1、Intercultural Communication,跨文化交际实用教程,A Practical Coursebook,Culture is a Bridge.,Unit 1 An Introduction,Objectives,Learn the purpose of learning the course. Learn the notions of Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication. Learn the differences between Chinese and Western cultures,CONTEN
2、TS,I. Warm-up Cases II. What Is Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication?III. The Differences between Chinese and Western CulturesIV. SummaryV. Assignments,I. Warm-up Cases,Please discuss the cases in groups and make a comment on it. Case 1: Showing Concern In China: Xiao Li (an interp
3、reter): You must be very tired. Youre old Catherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired.,Comment,What the interpreter said is quite courteous in China. It means, “If you are tired, we can take a little rest, since you are getting on in years.”The interpreter gave the impress
4、ion that he thought the elderly lady would collapse any minute if she doesnt rest immediately.,Comment,In the West, there is a value placed in being young that many people consciously, or subconsciously, are not willing to accept that they are growing old. In the West: A: How are you doing now? Woul
5、d you like to rest? B: No, not a bit.,The way of showing concern is different.,In China In the West,statement,question,VS,must,howwould,Case 2 First Offer,A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sightseeing is a thirsty business. We did
6、not trust the water, and enjoyed excellent beer. We politely offered some to Heping but he refused. We said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched. On another day, Heping quickly accepted our offer of beer. Questions for discussion In your daily life, do you often accept first offer?
7、If yes, in what situation?,Comment,First offer,Chinese,westerners,Modest Polite well-behaved second or third offer,Religious reasons Reformed alcoholic Allergic,I. Why take Intercultural Communication?,Discussion,People are different throughout the world, culturally, religiously, ideologically ,aidi
8、ldikali (思想上；意识形态上) and racially, actually different in almost every aspect, therefore we are supposed to know about their differences as much as possible, just for a smooth communication among the Homo sapiens(现代人), the people in the global village. You will make it by coming to Intercultural Commu
9、nication.,Why take Intercultural Communication?,The Purpose,The general purpose of this course is to understand the ways in which culture interrelates with and effects communication processes. Intercultural learning involves affective and behavioral processes, as well as cognitive ones. Throughout t
10、his course, you will have the opportunity to gain knowledge, skills and attitudes that will increase your intercultural communication competence.,The Objectives1) To explore cultural self-awareness, other culture awareness and the dynamics that arise in interactions between the two. 2) To understand
11、 how communication processes differ among cultures. 3) To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interactions and learn ways to creatively address them.,4) To acquire knowledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence.5) To have an understanding of th
12、e meaning of the cultures understood by the westerners and the easterners or the Chinese and Americans.,16,The Reasons,Development of Science &Technology Globalization of Economy Widespread Immigration Development of Multiculturalism International Communication Interracial Communication Interethnic
13、Communication or minority communication,II. What Is Culture?,1. Define cultures yourself,Please write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to figure out how they are related to culture.,2. Definitions of Culture,1) Culture is the total way of life that a grou
14、pof people shares. 2) Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with theirworld and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.,3) Culture is an Integrated system of learne
15、d behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance. 4) Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concep
16、ts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving(努力,奋斗 ).,5) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down th
17、rough the generations in an identifiable group of people.,3. Elements of Culture,4. Three Ingredients of Culture,artifacts concepts (beliefs, values, world views) behavior e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, then value placed on it is a concept, the actual spending and saving of the mo
18、ney is behavior.,5. Characteristics of Culture,Culture is shared.,2) Culture is learned.,3) Culture is based on symbols.,4) Culture is integrated.,5) Culture is subjective to change.,Culture is ethnocentric,enusentrik (民族中心主义的;种族优越感的) .,7) Culture is adaptive.,III. What Is Communication,Can you give
19、 some examples to explain the word communication?What is communication?,1.Definition of Communication,Generally speaking, communication can be defined as a dynamic, symbolic, transactional and contextual process in which people create shared meanings or messages.,2.Basic aspects to Communication,Our
20、 individual personality The culture we operate in The physical environment that surrounds us,successful communication,circumstances,background, knowledge experiences,IV. What Is Intercultural Communication?,1. Intercultural Communication Defined,Intercultural Communication means the exchange or comm
21、unication between people who have different cultural backgrounds.,2.Model of Intercultural Communication,30,The more similarities two cultures share, the less influence culture will have on communication. Therefore, the less messages will be changed during communication.The less the cultures are ali
22、ke, the greater the influence of culture on communication will be, and the more likely the messages will be changed. Misunderstanding in intercultural communication often arises here.,Suppose Culture A : Chinese culture Culture B: Japanese cultureCulture C: American culture,3. Barriers in Intercultu
23、ral Communication,Language differences Nonverbal communication Stereotypes (陈规,成见 ) Cultural bias on judgments High level of stress,V. The Differences between Chinese and WesternCultures,1. The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Saving Face,Hardworking,Formal,The attitudes by foreigners
24、towards Chinese People,Insensitive to time,Tending to misunderstand,Beating about the bush,The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Obey but not Follow,Being doubtful,Beating content,The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese People,Never kissed parents,Shanzai everywhere,2. The attitudes
25、 by Chinese towards Westerners,Kiss and hug anytime and anywhere,Going Dutch,The attitudes by Chinese towards Westerners,Being punctual,Mind your own business,Too frank,41,CC: Man is an integral part of nature, complywith the wishes of nature. (天人合一，顺天应物)WC: Man is separate from nature, try to conqu
26、er the nature. (天人相分，征服自然),Man and Nation,42,CC: Family ethnics first(家族伦理本位)WC: Individuals first（个人本位）,Conception of Family,43,CC: Believe in harmony and the Doctrine of the Mean.贵和尚中。WC: Trust in the spirit of reasons.理性精神。,Man and Man,44,The way of life,Individual vs Group,45,The way of making c
27、omments,Direct vs Indirect,46,Punctuality,On time vs Late,47,Personal Relationship,Simple vs Complex,48,Standing in a queue,Line vs Fan,49,Walking in a street on weekends,A few vs a crowd,50,Time for a shower,In the morning vs in the evening,51,Daily life of old people,With a dog vs with a child,52,
28、Voice of talking in public,Low vs high,53,Idea of oneself,Individual-centered vs group-centered,54,Leadership,Equal vs power,Western: small, intimate family, retirement home, the old are separated, children leave early; being independent and look after themselves. Parents never interfere with their
29、children affairs when they are old enough.,Family,Old separated,Young independent,A photo of a farm family,A photo of Ba Jins Family,western: performance oriented, little rote(死记硬背) memory, ability to solve problems; practical competence of running a business is more important.,Education,Eastern: ex
30、perience oriented, much memorization, the more experienced you are, the more popular you will be; you will be regarded well-educated if you can recite some ancient poems.,The US students in class,The Chinese students in class,Western:, time oriented relationships (work, free time), make an appointme
31、nt before you go to see anyone, no appointment, no business. Law superior to friendship and kinsfolk.,Attitudes and Ideas,Eastern: person oriented relationships (hospitality), friendship is everything, superior to law,Colors,No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as reprinti
32、ng the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached.,A wedding ceremony,A Wedding Ceremony,A funeral,Red paper bag containing money as a gift,The red carpet: lay out the red carpet,A red card for their
33、 marriage; or for his health,VI. Case Study,Who is to blame, Father or Daughter?,A Chinese old man at the age of 60 went to Canada to see his daughter who stayed in the country for about eight years. Just for a kind of love to her father, the daughter asked her father to come and stayed with her fam
34、ily a few days. The father arrived happily, but left much earlier than expected so angrily.,1. You took the wrong chopsticks.,4. I should pay the ticket myself.,2. Its none of your business.,3. Why are so late?,The father was angry. He didnt understand why his daughter was so hard that she did not h
35、ave any human touch or not show any filial obedience for her father. She was successful in Canada. She had her own company. She had a good place of her own. Everything was perfect. To the father, his daughter seemed to forget about the close relation within the family. He said angrily: She is no lon
36、ger my daughter. But who is to blame, Father or Daughter?,VII. Summary,Why take Intercultural Communication? Culture Communication Intercultural Communication The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures,VIII. Exercises 1. Matching the terms with their definitions,A. culture B. communication
37、C. ethnocentrism D. intercultural communication E. business communication 1.( ) The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior. 2.( ) The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values
38、, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.,3.( ) A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of t
39、houghts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. 4.( )The communication is within business and administration, aiming at a common objective and profits for both the individuals and organizations. 5.( ) The communication between people from different cultures when a mem
40、ber of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.,Exercises 2. Comprehension Check,Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). _ 1. As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, it
41、s history is only about fifty years. _2. Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. _3. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process. _4. Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given cultur
42、e. _5. Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization), it still contributes to a persons cultural cognition.,_6. In intercultural communication, we should separate ones individual character from cultural generalization. _7. Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic m
43、istakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals. _8. All people of the same nationality will have the same culture. _9. Although two cultures may share the
44、 same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. _10. Ones actions are totally independent of his or her culture.,Exercises 3. Cultural Puzzles,Read the following situations and choose the appropriate answer(s). There may be more than one possible answer for each cultural puzzle. 1.
45、What would you do if someone told you to use his or her first name, but you felt uncomfortable doing this? a. You could continue to use the persons last name without explaining why. b. You could try to use the persons first name even though you feel uncomfortable doing this. c. You could ask the per
46、son, “Is it OK if I use your last name?”,1. a) No. Ignoring others suggestion is impolite and offensive. B) Yes. When you try something new, it may be difficult at first. After a while, you will get accustomed to it. C) Yes. You could learn about others customs by asking for cultural explanations.,2
47、. Situation: An American woman received a letter from a recently married Japanese friend. The Japanese woman wrote in her letter, “My husband is not very handsome. Your husband is much more handsome than mine.” The American woman was very surprised at what her friend wrote. 1) Why do you think the A
48、merican was surprised? a) The American woman saw a picture of her friends husband and thought that he was very handsome. b) The American woman didnt think her own husband was handsome. c) In the U.S., it is disrespectful to say that ones husband is not handsome.,1) a) No. Even if this was true, she
49、wouldnt expect a wife to say this about her own husband. To her, the Japanese woman insulted her own husband. B) No. Even if this was true, she wouldnt expect the Japanese woman to compare their husbands appearance. C) Yes. If an American woman said this about her husband, people might think that th
50、ey didnt have a good relationship.,2) Why do you think the Japanese woman wrote, “My husband is not very handsome ”? a) The Japanese woman was trying to tell her American friend that she did not like her husband very much. b) It is uncommon in Japan to compliment ones husband. c) The Japanese woman didnt think her husband was handsome, but she liked his personality.,
