1、English-Chinese Translation,Lecturer：Tracy (童洁萍),Chapter Three :Diction,Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Choice of Affective Meanings Part 3: Choice of Grammatical Meanings Part 4: Choice of Contextual Meanings Part 5: Choice of Collocative Meanings Part 6: Choice of Stylistic Meanings Part 7: Choice of
2、 Ambiguous Meanings Part 8: Choice of Extended Meanings Part 9: Assignments,Part 1,Introduction,keywords,Diction: the choice of words and phrases to express meaning Denotation: the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or term. （词等的）指示意义，本义 Connotation: idea or notion suggested by or assoc
3、iated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotation 内涵意义，隐含意义；转义 (p67),E.g.,storm（n.） Denotation: a rough weather condition with wind, rain and often lightning. 使用本义的词不论出现在怎样的上下文中，其意义均固定不变。 E.g. 1.The islanders were warned that a storm was coming. 岛民们已经得到警报，暴风雨即将来临。 Co
4、nnotation: 2.But his last words brought on another storm. 可是，他最后的言辞引起了激烈的反响。 3.Her singing took New York by storm. 她的歌唱在纽约引起了轰动。,Each word when used in a new context is a new word!(p67) Context: the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its mean
5、ing语境 说话有场合，有环境，也有上下文，所有这些都叫context。一词有多义，该选择哪一个意义至关重要。词义选择必须符合语境。 Eg. Tom is a machine. 汤姆是一个有能力且能吃苦耐劳的人。 汤姆是一个很残忍的人。,Choice of Affective Meanings,Part 2,1). Affective meaning indicates the writer/speakers attitude towards the person or thing. e.g. Famous notorious Determined pigheaded Foreigner al
6、ien Labor organizer labor agitator Statesman politician Unique unusual bizarre,3 Types of affective meanings: Positive Neutral Derogatory E.g. portly overweight obese,2).Affective meaning is also unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the indivi
7、dual. e.g. individualism, liberalism, pragmatism, propaganda, dog Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意之时。(p69),3).In most cases, the affective meaning can be decided by the context. e.g. ambition 1.One who is filled with ambition usually works hard. 志向远大的人通常也是实干的（勤勤恳恳的）人。 2.The reactionarys chief ambition
8、is to become the emperor. 乱臣贼子妄图称王称霸。 Drills 3.1,Part 3,Choice of Grammatical Meanings,Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. e.g. girl, girls; forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting The dog is chasing a cat. The s
9、ame word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meanings.,Choice of Grammatical Meanings,Choice of Grammatical Meanings,round： The Earth is not completely round. 地球并不是完全圆的。（形容词） Lets go into the hall and have a look round. 让我们进大厅转一转。（副词） They
10、 are dancing in a round. 他们围成一圈跳舞。（名词） He worked round the day. 他工作了一整天。（介词） The boys eyes rounded with excitement. 男孩兴奋得眼睛睁得圆圆的。（动词） Drills 3.2,Part 4,Choice of Contextual Meanings,Choice of Contextual Meanings,1. That car was really moving. 那汽车跑得可真快。 2. Share prices moved ahead today. 股票价格今日上扬。 3.
11、 The story of their sufferings moved us deeply. 他们的苦难经历深深打动了我们。 4. Work on the new building is moving quickly. 新大楼的工程进展得很快。 5. She moves in the highest circles of society. 她生活在高级社交圈里。,Choice of Contextual Meanings,词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上文来判断词义了。因为很多英语单词即使弄清楚了词性，但仍须从几个或几十个义项中选定确切的词义。这就需要借助于上下文提供的各种线索做出合理的
12、分析、推理、判断。因此，在翻译中，我们一定要随时注意上下文，上下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同，也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确性、准确性和译文是否通顺。,Choice of Collocative Meanings,Part 5,Choice of Collocative Meanings,1). Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.e.g. tremble with fear; quiver with excitementwide awak
13、e; fully awake; sound asleep 2). A word can gain different collocative meaning in different context. e.g. green on the job green fruit green with envy; green-eyed monster,Choice of Collocative Meanings,Develop: 1) Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis. 科学家们正在研制治疗关节炎的新药物。 2) She shou
14、ld have developed her own style instead of copying him. 她应该形成她自己的风格，而不是抄袭他的。 3) The course is designed to help students develop their speaking skills. 这门课是为了培养学生的说话技能而设计的。 4) Some alcoholics develop liver disease. 一些酗酒者会得肝病。,Choice of Collocative Meanings,6) We will develop a few of these points in
15、the seminar. 我们将在学术讨论会上阐述其中的某几点。 7) Did you ever get the pictures developed? 你有没有把照片冲洗出来？ 9) Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是从海洋动物进化而来的. Drills 3.4,Choice of Stylistic Meanings,Part 6,Choice of Stylistic Meanings,1).Many words have stylistic features, which make
16、 them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of word. 2). The word “horse” has other names like charger, steed, nag, and gee-gee, but they are used in different situations by different people: “charger”, “steed” are poetic words-formal, “nag” is a
17、slang- neutral, “gee-gee” is mainly used by kids -informal.,Choice of Stylistic Meanings,3).Learned words and technical words are formal words. e.g. body-corporal, tooth-dental, roomaccommodation, edifice-building 4).Informal words include colloquialism(口语体,俗语 ), slang(俚语), vulgarism(粗俗语), jargon(行业
18、术语 ), argot(暗语,黑话 ), and dialect(方言). e.g.,Choice of Stylistic Meanings,Group1. domicile (very formal, official) residence (formal)abode (poetic) home (general) Group2. diminutive (very formal) tiny (colloquial) wee (colloquial, dialectal) Group3 . cast (Biblical language)throw chuck (causal, slang)
19、 They chucked a stone at the cops, and did a bunk with the loot. 他们用石头扔警察, 攥着钱跑了. After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money. 他们朝警察投掷石头,然后携款潜逃.,Choice of Extended Meanings,Part 7,Choice of Extended Meanings,引申是英汉翻译的常用手法之一。英语和汉语在长期发展和使用中形成了富有各自特点的修辞方法、搭配习惯和行文规范。明明能够读懂英语原文，但若按照
20、原文形式和字面意思逐字翻译或者生搬硬套的话，翻译出来的译文要么是句子不通，要么是令人费解，有时甚至可能造成误解。,Choice of Extended Meanings,（一）通过抽象化加以引申(concrete abstract) 英语中有时用表示具体形象的词或短语来表示某种特性、事物、概念等。译成汉语时，往往要将这种含义或短语作抽象化的引申，用比较笼统概括的词加以表达，以使译文明快达意。例如： 1. They have their smiles and tears. 他们有自己的欢乐与悲哀。 2. We insist that international trade should not
21、be a one-way street. 我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。,Choice of Extended Meanings,3. When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker Oats look. 实译：我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一副像麦片商标中的老头那样的表情。 虚译：我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情、一本正经的面孔。(p83),Choice of Extended Meanings,（二）通过具体化加以引申(abstract concrete)
22、 英汉翻译中，还经常需要将原文中含义比较抽象而概括的词用意思比较明确而具体的词表达出来，以避免译文晦涩费解。在翻译这一类词时，就应该掌握该词的确切含义，从而在译文中作具体化的引申。例如: He is a valuable acquisition to the team. 虚译：他是该队宝贵的一种获得。 实译：他是该队不可多得的新队员。(p84) You should not get a handle on him 你不该抓他的小辫子。,Assignment,Part 8,Group 2 : One Week to Prepare PPT Pre-read Chapter 4 Finish Exercises Chapter 3 :P93:3.9(1), P99:3.10.2 Chapter 4:,
