文相矛盾应判断为“N”;,是原文未提及的内容、混淆的事实和非事实(如愿望、想法等), 应判断为“NG”。特别需要注意的是,推论题经常会出现原文未提及的内容或在原文找不到依据的情况。所以推论题特别要小心得出的答案为“NG”的情况。,主要困难: 不能准确把握“错”及“未提及” 这两种判断的区别,往往把错的当作未提及的,而把未提及的当作错的处理。,2018/10/18,7,“N” 和 “NG” 最大的区别在于“N”代表从文章中可以明确看出题干陈述是和文章的意见 (或提供的事实) 相反或相矛盾的; 而如果文章中所给的
5、信息不能说明题目中的陈述, 则称作NOT GIVEN。,切记:原文是我们答题时的唯一判断依据。不能凭空猜想或借助自己已有的知识。切忌加入读者自己的主观判断。,经验表明: 1)有绝对词only, must, all, always的句子很可能不是YES,但是具体是NO 还是NOT GIVEN就不一定了需要具体问题具体分析; 2)NG通常不会超过个。如果判断超过个，那肯定其中有错； 3)若拿不准某题是否为N或NG,先放在一边，看该题目前后两题的情况，以及其在原文中的答题依据。由于题目是根据文章的顺序出的，所以此题的大体依据肯定在刚才两题的答题依据之间，再来判断，不需额外考虑；,2018/10/18
6、,8,Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting OnlineIdentity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another persons personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain.The numbers associated w
7、ith identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victi
8、mized.Identity theft is “an absolute epidemic（传染病）,” states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and advocate of privacy. “Its certainly picked up in the last four or five years. Its worldwide. It affects everybody, and theres very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you cant detect
9、 it until its probably too late.”Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use, you personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit card number, your telephone calling card number, and other valuable identifying
10、 data, can be used, if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken over their identities
11、 altogether, running up vast,1幻灯片 13,2,10,2018/10/18,9,debts and committing crimes while using the victims names. In many cases, a victims losses may included not only out-of-pocket（现款支付的） financial losses, but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation i
12、n the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible.According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key to a successful onli
13、ne job search is learning to manager the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet. 1. Check for a privacy policy.If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the job search site your are considering has a privacy policy, like CareerB. T
14、he policy should spell out how your information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors (推销员).
15、When reviewing the sites privacy policy, youll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You wont necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more exposure, both positiv
16、e and not-so-positive, it will receive.,1幻灯片 13,2,2018/10/18,10,2. Take advantage of site features. Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume, carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume. CareerB, for examp
17、le, offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible. The second is anonymous (匿名的) posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility
18、 as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display. The third is private posting. This option allows a job see
19、ker to post a resume without having it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerB without retyping their information. 3. Safeguard your identity. Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using t
20、he Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic (泛指的) identifier, such as “Intranet Developer,1,2,2018/10/18,11,Candidate,” or “Experienced Marketing Representative.” You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your cur
21、rent employer. Depending on your title, it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided. Use a general description of the company such as “Major auto manufacturer,” or “International packaged goods supplier.” If your job title is unique, consider u
22、sing the generic equivalent instead of the exact title assigned by your employer. 4. Establish email address for your search. Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing
23、email box in the event someone you dont know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others. Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address, be sure t
24、hat it doesnt contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as .,8幻灯片 15,2018/10/18,12,5. Protect your reference. If your resume contains a section with the names and cont
25、act information of your references, take it out. Theres no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references. 6. Keep confidential (机密的) information confidential. Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security, drivers license, and bank
26、account numbers or other personal information, such as race or eye color. Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application. Dont provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book dont fall for it.,
27、2幻灯片 14,9,2018/10/18,13,1. Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it.,2. In many cases, identity theft not only causes the victims immediate financial losses but costs them a lot to restore their reputation.,3. Identity theft is a
28、minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.,4. It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.,Y，根据人名Robert Ellis Smith定位在原文第三段, 可直接对应原文内容,Y, 根据financial loss及restore reputation两组关键词对应原文第四段,N, 对应原文第三段第一句话，Smith说identity theft is an absolute epidemic.与选项中的mi
29、nor offence及harm is overestimated内容矛盾。,Y, 对应原文第一个小标题Suggestion 1下第二段内容，直接对应，“如果找到工作后，不要把简历放在网上。”,2018/10/18,14,6. Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background checks.,7. Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when seek
30、ing employment online.,5. Of the three options offered by CareerB in Suggestion 2, the third one is apparently most strongly recommended.,NG, 对应原文第二个小标题Suggestion 2, 选项直接给出定位点，该建议包括三项内容，选项中most strongly recommended并无给出相关的对应信息，选NG。,N, 对应原文最后一段的第六个小标题，原文说公司不要求你在求职时提交银行帐号，社会保障号码等，与选项provide very person
31、al information矛盾。,Y, 对应原文第三个小标题下第一段和第二段内容，网上求职不要用真名，用generic name。,2018/10/18,15,. 10 According to the passage, identity theft is committed typically for _.,8. Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent you from receiving _.,9. To protect your references, you should not post on
32、line their _.,unwelcome emails,对应第四个小标题，原文倒数第三段,names and contact information,对应原文倒数倒数第二段，根据小标题定位容易。,economic gains,对应原文首段最后一句话“typically for economic gains.”,2018/10/18,16,2. 快速阅读答题技巧,如何完成？ 大致读完全文再做题目？ 先看题目再去文章中寻找答案？,快速阅读方法： 主要包括略读 (Skimming) 和查读(Scanning)两种。,2018/10/18,17,略读 (Skimming) 和查读(Scannin
33、g),1. 略读(Skimming) 又称跳读(reading and skipping)或浏览(dancing), 是一种非常实用的快速阅 读技能,其目的是以尽可能快的速度了解文章的大意和主题思想,并对文章的结构有个总的概念 例如 : 浏览报纸；书籍的目录,2018/10/18,18,1) 以极快的速度阅读大量材料,寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。 2) 可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。 3) 理解水平可以稍低一些,但也不能太低。一般阅读的目标 是在保持一般阅读速度的条件下,获得尽可能高的理解水平,通常达到70%或80%。略读时, “不需要高度理解”,平均理解率达50% 或60
34、%就可以了。 4) 根据文章的难易程度和要达到的目的,不断灵活地调整阅读速度。,略读有下列四个特点:,2018/10/18,19,1) 要利用印刷细节 (typographical details), 如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等,对书和文章进行预测略读 (preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、行文方式(模式), 以便把握大意、相关细节及其相互关系。 2) 以一般阅读速度(每分钟200-250词)阅读文章开头的第一、二段,力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的写作风格、口吻或语气等。 3) 阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段
35、落大意,然后略去细节不读,以实现略读速度。 4) 注意转折词和序列词。 转折词如 however, moreover, in addition等; 序列词如 Firstly, secondly 等。 5) 若无需要,不必阅读细节。,略读可以运用下列技巧:,2018/10/18,20,2.查读(Scanning) 又称寻读, 目的主要是为了从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息,如数字、时间、人名、地名等。 在查读时,目光要自上而下、一目数行地寻视与答题内容相关的词句, 与此无关的内容要很快略过。在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料,找到所需要的信息。例如: 在车站寻找某次列车的运
36、行时刻, 在机场寻找某次班机的起飞时间, 在图书馆查找书刊的目录,在文献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等,都可以运用这种方法。,2018/10/18,21,查读既要求速度又要求准确性，带有明确的目的性。因此可以把整段整段的文字直接映入大脑不必字字过目，视线在印刷材料上掠过时, 一旦发现有关内容，就要稍作停留,将它记住或摘下;查读与略读不同。略读时读者事先对材料一无所知,而查读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。,查读的特点,2018/10/18,22,1)利用材料的编排形式 按字母顺序排列的，如词典、索引、邮政编码簿、电话号码簿以及其他参考资料等。按日期和时间排列的， 如电视节目,历史资
37、料。报纸上的体育版面是按比赛类别(足球、排球、网球)排列的等等。2)利用章节标题和说明查读时,首先看看文章标题或章节标题,确定文章是否包含自己所需要的材料,或者哪一部分包含哪些材料,这样可以直接翻到那个部分进行寻找。,查读可运用下列技巧:,2018/10/18,23,3)抓提示词读者找到包含所需信息的章节准备查读时,要留心与那个具体信息有关的提示词。例如在报纸体育运动版上寻找某田径运动员的某项运动成绩,他的国名 就是提示词。在百科全书上寻找纽约市的人口信息,翻到New York City那一章后, population, census, inhabitants等词就是提示词,找到提示词,就可以
38、采用一般阅读速度, 获得所需要的信息。 8. Tamlyn says that besides importing ingredients from Britain once a week, his restaurant also buys vegetables from _. 9. The Phoenix in Mid-Levels may not use British ingredients, but presents its dishes _. 10. Yorkshire Pudding is a restaurant which will bring full dishes to t
39、he table but offer plates to those diners who would like to _.,2018/10/18,24,如何完成 CET Fast Reading？,做快速阅读题的过程其实就是灵活运用略读和 查读两种快速阅读技巧的过程。在考试过程中, 我们可以遵循以下做题顺序:1.扫描全文,把握文章的主旨和总体框架； 2.看问题,在题干中寻找关键词,领会句子的意思； 3.利用关键词,在文章中查找答案。,3.快速阅读解题步骤,2018/10/18,25,1.扫描全文,把握文章的主旨和总体框架 - 略读,真题2007年6月,1)标题,2)引言(introducti
40、on)和结论(conclusion),3)抓住关键词句,文章中如果没有小标题,则需要通过关键词句快速了解每个段落的大意。关键词句是连接上下文的纽带,快速阅读时要注意寻视关键词 抓住关键句子也就是找出主题句,即文章中用来概括大意的句子。查找段落主题可以先看每个段落的前两句， 再看段落的最后一句。当然在特殊情况下主题句也可能出现在段落中间。通过识别主题句我们可以快速准确地抓住文章中各个段落的主要意思, 从而把握文章的主旨和总体框架,2018/10/18,26,4)较深色或斜体字部分 - 这也可以帮助了解文章内容;,5)图表 -文章中有时会带有图表或示意图。有时候看图片比看整段文字更有用。注意图表栏
41、目的文字题目,这些词或短语可用作关键词语。,2018/10/18,27,2.看问题,在题干中寻找关键词,领会句子的意思,目光快速扫描一遍文后题目,回答主旨题,确定其他题目关键词 大部分题目考的是细节的定位，需要回答的问题中总会有些词或短语与文章中的某些词、短语完全相同,或词义相近或相关。有了这些关键词,你就可以直接查读到答案的位置,有些部分就不用看了,寻找关键词应优先考虑专有名词和数字，因为它们在文章中是极容易找到的。注意有时句中的数字在文章中可能会用文字形式表达,例如30% 与thirty percent。 查找关键词的顺序如下:,题干主语中的名词 谓语动词（行为动词） 宾语部分的名词,A,
42、专有名词：John Smith; Academy Awards; Industrial Revolution;Mississippi等；也有可能会出现替换词：US=America,UK=Britain/British; Dutch=the Netherlands; B.数词：16%,50%=half,12个=dozen=twelve等； C.科技数词：protein(蛋白质)；gravity（重力）；calorie（卡路里），不认识也可以定位。 D.普通名词：desk ,bank,concepts,chair等；d1,同义词替换；desk=table;chair=stool;aim=goal=
43、target=objective;film=moviemain=principal=primary;major=chief;significant=essential=vitald2,反义词:before his death=when he was alive =during his lifetimed3,同源词；competecompetitioncompetitive-competitor,2018/10/18,28,2018/10/18,29,利用问句中的1-3个关键词,在文章中确定答案的大概位置,有的放矢地快速通读与答题有关的部分比较这两部分是否有同义词，同义短语和同义结构。如果两部分
44、在这些方面是等价的,就可以确定答案。在快速阅读考试中,能否准确找出正确答案很在很大程度上取决于对字句的形式变化的认识能力，即能否辨认出意义相近或相同但形式上有很大差异的词或短语。,3.利用关键词,在文章中查找答案 查读 + 略读,2018/10/18,30,有时还需要对蕴含全文观点的段落进行细读,判断作者态度和进行逻辑推理,完成推论题.,注意题目一般按照自然顺序排列，接下来的题目一般只需继续查读剩余部分，无须再从头查起;,如问句中可能出现 staff selection,但在文章中可能是recruitment; 在问句中是 vehicles,在文章中出 现时可能是 cars, trucks 或
45、者vans。因此在阅读过程中应多加比较。如能攻破这一关,就一定能够取得好的考试成绩。(同义词的替换),2018/10/18,31,4. 真题分析,标题-Protect Your Privacy (说明文)-预测: 为什么? 怎么样?小标题-快速准确地抓住文章的主旨和总体框架,留意一些逻辑关系。如时间前后，容易混乱；因果关系，不容颠倒；比较关系，严格对应；最高级别，要有依据。,一时之间难以判断时，就多划几个词，或者注意整句的意思。只要大部分的划出来了核心，有一个两个模糊，问题不大。要相对仔细读的段落也不必要每句都要读得清清楚楚。 如何阅读长句：以考点为准，抓住主干,以下分析2011年6月份四级考
46、试快速阅读题,2018/10/18,32,二、选词填空选词填空特点： 1. 近义词辨析不多， 2. 固定搭配不多 3. 词性辨析比较容易 4. 题目设计的原则是首句不设空，一句话中不设两空，设空比较均匀，基本覆盖全文 .选词填空难点： 1. 词性可能会变。 2. 错一题，可能会错两题。,2018/10/18,33,二、选词填空,仔细阅读选项，根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词各有几个选项。动词归类要细分为v，ved, ving。 细读首句，抓住中心。 首先要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让读者知道本文的
47、相关主题词或主题。,2018/10/18,34,选词填空的解题步骤第一步：通读全文read through 通读全文是用较快速度，一行一行地读，目的是把握至少90% 的文章内容。这大概就用1分钟时间。 选词填空后面的选项词义互不关联，词性也不同，而且还有5个干扰项，一定要先了解文章大意，带着文章脉络去找选项。所以，务必先沉着地把文章读一遍，尤其注意gap 前后的位置，为寻找正确选项打下铺垫。 选词填空短文的第一句对全文的内容有概括提示作用，所以一定要认真看懂第一句，而且反复出现的词也是帮助考生掌握文章大致内容的重要线索。 提醒：通读就是根据首段原则以及首末句原则，迅速抓出文章的主题。判定文章主
48、题对于篇章的整体把握具有很大的积极意义。,2018/10/18,35,第二步：整理选项classify the options,整理选项。大概花费1分钟，即辨别每个单词词性的时间为4秒/词。分别标出15个备选项的词性，比如在名词旁标注n.，在动词旁写上v.，形容词旁标注adj.，副词旁写上adv.等。目前四级考试只考实词（notional words）中的四种：名词n、动词v、形容词adj、副词adv； （不考代词和数词；也不考虚词（冠词art, 介词prep, 连词conj, 感叹词interj）特点：四种实词中，考的最少的是副词adv, 不超过两个空。剩下的三种平均每次有三道题。根据真题，
49、动词一直是考三个。另外三种词性，有两个的，也有四个的。,2018/10/18,36,标注词性时注意的问题,1. 不认识的单词看词缀（见后面附表） 2. 认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性比如：有的词display, concern, challenge做名词和做动词都很常见.这时两个都要标出来，先标你脑子里第一个出现的词性。 3. 动词归类要细分为v，v-ed, v-ing。因为一个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是-ing形式要自己根据语法判断。此外,以-ing, -ed 结尾的词也可能是分词转变而来的形容词， 如holding做动词：Shes holding her mothers hand. 做形容词：holding company (控股公司)； 再如acquired做动词：academic skills he acquired. 做形容词：a newly acquired jacket (新买的夹克)。,
