1、Ps：that which who,when where why,whose,定语从句特殊形式,特殊关系词,特殊结构,关系代词,关系副词,带有插入语的定语从句,并列定语从句,介词+关系代词,双层定语从句,as用法,than用法,what用法,其他特殊用法,but用法,习题,带有插入语的定语从句,定语从句关系词后插入一个主谓结构。 作主语的关系词+插入语+定语从句谓语部分： Many students face problems when they have to to study a subject that they think is difficult. 作宾语的关系词+插入语+定语从句的
2、主谓部分： He had a very selfish girl who I could not have dreamed many boys fell in love with.,定语从句关系词后插入一个其他成分。 Real friends are those who，when you have made a fool of yourself, dont feel that you have done a permanent job. 插入语一般只放在定语从句的关系词后面,back,并列定语从句,The errors occurring in the exam often result fr
3、om the things that you dont know or that you think you know.The 20th century will not be remembered as the era when space was conquered,or the power of the atom（原子） harnessed（利用）,but that in which were made the first machines having intelligence.,两个或两个以上的定语从句通过and，or，but等并列连接词来共同修饰一个先行词：,back,双层定语从句
4、,双层定语从句有这样的特点：1.一个先行词先被一个限定性定语从句所修饰，来表示一个特定的意思，然后这个结构再被另一个限定性定语从句修饰。2.这两个限制定性定语从句是处在不同层次的，与并列性定从不同，不能用but，and或or连接。He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.What was it you started to tell me in the restaurant that you didnt understand about me?,back,介词+关系代词,可引导限定性定语从句，
5、也可引导非限定性定语从句。介词可为in,on,about,from,for,through,with,to,at,aganist,without,by means of,because of等，关系代词只用whom或which。介词的选择要看上下文表达的具体意思，或根据先行词的搭配习惯，或根据某些词和短语的搭配习惯，有时，所需介词与定语从句中的动词、形容词，甚至是某个名词构成搭配。The goal for which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.（v）I am sending you an inqui
6、ry(询价单),to which your prompt (立刻的)attention is highly appreciated.（n）,1、结构问题,for,to,关系代词前面的介词有时与固定的介宾短语相关，比如in this case，in ones honor会变成相应的形式in which case ， in whose honor。这时关系代词前的介词是从原来短语中继承过来的 。 He may be late ,in which case we should wait for him. He was a great writer, in whose honor this statu
7、e was built.,He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very .(ad.),with,familiar,2、介词+which后接不定式短语，相当于一个定语从句。Allow me half an hour in which to wash the clothesThe farmer used wood to build a house in which to store grains.,注意用这个句式时介词+关系代词不能用一个关系副词来替换。比如不能说： The farmer used wood to buil
8、d a house where to store grains.有介词、有关系代词时，不能把介词置于句末。比如不能说： The farmer used wood to build a house which to store grains in.,back,as作关系代词引导的定语从句,1）引导限制性定语从句。在主句中常有the same, so或such与as相呼应, as不可省略。 We hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. 我们希望给你一个别人从未有过的机会。 Such money as he earned wa
9、s spent on spirits and tobacco. 他挣的那点钱都花烟酒上了。 This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的。 This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。,在the same后也可用that引导定语从句，但含义有所不同。that引出的从句，指的是与先行词同一的事物，而as引导的从句指的是与先行词同类的事物。,2）引导非限制性定语从句可放句首、句中、句末。as后常接expect, know, report, say, se
10、e等动词的主、被动语态。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 正如大家所知道的那样，月球每月绕着地球转一圈。3）主句从句内容一致时，或说从句内容顺主句说下来时，通常用as.He wasnt unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes. 他未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以看出来。 He is a teacher,as is clear from his manner. 他是一名教师，这从他举止可以清楚看出。,注意：as, which引导
11、非限制性定语从句的区别,back,than作关系代词引导定语从句,He smoked more (fewer) cigarettes than (he bought.) were normally available. 他吸的香烟比他买的（弄到的）要多（少）。 To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far. 要彻底理解这种局势要作比迄今为止更多的思考。,注意：1)主句中须有比较级字样和than前后呼应。,2)than 可与whom连用，构成比较结构。She is
12、 a woman than whom no one is more selfish. 没有比她更自私的女人了。He is a scientist than whom I can imagine no one greater.我想不出一个比他更伟大的科学家。3)other than,else than和otherwise than表示除了，相当与but，except。You cant get to the top of the mountain e n by climbing.You cant get to the top of the mountain except (或but) by cli
13、mbing.,back,else (或other)than,but /except,but也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句,Surely there isnt a mother but faces this problem. 很可以肯定，凡是母亲都面临这个问题。There is no tree but bears some fruit. 没有不结果实的树。There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才华。but结构也可以省略No rule but has exceptions.(There is)凡是规则,都有例外,应特别注意but虽然
14、形式上是肯定的，意义上却是否定的。只用于限定性定语从句。 相当于whonot, thatnot,which.not.,back,What用法,用于What is +形容词比较级的结构中是关系代词，泛指上下文，意为更，尤其。通常用作插入语。 He attended the contest and what is more surprising,won a gold medal. Great men are often unknown,or what is worse, misknown.,1、用作关系代词,What一般单独使用不接名词，可表人或物。意义上相当于the person that或th
15、e thing that.不具有“什么”这样的疑问意义。 She is not what she used to be. Show me what you have written.如果句中有先行词，那么一定不用What引导定语从句。 Most of the food_elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. Most of _food elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. A.what B.which C.who D.as,2、What +n
16、相当于 all the +n+ that意为所有的，尽可能多的。一般表示物。名词前还可加其他限定词修饰名词。 The mother gave what money she had to her son. We have decided to give you what help we can.3、What is called ,what we called, what you called 表示所谓的。有时有贬义。 It is what you call a new fashion,Whatever 可作形容词，常同not，any，no，nothing，anything一 起用于否定句或疑问句
17、中，放在名词或代词后，表示一点也不，相当于at all。 I have no doubt whatever about it.= I have no doubt about it at all. She has no sense whatever.,4、 No sense whatever的含义,6、What one is 表示某人现在的样子，今日的成就，某人的人品。what one has 表示某人所有的；what one was表示某人过去的样子。 I admire him for what he is ,not for what he has. He is not what he was
18、.7、What withand what with意为半因半因，表原因；what by and what by意为半靠半靠，表方式。后一个可省。 What with continual rain and(what with) a bad hotel,we didnt enjoy our holiday much. What by threats,and (what by) entreaties,he gained his purpose.,back,（1）Whose引导定语从句，可指人可指物。常与it连用，it为形式主语，表强调。 A teacher is a person whose dut
19、y is to teach. A teacher is a person whose duty it is to teach.,（2）若定语从句表示从属关系。 先行词指人，用“名词（代词或数词）+of+whom”结构; 先行词指物，用“名词（代词或数词）+of+which”结构。Whose指人时，有时可用of whom代替；Whose指物时，有时可用of which代替。,whose 用法,The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.,但是of which所修饰的如果是数词、不定代词或另有其它限定词（the除外），
20、不可改为whose结构。An aircraft engine consists of thousands of parts, each of which has its importance.不可以说whose each,back,其他特殊用法,1）句子+and that，句子+andat that和 at that,这种结构中的that为代词，代表前面句子中的意思。and that和andat that可译作而且，表示强调。at that译为就是那样，一般放在句尾。,He can climb up the trees, and that very fast.,Tom is a sportsm
21、an, and an excellent one at that.,I will take it at that.,我就照那样办好了。,2)how 不能用来引导定语从句。 This is the way how he behaves.误如果用，句中不能有先行词。可以说This is how he behaves.This is the way he behaves.,3) there is 引导的限制性定语从句 there is 或there has ever been 等结构作“目前有的”,“曾经有过的”解时, 可引导限制性定语从句, 置于被修饰的名词后面, 作该从句主语的关系代词that
22、, who, which 常常省略。Henry was the only person ( that ) there was to witness the accident . I have told you everything there is to tell .4)that 有时可替代关系副词when、where、how、why引导定语从句，表示时间地点和原因，that可以省去。the night that (when)she left was rainy. She knows the place that (where)he arrived.,back,Ps：只用that不用which
23、的情况,1、 当先行词是all, little, few, much, something,everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。 Everything that happened then was like a nightmare. 当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。2、 当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just,very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们能做的只是等待。3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数
24、词或形容词最高级修饰时。The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。,4、被修饰词为数词时。例如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。 你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。 5、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。 Theres still a room th
25、at is free. 还有一个空房间。 6、先行词中同时包括人和物时。 We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered. 我们谈论了我们记得的人和村子。,7、当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免whowho, whichwhich等重叠，定语从句要用that引导。例如：Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门边的那个男人是谁？8、人或物在定语从句中表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常也可以省略。例如：
26、He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是过去的他。,back,Ps：修饰物时只用which不用that的情况,1、 引导非限制性定语从句时。Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light. 竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。2、 当关系词前有介词时。This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived. 这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。Let me show you the novel that
27、 I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。,4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English. 这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。5、先行词为that时。例如：The clock is that which can tell us the time. 钟是报时的装置。,back,修饰人时只用who不用that的
28、情况,1、先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。如： The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well. 我最羡慕的是学习勤奋，工作出色的人。2、 在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用who关系代词指代人。 Theres a gentleman who wants to see you. 有位先生想见你。3、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak
29、 Chinese very well. 昨天下午我在公园里遇到一位中文讲得非常好的外国人。,4、一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who以避免重复。 The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. 受到校长表扬的学生是位谦虚好学的班长。注意：当关系代词前面有介词时，只能用whom。The person to whom this letter was addressed died three
30、 years ago. 这封信的收信人三年前就去世了。,back,注意：as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1）都可以代整个主句，相当于and this或and that.2）as在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末 。而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。 As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production. 正如人们普遍认为，经济增长是由平稳发展 3）as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动
31、词；如果为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which. It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park. 昨天下大雨，这使得我不能去公园。,back,back,This company has now introduced a policy _pay rises are related to performance at work.A. which C. whether D. what,B. where,I have never been to London, but that is the city _
32、. A. where I like to visit most B. Id most like to visitC. which I like to visit mostly D. where Id like most to visit,B. Id most like to visit,She remembered several occasions in the past _ she had experienced a similar feeling. A. which B. before C. that D. when,D. when,back,Only take such clothes
33、 _ really necessary. A. as were B. as they are C. as they were,D. as are,This is such an interesting book as we all like. 定语从句This is such an interesting book that we all like it. 结果状语从句,as,that,People often advise him not to drink more wine _ is good for his health. Surely there isnt a drinker _fac
34、es this problem.,A as B than C what D but,than,but,After _ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel managers office. A. that B. there C. what D. it,C. what,Above the trees are the hills, _magnificence（壮丽） the river faithfully （忠实地）reflects on the surface. (2003)A. where B. of w
35、hose C. which,D. whose,Weve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, _ should make great differences in our life next summer. (2002)A. which B. what C. that D. theyThey overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _ is something we had not expected.
36、(2003)A. which B. it C. that D. what,Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.,which,who,要弄清关系词在句中所作成分，若定语从句不缺状语，而是缺宾语或主语。应用which或that,I often thought of my childhood, _ I lived on a farm.I often thought of my childhood, _ I spent on a farmAll _ is needed is a supply of oil. _ is needed is a supply of oil.,when,which,that,What,
