1、Period 4: Grammar学习目标：1. 了解过去完成时的被动形式2. 了解间接引语的表达3. 利用例句归纳出语法规则学习重点：了解过去完成时的被动形式学习难点：利用例句归纳出语法规则课前预习使用说明与学法指导：1. 利用例句归纳出语法规则2. 15 分钟之内完成预习自测：观察下列从 Reading and Vocabulary 中选取的句子，体会过去完成时的被动语态。By the time it ended，more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been injured.Coghlan travelled back to
2、 Canadaafter he had been buried in Texas!过去完成时的被动语态由“ ”构成，表示某被动动作在过去某时或某动作 已发生。我的疑问：_课内探究质疑探究：过去完成时的被动语态一、构成had been过去分词二、用法1表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是“过去的过去” ；这一过去时间可用 by，at，before 等构成的短语或 when，after，until 等引导的从句或通过上下文来表示。The project had been completed by the end of 2012.这项工程已于 2012 年底竣工。Th
3、e classroom had been cleaned before we came.我们来之前，教室已被打扫干净。2表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，该动作可能还要延续下去；常和 for 或 since 引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。The sale had been advertised for several weeks.这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。Much work had been done since she arrived here.自她抵达这里后做了许多工作。3用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常放在像 said，told, thoug
4、ht，wondered 等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。My classmate told me that he had been punished by his teacher.我同学告诉我他已经受到了老师的惩罚。We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash.我们都以为他在飞机失事中丧生了。直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫做间接引语。直接引语如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面做相应变化。一、句型变化1陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词 t
5、hat 引导(that 在口语中常省略)。“I will never forget this interesting lesson， ”said Paul.“我永远不会忘记这有趣的一课， ”保罗说。Paul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.保罗说他永远不会忘记那有趣的一课。2.疑问句直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)，句末用句号，主语的人称、时态和状语也要作相应的变化。(1)一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词 whether 或if 引导
6、。主句中的 谓语动词是 said 时，要改为 asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语(me，him 或 us 等)。He said， “Can you speak French？”He asked me if/whether I could speak French.He said， “Did you see me last night？”He asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.(2)特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。“Where do you usually have
7、lunch？” he asked me.He asked me where I usually had lunch.3.祈使句转述祈使句，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带 to 的不定式，并根据句子意思在不定式的前面加上 tell，ask，order 等动词，其句型是：tell/ask/order sb.to do sth.，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加 not。“Make sure the door is shut， ” she said to her little son. “一定要关上门，”她对她的小儿子说。She told her little son to make sure th
8、e door was shut.她对她的小儿子说一定要关上门。“Dont smoke in the room， ”he said to me.“不要在房间里吸烟。 ”他对我说。He told me not to smoke in the room. 他对我说不要在房间里吸烟。二、时态变化将直接引语变为间接引语时，动词的时态要做相应的变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时三、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语也要做相应的变化直接引语 间接引语this(这) that(那)these(这些) th
9、ose(那些)now(现在) then(那时)today(今天) that day(那天)yesterday(昨天) the day before(前一天)last year(去年)the year before(前一年)ago(以前) before(以前)tomorrow(明天) the next day(第二天)next month(下个月) the next month(第二个月)here(这儿) there(那儿)come(来) go(去)bring(带来) take(拿去)She said to me, “I come here five years ago.”她对我说， “我五年前
10、住在这儿。 ” She told me she came there five years before.她告诉我说她五年前住在那儿。He said to me， “I will see her next week.”他对我说， “我下星期去看她。 ”He told me he would see her t he next week.他告诉我说他下星期去看她。【提示】 (1)人称变化一随主、二随宾，第三人称不更新。“Ill let you know as soon as I get the tickets.”he told me.He told me he would let me know
11、 as soon as he got the tickets.“What are your parents and where do they live？”the policeman asked me.The policeman asked me what my parents were and where they lived.(2)时态不变的特殊情况如下：直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。He said， “The earth goes around the sun.” He said that the earth goes around the sun.He said， “Where
12、 there is a will，there is a way.”He said where there is a will，there is a way.当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时，间接引语仍然用一般过去时。Mr. Wang said， “I was born in China in September,1972.” Mr. Wang said he was born in China in September,1972.当直接引语是过去完成时态时。She said， “They had left when I arrived here.”She said they had lef
13、t when she arrived there.当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。He said， “The plane takes off at 6：30 am.”He said that the plane takes off at 6：30 am.当堂检测：用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空1The classroom (clean) before the teacher came.2My brother always as ked me (tell) stories.3They asked me if I (know) such rules before.4Miss Smith told u
14、s that she (come) back the next day.5Great changes (take) place in my hometown since 1980.6I remembered that the book (leave) in the classroom.7My teacher told me th at the earth ( be) round.8He asked me if the work (finish)9He asked me if I (be) interested in English.10The teacher told the students
15、 (stop) talking.课后反思：_课后训练单项填空1At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement .Ahas been reached Bhad been reached Chas reached Dhad reached2The kindhearted couple decided to adopt the child whose parents in an accident.Ahad been killed Bare killed Chad killed Dkilled3No one can be su
16、re in a million years.Awhat man will look like Bwhat will man look likeCman will look like what Dwhat look will man like4 By the end of last year，another new gymnasiu m in Beijing.Awould be completed Bwas being completedChas been completed Dhad been completed5 When I got there，I that he to Shanghai.
17、Atold；had gone Bwas told；had goneCwas hear d；went Dtold；had been6I couldnt understand with me.Athe matter was what Bwhat the matter wasCwhat was the matter Dthat was the matter7The teacher told us that Ame rican schools in September.Abegin Bbegun Chave begun Dhad begun8I felt very happy because it w
18、as the third time I as a writer by the newspaper.Awas awarded Bhad been awarded Cawarded Dwould be awarded9The reporter said that the UFO from east to west when he saw it.Awas traveling Btraveled Chad been traveling Dwas to travel10I asked my lawyer say in court.Awhat I should Bwhat should I Chow I should Dhow should I
