1、大学英语备课资料- 四级段落翻译 2016.2,1.京剧 京剧是世界上最古老的戏剧艺术形式之一。从唐代起，京剧的表演者被称为 “梨园弟子(theatrical performer)“。在清代，它在老百姓中也开始流行。表演是在茶馆、饭馆，甚至是在临时搭建的舞台上进行的。每个演员的脸上画着夸张的图案，代表每个人物的性格、角色和命运。这种技艺可能源于古代的宗教和舞蹈。熟悉京剧的观众可以通过观察人物的脸部描绘和服装来了解故事。,翻译讲解 1.每个演员的脸上画着夸张的图案，代表每个人物的性格、角色和命运：“夸张的图案”可译为exaggerateddesigns，exaggerated意为“夸张的，夸大的
2、。“代表”可译为symbolize或represent等。 2.这种技艺可能源于古代的宗教和舞蹈：“源于”可译为originate from,或derive from,originate意为“创始，起源“，名词形式为origin，意思是“起源、发源”。,参考翻译: Beijing opera is one of the oldest opera art forms inthe world.Since the Tang Dynasty,performers ofBeijing opera were referred to as “theatricalperformers“.During the
3、Qing Dynasty,it becamefashionable among ordinary people.Performanceswere watchcd in tearooms, restaurants, and even on makeshift stages.Exaggerated designs arepainted on cach performers face to symbolize a characters personality,role,and fate.Thistechnique may have originated from ancient religions
4、and dance.Audiences who are familiar withthe opera can know the story by observing the characters facial paintings as well as their costumes.,2.书法(calligraphy)在中国的传统艺术领域占有非常重要的位置。书法已经历时2000多年了。它有五种主要的书写方式，每种都有不同的书写技法。练习书法需要文房四宝(FourTreasures of the Study)。书法被认为是一种需要内心平静的艺术形式。今天，尽管出现了各种各样的现代书写方式，但人们仍
5、然经常将书法作为一种业余爱好进行练习。如今，书法在西方也越来越受欢迎。,参考翻译: In China,calligraphy occupies a very important position in the field of traditional art.Calligraphy hasa history lasting for more than 2,000 years.Thereare five main ways of writing and each needsdifferent techniques.To practice calligraphy requiresthe Four
6、Treasures of the Study.Calligraphy is considered to be an art form requiring innerpeace.Today,although various modern ways of writing have come up,calligraphy is stillpracticed often as a hobby.Nowadays,it has also become more and more popular amongwesterners.,翻译讲解,1.书法在中国的传统艺术领域占有非常重要的位置：“书法”译为call
7、igraphy;“占有”可译为occupy，occupy常用的短语还有occupy oneself in，意为“从事于；位置”和“领域”有不同的含义，分别可译为position和field;“传统艺术” 则可译为traditional art。 2.书法被认为是一种需要内心平静的艺术形式：“认为”可译为consider，常用的结构是be considered to be，意为“被认为是”；“需要”可译为require; “内心平静”可译为inner peace。 3.今天，尽管出现了各种各样的现代书写方式，但人们仍然经常将书法作为一种业余爱好进行练习：由“尽管.”可知该句可翻译为让步状语从句，
8、“尽管”可用although或though表示，意为“虽然，尽管”，though与although的意思、用法一样，在其引导的句子中，不需要再用but这个连词；“出现”可译为come up,另外它还有“发生；发芽”的意思。,3.中国城市化,3.中国城市化(urbanization)将会充分释放潜在内需(domestic demand)。一些经济学家指出，在中国几乎所有的发展中城市都面临 着城市化的进程。这使得许多人的生活水平有所提高，也为人们提 供更多的就业机会。随着越来越多的人向城市迁徙，住房及城市基础设施建设(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供应将
9、会 成为城市发展的焦点问题。商品与服务的自由、快速流通是城市化 社会的一项基本特征。逐渐扩张的城市需要更多的零售店来满足消费者的需求。,Chinas urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand. Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country. It will lead to a better quality of l
10、ife for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities. The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities. Urbanization means better access to educational and medica
11、l resources in the city. But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation. The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society. Ex-panding cities require more retail outlets to serve customers.,4.中国民间故事(Chinese folktale)是中国文化的财富。
12、它展示了中国人民如何追求爱情和更美好的生活。中国的故事多种多样，尤其是民间故事。主流的中国民间故事可以分为两种：一种是关于人们如何为了自己的梦想而奋斗；另一种是关于人们如何在神的帮助下过上好日子。中国有56个民族，其中55个是少数民族。民间故事吸收了少数民族的信仰和习俗。,Chinese folktales are the wealth of Chinese culture.It shows how Chinese people seek for love and a better life.There are various Chinese tales, especially the fol
13、k tales.The mainstream Chinese folktales can be classified into two kinds.One is about how people fight for their dreams,the other is about how people lead a good life with the help from their gods.In China,there are 56 ethnic groups in which 55 are the ethnic minorities.Folktales have taken in the
14、faith and customs of the ethnic minorities.,5.红楼梦(A Dream of Red Mansions)是曹雪芹在18世纪中期的作品。它不仅是一部中国小说的巨作，同时也是世界文学的瑰宝。曹雪芹出生于一个由极富没落到极贫的贵族权势家族。基于他对生活的理解、进步的思想、认真的写作态度和高超的写作技能，他才能创作出红楼梦。这本书描述了一个封建大家庭的生活及其没落，小说中所写的家庭既是现实的反映，又是曹雪芹自己家庭的小说化或者“梦”般的写照。,A Dream of Red Mansions was written by Cao Xueqin in the m
15、iddle of the 18th century.It is not only a great Chinese novel but also a gem of world literature.Cao Xueqin was born into a noble and powerful family which declined from extreme prosperity to poverty.Based on his own undcretanding of life, his progressive ideas,serious writing attitude and excellen
16、t writing skill, he was able to create A Dream of Red Mansions.The book describes the life and declining fortunes of a large feudal fcmily, which is both a realistic reflection and a fictional or “dream” version of Caos own family.,1.它不仅是一部中国小说的巨作，同时也是世界文学的瑰宝：“不仅.也”可译为not only.but also“。 2.曹雪芹出生于一个由
17、极富没落到极贫的贵族权势家族：“出生于”可译为固定短语be born into。 3.这本书描述了一个封建大家庭的生活及其没落：“一个封建大家庭”可译为a large feudal family, “没落”可译为 declining fortunes。,6.据说如果地球上真有人间仙境，九寨沟(Jiuzhaigou Valley)定是其中之一。它有梦境般的风景：蓝色的湖泊、瀑布、翠绿的森林、白雪皑皑的山脉，还有藏族和羌族人民(the Tibetan and Qiang peoples)的民间习俗。九寨沟不仅仅有壮观的景色，还是九个藏族村寨的居住地，还有超过220种鸟类以及许多濒临灭绝的动植物物种
18、。它在1992年被联合国教科文组织宣布为世界文化遗产。九寨沟一年四季的美景使它成为中国最著名的景点之一。,It is said that if there should be wonderlands on the earth, Jiuzhaigou Valley must be one of them. It has dreamlike scenery, which combines blue lakes,waterfalls, verdant forests, snow-covered mountains, and the folk customs of the Tibetan and Qi
19、ang peoples. More than just spectacular scenery, Jiuzhaigou Valley is home to nine Tibetan villages, over 220 bird species as well as a number of endangered plant and animal species. Jiuzhaigou Valley was declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site in 1992. It provides spectacular scenery through
20、out four seasons of the year, making it one of Chinas most well-known scenic sites.,1.据说如果地球上真有人间仙境，九寨沟一定是其中之一:该句前半句的“如果”可判断出它表示与现在的事实相反，所以要用现在时的虚拟语气，即should+do的形式。其中“人间仙境”可译为wonderlands on the earth。 2.九寨沟不仅仅有壮观的景色，还是九个藏族村寨的居住地，还有超过220种鸟类以及许多濒临灭绝的动植物物种：其中“不仅仅有”可译为more than,是“超过，多于”的意思。“的居住地”可以理解为“是
21、的故乡”，故可用be home to表示，这是英语中常见的表达方式，如：China is home to the panda.(中国是熊猫的故乡。） 3.九寨沟一年四季的美景使它成为中国最著名的景点之一:“一年四季的美景”可以翻译为所有格的形式，但译为it provides spectacular scenery throughout four seasons of the year,会使译文增色不少。后半句部分因前半句出现了谓语动词provide,所以可用making it来引导后半句，作句子的伴随状语。,7.香港是坐落于中国南端的-个弹丸小岛，150多年前，还被形容为“荒芜之地”（barr
22、en rock）。优越的战略位置、通讯条件（communications）和商业文化，促进了香港经济和社会迅速发展。如今，香港已发展成为一个 国际金融商贸中心，并与近200个国家和地区的公司有商业往来。在日趋全球化的经济中，香港正扮演着一个 非常重要的角色。我们相信，香港的未来会更加光明灿烂。,1.第1句前后两个分句间联系不太紧密，可将其“拆译”为两个独立的句子。其中，第1个分句可译为Hong Kong is a tiny island located in southern China，也可省略“坐落”(located)不译，因为意思已表达完整。 “弹丸小岛”中的“弹丸”与“小”同义，译为a
23、 tiny island即可。 2.第2句“优越的，促进了”若直译为. have greatly boosted Hong Kongs economy and society，则主语太长，不符合英语表达习惯。可将句首的3个并列主语处理成表原因的介词结构，如Due to.，符合英语多用介词结构的表达习惯。 3.第3句中的“国际金融商贸中心”可直译为a world-class financial and trading center，但因center前面的修饰成分太长，稍显头重脚轻，故处理为a financial and trading center in the world。“公司”的定语“近2
24、00个国家和地区的”较长，故将其处理成后置定语，用介词短语in nearly 200 countries and regions 来表达。 4.第4句中的“扮演着重要的角色”可套用短语play an important role in.。状语“在日趋全球化的经济中”，按照英文表达习惯，置于句末，译作介词短语in the increasingly globalized economy。 5.最后一句直译为We believe that Hong Kongs future will become brighter and more brilliant，稍显生硬。可考虑照应前文的论述主体(香港），将
25、定语部分的“香港”转换为主语，将原句的主语“未来”转换成宾语，即将该句译作 We believe that Hong Kong will have a brighter and more brilliant future。,Hong Kong is a tiny island in southern China. It was described as a “barren rock“ over 150 years ago. Due to its superior strategic location, communications and business culture, Hong Kong
26、s economy and society are greatly boosted. Now it has become a financial and trading center in the world. It has commercial links with corporations in nearly 200 countries and regions. Hong Kong is playing an important role in the increasingly globalized economy. We believe that Hong Kong will have
27、a brighter and more brilliant future.,8.赤壁(Chibi)是中国著名的古战场，位于今天的湖北省境内。赤壁之战发生在三国时期(the Three Kingdoms Period)。刘备和孙权联合起来，巧用火攻，战胜了强大的曹操军队。因此，赤壁之战成了著名的以弱胜强的战例，许多军事文献都有提及。此外，在各种文学作品中也有许多关于赤壁之战的描述。各个时代的诗人们以赤壁之战为主题写下了许多著名诗篇。,1.在第1句中，为强调赤壁作为著名古战场的重要性，可将前半句处理成主干(Chibi is a famous ancient battlefield in China
28、)，后半句处理成状语，用分词短语located in.来表达并置于句首，使句型主次分明。 2.第3句“刘备和孙权联合起来，巧用火攻，战胜了”中有3个动词，可将“联合”和“巧用”处理成并列动宾结构，“战胜”作结果，译作Liu Bei joined forces with Sun Quan and made good use of fire to defeat.。此处的“联合”指的是军事力量的联合而不是单纯的合作，故此处不用cooperate，而用join forces with。 3.第4句中“战例”的定语“著名的以弱胜强的”较长，可将拆成两部分处理，“著名的”仍处理为前置定语,后面的“以弱胜强
29、的”则处理成后置定语，用介词短语of the weak overcoming the strong来表达，即该短语译 作 a famous example of the weak overcoming the strong。 4.最后一句的主干为“诗人们写下了诗篇”，在翻译时可先将这部分译出来(poets wrote down poems)，再插人其他成分。状语“以为主题”用介词短语with.as the theme来表达。,Located in todays Hubei Province, Chibi is a famous ancient battlefield in China. The
30、 Battle of Chibi took place in the Three Kingdoms Period. Hu Bei joined forces with Sun Quan and made good use of fire to defeat Cao Caos strong army. Because of this, the Battle of Chibi has become a famous example of the weak overcoming the strong, and is mentioned in many military works. Apart fr
31、om this, there are a lot of descriptions about the Battle of Chibi in all kinds of literary works. Poets in different eras wrote down many famous poems with the Battle of Chibi as the theme.,9.杭州市拥有世界上最大的公用自行车系统(bike sharing system)。目前杭州市共有2700个公用自行车租赁站点，共计66500辆车。计划至2020年，公共自行车的数量将增至175000辆。租用自行车需要
32、智能卡（smart card），可在任意站点租车、在任意站点还车。租车骑行1小时内免费，1小时以上则按每小时1元收费。公用自行车系统对缓解杭州市的交通通撞(congestion)起到了很大的作用。,1.仔细分析可发现，第1句和第2句的意义关联性较大，第2句中的数据恰恰能支撑说明第1句所说的情况， 故宜将这两句进行合译，把第1句处理成主干，第2句处理成第1句的状语，用介词短语with 66,500 bikes in 2,700 renting stations in the city now 来表达。 2.第4句“租用自行车，可在任意站点”前后两个分句的内容联系不太紧密，可将其拆译为两个独立的句
33、子。这两个分句均为无主语句，翻译成英文时需要添加主语才能使英文句式完整，根据语境，均可添加表示泛指的one作主语。 3.倒数第2句“租车1小时内免费，1小时以上则按收费”如果逐字对译为Its free to rent the bike for the first hour and one needs to pay. if he/she rides more than one hour 则会使译文很繁冗，且不符合英语表达习惯；宜将该句的主语转换成“自行车租借人(bike users)”，将1小时内的收费情况和1小时以上的收费情况处理成并列结构，译为Bike users can ride for
34、free for. and pay. for.。 4.最后一句中的“对起到了很大的作用”可用短语be of great help to do sth来表达，也可用短语play a great role in doing sth来表达，“缓解杭州市的交通拥堵”就是短语中的to do sth，故此处可译为be of great help to relieve the traffic congestion in Hangzhou city。,第 3 页：参考译文With 66,500 bikes in 2,700 renting stations in the city now, Hangzhou
35、owns the largest bike sharing system in the world. It plans to increase to 175,000 bikes by 2020. For renting a bike, one needs a smart card. One can rent a bike and return it at any station. Bike users can ride for free for the first hour and pay RMB 1 yuan per hour for the extra time. The system i
36、s of great help to relieve the traffic congestion in Hangzhou city.,10.为世界最大的碳排放国，中国将首次推出旨在减排的碳交易计划(carbon trading scheme)。碳交易平台已在深圳建立，这个平台将允许企业购买排放碳的许可。中国还计划在另外七个地区开展类似的计划，分析家称这是迈向全国性的碳交易市场的第一步。但分析家还表示，该计划只能涵盖城市碳排放的38%，不太可能使整体排放量显著下降。然而，中国的目标是到2020年，将碳浓度(carbon intensity)水平降低40%。,参考翻译:China, the wo
37、rlds largest carbon emitter, is to launch its first carbon trading scheme aimed at reducing emissions. A carbon trading platform allowing businesses to purchase grant of emitting carbon was established in Shenzhen. China is also planning to cany out similar schemes in seven other areas. Analysts say
38、 this is the first step towards a nationwide carbon trading market. But analysts have also said that the scheme which covers just 38 percent of citys，carbon emissions is unlikely to reduce overall emissions significantly. However, China is aiming at reducing the level of carbon intensity by 40 perce
39、nt by 2020.,1.作为世界最大的碳排放国，中国将首次推出旨在减排的碳交易计划:“破排放国”可译为carbon emitter, emit意为“发出；排放；散发；发射”；“旨在”可用固定短语aim at表示；“破交易计划”可译为carbon trading scheme, “碳交易” 是为促进全球温室气体减排和减少全球二氧化破排放所采用的市场机制。 2.这个平台将允许企业购买排放碳的许可:“允许”可用allow表示，“允许某人 做某亊”为allow sb. to do sth.；“许可”在此译为名词grant。 3.中国还计划在另外七个地区开展类似的计划:“开展计划”可直接译为plan
40、 to,“计划做某事”则为plan to do sth.。 4.分析家称这是迈向全国性的碳交易市场的第一步:“迈向的第一步”可用the first step towards表示。,11.四合院(courtyard)是一种历史类型住宅。它在中国很常见，最著名的则是在北京。在古代，一座四合院住着一个单一的大家庭。今天，许多现存的四合院还用作住房，但大都缺乏现代生活设施。四合院最早可以追溯到西周时期（the Western Zhou Period）,至今已有2000多年的历史。它们表现出中国建筑的优秀和基本特征。四合院还是北京的一个文化象征，也是探索古老生活方式的一个窗口。,:Courtyard i
41、s a historical type of residence.It was commonly found throughout China,most famous in Beijing.In ancient times,a courtyard would be occupied by a single large family.Today,many remaining courtyards are still used as houses,but most lack modem living facilities.Courtyards date back to as early as th
42、e Western Zhou Period,with a history of over 2,000 years.They exhibit outstanding and iundamental characteristics of Chinese architecture.Courtyard also serves as a cultural symbol of Beijing and a window into old ways of life.,1.在古代，一座四合院住着一个单一的大家庭:“在古代”可译为in ancient times。“住着”可以用occupy或者live来表示。oc
43、cupy意为“占据，占领”，在此引申为“住着”;be occupied by/with译为“被某物占据；忙于”，例如:He was occupied with a novel.他忙于写小说。 2.今天，许多现存的四合院还用作住房，但大都缺乏现代生活设施:其中“现存的”可译为remaining。“用作”可译为be used as。“缺乏”可译为lack,此处lack为动词，作名词讲时，可用lack of来表示缺乏。 3.四合院最早可以追溯到西周时期:其中“追溯”可译为date back to。需要注意的是date back和date back to都表示追溯的意思，但是date back后跟时间
44、段;date back to后跟时间点，表示追溯到某一时间点。,12.转基因食品（genetically modified foods)是通过基因工程的方法对生物体的DNA作特定改变并由此产出的食品。这些技术允许引入新的作物性状，对于食物基因结构的掌控也比之前的方法，如选择性育种、诱变育种（mutation breeding)大。中国已经成为世界上最大的大豆(soybean)进口国，购买60%的全球交易大豆。这些进口大豆大部分是转基因品种。在中国，有对关于转基因食品的激烈的公开辩论。,Genetically modified foods are foods produced from orga
45、nisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering.These techniques have allowed the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over the foods genetic structure than previous methods such as selective breeding and mutation br
46、eeding.China has become the world s largest soybean importer, buying about 60% of the globally traded soybeans.Most of those imported soybeans are genetically modified varieties.In China, there is a fierce public debate on genetically modified food.,1.转基因食品是通过基因工程的方法对生物体的DNA作特定改变并由此产出的食品:这句话较长，经分析其主
47、干为“转基因食品是食品”，即Genetically modified foods are.foods。“通过基因工程的方法”可作方式状语，放在句子最后，即using the methods of genetic engineering;“对生物体的 DNA 作特定改变”可译为have had specific changes introduced into their DNA。 2.这些技术允许引入新的作物性状，对于食物基因结构的掌控也比之前的方法，如选择性育种、诱变育种大:“允许引入”翻译为allow the introduction of.;“新的作物性状”可用new crop trait
48、s表达，trai表示“特性，性状”；“对于的掌控”可译为control over.;“选择性育种、诱变育种”可译为 selective breeding and mutation breeding。,13.中国经济正处在转型的关键阶段。中国已经不能继续沿用高消耗、高投入的旧模式，而必须加大力度调整经济结构和转变经济增长方式。我国将继续推进行政管理(administrative management)、金融部门和物价的改革。服务业将愈发成为我国经济中的重要支柱。作为最大的就业容纳器，服务业为经济转型缓解就业压力。中国经济的升级( upgrading）也将为世界经济提供新的动力。,中国经济正处在转
49、型的关键阶段”如果逐字对译为Chinese economy is at a crucial stage of transformation略显死板生硬，可转用短语find oneself来表达，意为“不知不觉中发现自己处于某种状态”， 使得“中国经济”有了生命的感觉，从而使行文更生动。 2.第2句中的两个分句都较长，且各自具有完整的意思，故译为两个独立的句子，并由Instead连接。前一个分句中的“中国已经不能”可译为it is imposable for China to.或直接用China作主语，表达为China can no longer.。后一个分句“而必须加大力度调整经济结构和转变经
50、济增长方式”为无主语句，故考虑译为被动句，将动宾结构“加大力度”中的“力度”转化为被动句的主语，译作more efforts should be made 3.第3句的主干是“我国将继续推进改革”，“行政管理、金融部门和物价”均是改革的具体内容，处理成后置定语，用“of + n.”的形式表所属，意为“的”。 4.倒数第2句中的“服务业为经济转型缓解就业压力”，“为某人做某事”对应的英文表达为help sb. (to) do sth，经过分析发现，这里“为经济转型”实际上表达的是“在经济转型过程中“，故译为this sector helps ease employment pressure in economic transformation。,
