1、1考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译（20051994）2005 Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underly
2、ing assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the
3、 behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics
4、 make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but
5、adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second
6、 was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a
7、 grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species, Such co-operation is likely to b
8、e stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved
9、independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast. B. justifying an assumption. C. making a comparison.
10、 D. explaining a phenomenon.222. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature. C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. D. no animals other than monkeys can dev
11、elop such emotions.23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get. B. attentive to researchers instructions. C. nice in both appearance and temperament. D. more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr.
12、de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers. B. can be taught to exchange things. C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. D. are unhappy when separated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Monkeys can be trained to devel
13、op social emotions. B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 核心词汇：a fat pay rise 涨得很高的工资vanish （消失，不复存在）The wonderful vanished into thin air.美梦化作泡影 I thought it wou
14、ld rain, but the clouds have vanished and its a fine day.我原以为天要下雨的，可是云消失了，是个好天。巧记van=empty 空+ish 形容词后缀：倾向于。colleague （同事，同僚）David is a colleague of mine.戴维是我的同事巧记col=con 共同+leag=leg 选+ue共同被选出的。辨 companion （同伴，共事者）即 com 一起+pan 面包+ion 一起吃面包谋生的人。 A dog is a faithfull companyion. 狗是忠实的伙伴reputation （名气，名
15、声，名望）a man of good reputation 名誉很好的人 Live up to ones reputation.不负盛名巧记re 再一，重新+put 思考+ation。3slack （懈怠，懒散）slack work 马虎的工作 slack laws 不完善的法律 Bussiness is slack at this season.这一季节生意萧条 The tennis net hung slack.网球的网松悬着记：谐音怪物“史莱克” 是“ 懒散”的。outrage （暴行，伤害，激怒）。 An outrage against justice.对正义的严重损害 Members
16、 of Parliament were outraged by the news of bomb outrages in the country.国内发生了炸弹暴力事件的消息引起了国会议员的义愤 巧记out 过度+rage 动怒“ 出离愤怒了”all to human 人所特有的人性underling （潜在的，含蓄的） There are underlying similarities between all human beings.人与人之间有内在相似之处 The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说内在的主题很严肃巧记unde
17、r（下面）assumption （假定；承担；呈现） The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.这一理论是以一系列错误的设想为根据的。Their assumption that their project under way was something entirely new proved to be untrue.他们以为他们正在进行的课题是崭新的,事实证明不是那样。 记assume（假设）grievance /（抱怨，不平，怨愤） to have a grievance against sb.抱怨某人 He extravag
18、antce give him a sense of grievance.他的挥霍使他感到不满 巧记griev=heavy 沉重+ance。capuchin monkey 僧帽猴 一种原产于美洲的卷尾猴（sapajou），头上有类似风帽的一镞头发good-natured （和蔼的，和善的） 又如：mean-natured 情绪性的 sweet-natured 性格温和的creature（人, 动物, 傀儡, 创造物） She was a poor creature.她曾是个可怜的女人。巧记creat（创造） ure（尾缀）tardily （缓慢） 形容词： 拖拉的。记：谐音邋“ 遢地” 是由于
19、“拖拉”造成的。counterpart （对应的人或物） 即 counter 相反+part 部分“对应的部分”对音的人或物。The Red Cross Society of China and its Icelandic counterpart. 中国红十字会和冰岛红十字会 Canadas Prime Minister is the counterpart of the U.S. president. 加拿大总理相当于美国总统。参见 2000 年 Passage 4 。4candidate （候选人，求职者）Masteral candidate 考研人 巧记cand 白，发光+id+ate白
20、色的人候选人。in exchange for （作为 对 的 交换 或替代 ）巧记exchange=ex 出+change 换换出token （象征的东西，代币） Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇特的表示 We shook hands as a token of our friendship.我们握手，以表示我们的友谊。slice （薄片，切片；一份，部分） a slice of bread 一片面包 a slice of good luck.一份好运 a book to amuse you, not to give you a sl
21、ice of life. 一本供你消遣的书，并不是告诉你一段实际生活 He sliced his fingers.他用刀切伤了手指。adjoining （毗连的）The twins have adjoining rooms. 双胞胎的房间是挨着的 巧记ad向+join 加入，结合+ing 行为结果。chamber（房间, 议院）chamber of the heart 心室 In Britain the upper chamber or parliament is the House of Lords, the lower the House of Commons.英国的上议院或国会是贵族议院
22、,下议院是众议院。in return for （作为 对 的 交换 报答，回报 ） He give her some roses in return for her kindnesss.他送她一些玫瑰以报答她的好意markedly （显著的，明显的） a woman of marked intelligence 聪明过人的女子 Tuition at American universities varies markedly depending on the type of instituation and its endowment. 美国各大学的学费有显著差别，这取决于学校的类别和所得到的捐
23、赠基金 巧记marked（有记号的, 显著的）luxury （奢侈品，华贵） 即 lux 光亮豪华+ury。Luxurious adj.豪华舒适的 luxuryiate v.纵情享受 to luxuryiate in the warm,spring sunshine.尽情享受春日温暖的阳光 Cream cakes are no long a luxury.奶油蛋糕再也不是奢侈品了。reluctant（不愿的，勉强的） Suggestion systems can work dont be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的不要不愿使用它们 She was very r
24、eluctant to admit the truth. 她很不情愿地承认了这事实。 巧记re 反复+luct=lect 拾，捡+ant 形容词后缀应为觉得“不称心”，所以 “反复拾捡”但最后还是“不情愿的，勉强的”。参见 1994 Passage 5 。toss （ 常 与 to, away, aside, out 连用 扔，抛） He tossed off a few verses of poetry. 他轻而易举 地写出了几行诗 They tossed the ball to each other.他们把球互相扔来扔去。induce （劝诱，促使）What induced you to
25、do such a stupid thing? 是什么促使你作出这等蠢事来的人 One of these pills is guaranteed to induce sleep. 这些药丸5只要一粒就能使人安眠 Too much food induces sleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。巧记in往内+duce=duct 引导“ 步步为营，诱敌深入 ”。 Presenceresentment （愤恨，怨恨）He was filled with resentment at the way one has been treated. 他因受到如此对待而满腔怨恨 Resentment edg
26、ed his reply.岔恨使他的回答非常尖锐。巧记re 去掉，相反+sent 感觉+ment负面的感觉怨恨。emotions （激情，情绪，情感） The speaker appealed to our emotions rather to our minds. 演讲者激发了我们的情感而不是启发我们的思考 Love, hatred, and grief are emotion.爱、恨、悲伤都是感情。righteous （正当的，正直的，公正的） righteous indignation 义愤 Dont adopt that righteous tone of voice! 别用那种一本正
27、经的腔调说话。（贬） 巧记right 正确的+eous 。indignation （愤慨, 义愤）indignation against a handful of terrorists. 对一小撮恐怖分子的义愤巧记in 往里+dig 挖+nation 民族挖民族比挖祖坟还难受能不愤慨吗？记形容词：indignantpreserve （保存，保护，保护区） preserve ones eyesight 保护视力 God preserve us! 上帝保佑我们吧 The fishing in this stretch of river is strictly preserved. 此河段严禁外人捕
28、鱼 The Town Council spent a lot of money to preserve the old castle and other places of historic interest.市政委员会花了不少钱来维修那座古城堡和其它古迹。reward （报酬，奖金；值得） One reward of my job is meeting people. 我在工作中的收获是能认识许多人 As well as the stained glass,the carring on the roof also reward attention.屋顶上的雕刻和彩色玻璃一样值得注意 Its
29、a reward for virtue.那是对美德的回报。abundantly （丰富地，充裕地） Hes made his views abundantly clear.他已经充分表明自己的观点 记名词：abundance 形容词：abundantevolve （逐渐形成，进化） The American constitution was planed;the British constitution evolved.美国宪法是精心制订的，英国宪法是约定俗成的 The developmental history of the society tells us that man has evo
30、lved from the ape.社会发展史告诉我们人是从类人猿进化来的。as yet 至今为止stem from （源于 有造成） a talented art critic stemming from a painter. 出生画家，富有才干的评论家 6ancestor （祖先，祖宗） His ancestors had come to England as refugess.他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民巧记an=ante 前+cest=cess 行走，前进+or走在前面的人祖先。 比较记忆 descendant 作“后裔，子孙”解，而作“下降（的）”解，一般拼成 descendent
31、incline（ 常与 to, towards 连用 倾向于，趋于）I incline to fatness.我有些发胖。难句分析： Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.前一分句是句子的主句，其中使用了短语 regardas的被动形式；with 加名词作状语，即“带有潜在的假定” ，其中 assumption
32、后接有 that 引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。翻译：这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.本句的主干是 a study Suggests that其中主语 study 有两个定语：一个是介词结构
33、by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal, 另一个是 which 应导的非限定性定语从句；谓语动词suggests 后面的 that 引导一个宾语从句。However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.本句是一个复合句，开始是 whe
34、n 引导的时间状语从句，其中包含 so that 应导的目的状语从句，而 observe 后面又是 what 应导的宾语从句；最后是主句 their behavior become markedly different。翻译：当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the res
35、earcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .7本句是一个复合句，开始是 if 引导的条件状语从句，第一个逗号之后的部分是主句：the other either tossed her own tokenor refused to，其中包含两个并列的谓语，tossed 和refused。本句的难点是找到主句的三个并列谓语，并判断出第二个谓语 tossed 被省略。However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in
36、 capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.本句的主语很复杂，由 whetheror (是还是) 结构充当，其中 whether引导一个名词性从句，or后面也是一个名词性从句，而且这一从句的宾语 ancestor 后面的 that 引导一个定语从句，修饰 ancestor;谓语由系动词 (is)+表语(an unanswered question)构
37、成。As it 是一个插入语，意思是“迄今为止”。注意：本句的主语由两个从句充当。这种“头重脚轻 ”的句子在学术文章中很常见，阅读时应该迅速把握主干，进而再理解复杂的主语成分。插入语可先跳过不看。试题解析：这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识，文章本身难度不是太大，一开始做了一个类比，讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比，文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解，第一，人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现，当受到不公正待遇的时候，都有义愤填膺的感觉，如果把握这个逻辑，就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。21 题 C 难度 0.246 考察第一段的写作手
38、法，明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。关于 contrast 和compare，两者的词性不同。contrast 多用来进行对比，即不同事物之间的比较。而 compare多用于类比，即同类事物之间的比较。 A 选项 posing a contrast 意思是提出一个对比，但是请注意，提出不代表对这个对比做出分析。而原文第一段明显是对人和猴子这个对比做出了分析，因此应该是 making a comparison，即对一个对比做出了分析。post 仅仅是“提出”的意思，而原文中作者是通过做具体的对比而得出结论，所以，“make” 这个词应该更准确。而且，参考上面所说的 contrast和 c
39、ompare 的区别，更应该选择 C 选项。 8B 选项 justifying an assumption 意思是证明一种假设，但是第一段的意思是人与猴子的比较，而不是什么假设。这个也是很强的干扰项。D 选项 explaining a phenomenon.意思是解释一种现象，但是文章第一段的意思是人与猴之间的比较，而不是在解释什么东西，只是进行一种比较罢了。22 题 B 难度 0.368 区分度 .0.351也是在把猴子和人做类比，指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平。A 选项 monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.是说猴子也会由于懒惰的竞争者而愤怒。但
40、是，猴子不是因为懒惰的人才愤怒，而是因为不公平。C 选项 monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other 的意思是猴子也和人一样嫉妒彼此。但是从文章看出，中心思想是讨论猴子对于公平的敏感性，因此 C 选项只是陈述了其中的一个现象而已，而不是体现了中心思想。文章中只提到了对于不公平所产生的愤怒感，但这个和嫉妒是两码事。这种题属于用小范围替代大范围的干扰项。D 选项 more generous than their male companions 是说雌性猴子比雄性猴子更慷慨，大方。但是从原文看出，文章的意思是雌猴子更加注重她们获得的东
41、西。文章的中心思想是说猴子对于公平性的敏感，因此与慷慨大方之类的没有关系。做题时要把握好中心思想，这样就容易排除选项了23 题 A 难度 0.383 区分度 .0.437这个是事实细节题，答案是根据文章第二段末和第三段第一句话得到的，雌性的猴子被选择做研究，是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。B 选项 attentive to researchers instructions 意思是听研究人员的话，而问题 Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because 则是指为什么雌性猴子被选择做研究，由文章可
42、看出，应该是由于雌猴子的对公平的更强烈的敏感性。原文只是提到了雌性猴子之间比较容易合作。C 选项 nice in both appearance and temperament 是说在外表和脾气上都很好，这个基本上是命题者编造的干扰项，如果你明白了文章的大意的话，就不会选择这个答案了。因为整篇文章和外表没有任何联系的。而且题目问的是最主要的原因，所以 C 选项不予考虑。D 选项 more generous than their male companions 的意思是说比雄猴子更大方，但是之所以选择雌猴子是因为她们对公平性更敏感。D 选项基本上和主题是背道而驰的，所以属于比较明显的干扰项。24
43、 题C 难度 0.805 区分度.0.470他们最终的发现是什么，篇章最后两段反复重复，如果没有受到公平的话。A 选项 prefer grapes to cucumbers 是说猴子比起葡萄来更喜欢黄瓜，但是这和题目根本没有关系，属于搞笑类干扰项原文中虽然提到过，但是算不上什么“最终的发现”。9B 选项 can be taught to exchange things 是说猴子能被训练得交换东西，这个就是太表面的意思了，但是和文章主题基本没关系嘛，文章的主题一定要把握好。D 选项 are unhappy when separated from others 说的是当她们被分开时会不高兴，但是原
44、文中可以看出，不高兴是因为她们看到另外的猴子得到了更好的东西，而不是因为被分开。猴子哪里会这么怕孤单 25 题B 难度 0.584 区分度.0.327这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词，“假设“ 为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应，这个问题没有得以解决。A 选项 Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions 意思与文章的中心思想不符。文章是想说明猴子对于公平的敏感性，而不是猴子能被训练具有社会性的情感。而且这个选项在原文中也没有依据，所谓的社会性情感原文没有提及。你从最后一段的 as yet, an unanswered question 可看
45、出，刚好和 B 选项的 an uncertain source 想对应。这种题要注意一定要找到有原文依据的选项。而且 social emotions 是猴子天生就有的，谈不上 delevop 这个词。C 选项 Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do 的意思是动物经常像人类一样的公开表露感情。但是文章最后一段并没有讲这个问题，而是在强调动物对于公平的敏感性。C 选项本身没有错，但是不符合题目要求。D 选项 Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild 的意
46、思是猴子之间在野外才能稳定。这个基本上没什么道理可说，和文章的中心思想没有联系。你从最后一段的 as yet, an unanswered question 可看出，刚好和 B 选项的 an uncertain source 想对应。这种题要注意一定要找到有原文依据的选项全文翻译：人人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候，那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”，其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的 Sarah Brosnan 和 Frans
47、 de Waal 进行的一项研究表明，它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在自然杂志上。研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺，合作，乐于分享食物。最重要的是，就象女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为 Brosnan 和 de Waal 理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这10些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子
48、用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。 2005 Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientis
