1、1新概念三册教学大纲第一课 A Puma at large1. spot 这个单词不管是动词也好名词也好,意思总和“点”有关系:作为动词可以理解为“在很宽广的地方看到的一点”或者“突然看到一样东西”比如:He spotted his friend in the crowd.他从人群里认出了他的朋友。作为名词可以理解为“现场”或“斑点”比如:The leopard cannot change his spots. 江山易改 本性难移 (狗改不了吃*)spotty adj皮肤有斑点的a spotty face一张麻脸a spotty dog一只斑点狗2. evidence证据不可数名词an imp
2、ortant piece of evidence一件重要的证据evident adj明显的vid-, vis-看见: visual video 3. accumulate(长期地)积累 注意和59课amass的区别4. oblige虽然和force 意思差不多,但往往用被动语态 be obliged to do sth用被动 feel / be obliged to do sth觉得有义务作某事,只得做某事compel, force, constrain, oblige 这些动词均含“迫使”之意。compel:指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。force:指用个人意志、权力、权威或
3、暴力等,迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。constrain:侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响,也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事,尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。oblige:指由于生理上或道德上的需要,促使某人做某事,也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事,还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。lig-绑,obligation n义务,职责 obligatory adj强制性的obligatory courses必修课5 corner 的词组drive sb into a tight corner 把某人逼入死角sb is politically / financially / emot
4、ionally cornered 陷入了政治,经济,感情危机名词转化动词用 符合用语经济原则6 Trail 这个单词万变不离其宗, “一长条”的感觉:战士一边走一边滴血 a trail of blood 游客一边走一边丢垃圾 a trail of litterThe car raced past, leaving a trail of dust.汽车疾驰而过,扬起一缕灰尘。2甚至用作动词,把握“一长条”就优美句子一挥而就:新娘长裙拖在身后 her long dress is trailing on the floor tr- trace痕迹track人兽的足迹,车辆轨迹travel旅行trip
5、旅行trek徒步旅行,艰苦跋涉tread踩,踏 trudge步履艰难地走 tramp流浪汉(3/27) ;徒步走(3/48) 7 convince使信服convince sb of sth I convinced him of my honesty.vinc-, vict-征服invincible adj不可征服的,难以克服的victory胜利victorious胜利的,convincing adj有说服力的口语 写作believe convince(太主观)know understandI seeI think In my opinionto my knowledgepersonallyas
6、 far as I know8 disturb令人不安,打扰turb- 搅动perturb vt使心烦意乱(3/39)turbulence n动乱,骚动9at large 1)贬义:(指危险的人或动物)逍遥自在的Two of the escaped prisoners are still at large.两个逃犯仍然逍遥法外。2) 中性:自由 不受约束free without control: 班主任走了 同学们自由了students are at large.(本文的at large更多指哪一项呢?各抒己见吧)10Cat-like 这个词可以超级模仿:childlike woman-lik
7、e ghost-like11. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。A. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例 如:1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.B. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔
8、开。例 如:3He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.C. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾 语) ,而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述 定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next y
9、ear.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 ) (第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 ) (同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)12reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted 45 miles south of London 如果我们把中文的译文拿出来一对照便会发现什么问题?中文是“伦敦动物园收到报告” 。中文长期的语言习惯喜欢用人或者是有生命的东西作主语
10、;而英文则更加注重事情的发展和效果,因此多用没有生命的物体作主语。这点差异在后面的课文中也会经常出现:比如“我不感到这个有什么奇怪”,按中文语序硬译为I didnt regard it as odd, 比较一下课本中出现的一个更加符合英文思维的句子: It didnt strike me as odd. 语序则迥然相异,这些要靠大家细心研读方可体会。13. descriptions given by peoplewoman picking blackberries 这两短语都是由定语从句演变而来,前者原型为“descriptions which were given by people”.后者
11、原型为”woman who picked blackberries”那大家有没有考虑过,作者为什么要把定语从句改成分词形式?这里牵涉到了句子的锤炼。这种写作方式有两个好处:一,与定语从句比较,分词结构跟在名词后面不但衔接更加紧凑,而且 轻便简练,使文字干净利落。英语文章要力求凝练、言简意赅。二,能够避免句型的重复。大家试想一下,如果我们把descriptions given by people还原成定语从句,整句话就变成: for the descriptions which were given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were
12、 extraordinarily similar. 大家读后会有什么感觉?短短一句话出现两次定语从句,是不是相当呆板乏味?注意:写文章除了要考虑单词使用的多样化,也不能忽视句型的多样化。一篇好文章会相当注重句式的选择和调整,交错运用多种句式,使文气有张有弛,文章波澜起伏,从而达到更为理想的表达效果。 我们来举个例子,请大家翻译一句话:我找到了通向那片森林的小道,而这片森林是我曾经梦见过的。试比较两种做法:I found a path which led to the forest which I dreamed of.I found a path leading to the forest w
13、hich I dreamed of. 孰高孰低,一目了然。414. prove联系动词,一般不用被动 ,因为它本身就解释为:be found to be类似主动表被动的词还有:sell write wash escape等prove证明是,结果是,跟to be 引起的短语做表语,to be也可以省去。His story porved (to be) false.他的一番话后来证明是假的。He proved (to be) a coward.Perhaps this book will prove (to be) of some use to you in your studies.15. le
14、ave behind it a trail of 倒装 平衡句子作者为什么要推翻正常语序呢?大家自己写文章的时候也要注意,什么时候要将语序变换一下,或倒装、或前置?变换语序的作用一般有两个:起强调作用或使句子平衡。如果把behind it部分移至句子末尾,给人感觉句子前面部分很长,收尾却十分“仓促” ,难免会给人一种头重脚轻的感觉,读起来毫无美感可言。而把behind it部分挪到句子中间,感觉句子首尾就平衡了,句型也优美了许多。这样的例子在新概念三这本书中比比皆是,例如第7课中有这么一句话:Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and,
15、 without realizing it, cooked her fiancs wallet as well.。作者这里就是把without realizing it这个地点状语提前,目的也是避免句子的头重脚轻。可见,我们平时作文的时候,千万不能墨守成规,盲目遵循常规语序,在必要的时候不妨将句子语序进行灵活调整,效果会更好。例如:把一大袋装有糖和巧克力的包放在桌子上,一般语序是 put a bag full of sweets and chocolates on the desk, 但这个宾语太长,让人感觉头轻脚重,改成put on the desk a bag full of sweets
16、 and chocolates 感觉就好多了。16. a number of许多越来越多的- an increasing / growing number of- An increasing number of students have realized the importance of computer-literacy.more and more: More and more people are becoming more and more wealthy and buy more and more TV sets. 17be in the possession of sb / be
17、 in possession of区别 :前者被动 后者主动The house is in the possession of the old lady.这所房子归这个老太太所有。The old lady is in possession of the house.这个老太太拥有这个房子。in pursuit/ search of Possesshave, hold, own, possess, keep, enjoy 这些动词均有“有,具有,持有”之意。have:最常用词,可指任何情况下的具有,无论是物质的或精神的。hold:指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等,暗示不让别人拿走或占有。own不及本
18、组的possess正式,多指所属关系,强调所有权,不管所属物是否在物主手中。5possess:较正式,指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配,强调其归属;也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。keep:指长时间地保有,保存某物,防止别人占去,强调安全和感情上的依附。enjoy:指享有某种权利或长处,带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。18it is disturbing to think that 重要句型 19I found the brid killed.I found the paper clinging to the tree. 粘附第二课 Thirteen equals one1. equal equ-相
19、等equality平等 equator赤道equivocal模棱两可的注意意思引申:I am not equal to you ( 我配不上你)2. raise (一词多义的记忆: 故事串联法 ; 根义法)1)提高,升起raise priceraise ones head2)养育raise childrenraise cattle 牛群3)筹集 raise money4)引起怀疑 raise doubts5)raise ones spirits 使人振奋raise the roof 大怒后的感觉raise ones eyebrows at sth. 感到惊讶3. Be always doing
20、 sth 还能说be forever/ continually doing 注意摆脱陈词滥调4. start n吃惊 源于动词startle vt使大吃: 感受startle surprise amaze 种种吃惊的不同5. Looking at -现在分词短语做状语,表示时间,一般要位于句首。 (状语从句与不定式和分词作状语之间的转换)Reading the letter, she burst out crying.Armed with -过去分词短语做状语,表示方式。He returned to Guangzhou that winter, disguised as a merchant.
21、这年冬天,他扮作商人回到广州。注意三册中伴随壮语的运用,能够丰富句型6. 品味catch sight of 和see的不同67. Night after night day after day 一天又一天 week after week 一周又一周 year after year 一年又一年 The train stopped station after station.火车一站接一站地停。第三课 An unknown goddess1. prosperous同义词 thriving booming flourishing2. age ship 抽象名词后缀:drainage marriage
22、 friendship worship3. sacr-神圣的: sacred sacrifice4. fragment n碎片frag-, fract,破裂fragile易碎的fraction n部分,微量(3/60)fractional adj很小/少的,微不足道的 fracture n破裂,骨折5. remains 永远看成复数6. rest 放 注意和put 区分 rest 更优雅, 有 put gently 的意思 可以翻成中文的“搭在”7. Full-length -length 有长度的 :half-length photo8. 本文两处stand 都经典:第一处Stand 表示“
23、位于be located in”,但更强调一样东西高高耸立,比如山顶有座庙 第二处stand 表示东西或人的高度 可以是很高 比如: 那女孩有一米8高: that girl stands 1.8m 也可以不高 比如课文9. with+ n.短语作后置定语修饰名词boy with big eyes room with beautifully decorated walls10. from .to 到了时间概念可以用的更新颖一点 from.until11. date from / date back to追溯到 一般不用被动 再次体会定语从句和分词转换12. preserve 中 pre 表示be
24、fore serve 表示保存在一样东西变质之前保存下来 就是preservepreserved body 木乃伊 preserved fruits 蜜饯辨析:conserve, preserve, reserve 这是一组形近易混词,都有“保存“的意思。7conserve v.保存,保藏,保护(强调节约)。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天,为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。preserve v.保护;维持;保养;防止(食物)腐败(强调使不受破坏)。The government prese
25、rves the rights of the individual person.政府保护个人的权利不受侵犯。reserve v.保留,储备(强调为某一特殊目的);订(座位),预定。We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。13. turn out原来是,结果是,证明是,后来成为联系动词,后面可以跟动词不定式to be做表语,to be也可省去。His statement turned out (to be ) false.他说的一番话原来是假的。The party turned out (to be) a succes
26、s.舞会结果办得很成功。14. modern-looking相貌摩登的good-looking好看的easy-going容易相处out-going外相的注意修饰名词的方法已经接触很多了,别把思维局限在形容词修饰名词:1。adj.- Ving + n: modern-looking2。adv- Ved + n: beautifully-decorated3 n+ 介词短语 :puma at large4。n+ with : room with beautifully decorated walls15. Sweep表示接触范围广,但力度轻Her fingers sweep the keys of
27、 the piano. 她的手指在钢琴键盘上滑过Her dress sweeps the ground第四课 The double life of Alfred Bloggs1. manual manu- 手manuscript n手稿manufacture vt制造manufacturer n制造商 2. sacrifice vt牺牲sacrifice sth for / toMany women have to sacrifice their own careers to their husbands work.许多妇女为了丈夫的工作只得牺牲自己的事业。3. Privilege 有很多意思
28、“特权,殊荣,好处“ Its my pleasure and privilege to be here.我狠高兴也狠荣幸到这里来,priv-私自,个人private adj私人的deprive vt剥夺4. corporation n公司BBC the British Broadcasting Corporation5. shower n淋浴;阵雨;送礼会take / have / get a shower洗个淋浴hold a shower for sb为某人举行送礼会86. status n地位improve ones social status提高自己的社会地位status quo现状to
29、 change / preserve the status quo改变/维持现状7. 本文钻石句型一:sb be frequently referred to as. for the simple reason that.He is frequently referred to bookworm for the simple reason that he spares no efforts to read. 他总是被称作书呆子,因为他总是在看书注意:for the (simple) reason that -: 比(simply) because -更加正式,多用于正式文体。本文钻石句型二:S
30、uch is human nature ,that.本文钻石句型三:, as it did in the case of sb who8. give rise to 代替 cause9. spend as 一些三册学过的不错的as 词组:be used as recognize as10. as much as前面可以有half, twice, three times等短语修饰She wont marry a man who is twice as old as she.她不愿意嫁给一个年级比她大一倍的人。He earns four times as much money as he used
31、 to.他现在挣的钱是过去的四倍。表示倍数的句式X is twice / three times as much / many as - X is twice / three times what was in 1999.X is twice / three times the amount of -X is twice / three times more than -11 A collar and tie 看成一套东西比如: a knife and fork rice and egg bread and butter 12由本课引申出的蓝领白领 在英文中属于借代的修辞手法,在比如看看第7课
32、课题Mutilated Ladies。字面意思是“缺胳膊少腿的女士” ,为什么作者把它译成“残钞鉴别组”?文章最后“*”处的解释给出了背景知识,所谓Mutilated Ladies就是指被毁坏的银行纸币。英国纸币上印有女皇的头像,而这个Lady自然指的就是Queen。大家可以设想一下,如果纸币上的女皇外形受损,那么这张纸币必然是破损的。所以作者用受损的女皇指代整张破损货币,而根据文章的内容,进而指代专门处理受损货币的鉴别小组,这种修辞方式,叫做借代(Metonymy) 。今天我们来学习一下英文中的借代,其实在前面的文章已经接触过:People 9who work in offices are
33、frequently referred to as white-collar workers for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. 其中,a collar and tie字面意思是“一个衣领和领带” ,人们不可能只套一个衣领挂一根领带就大摇大摆去上班了,这里是用衣领和领带指代整件白领衬衫,不就是借代手法吗? 我们来看这句话:In the least developed countries in Africa, all fur and feather are hunted for
34、food. 在非洲一些最贫穷的国家中,鸟兽被滥捕滥猎,成为人们盘中之肴。请注意句子中fur and feather 的用法。Fur一词在我们三册第一篇文章就出现过,用来描述美洲狮的毛,俗话说飞禽走兽,这里fur就是指走兽,而feather 显然就是指飞禽了。用fur and feather 动物身上的毛来指代飞禽走兽,也是借代的典型用法,非常简洁,而且加上头韵的运用,语气连接流畅,语义表达完美。通过上面几个例子大家对借代应该有了初步的了解,我这里不妨再给你们几个例子,大家可以细细品味。Our hotel is short of hands.( hands 这里是帮手的意思)Wall has e
35、ars. 隔墙有耳 (ears指那些偷听的人)It will cost 30yuan per head. ( head代表每个人)Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。 (great minds 伟大的脑子用来指代伟大的人)China is suffering brain drain. 中国饱受人才外流之苦。 (brain 指代 talent 人才)这四句中的借代取人体上各部分的特征(手的特征就是用来干活的,耳朵就是用来听东西的,大脑用来思维的,人才的才华都藏在大脑里) ,使语言生动活泼,行文充满生趣。第五课 The facts1. editor n编辑editor-
36、in-chief总编辑editorial n社论an editorial on education一篇关于教育的社论2. extreme 中 eme 是最高级后缀 supremeExtremes meet.物极必反。3. statistics 有两个意思:当表示统计学,谓语加单数当表示一系列数据,加复数4. president n总统;大学校长 董事长等等sid- 坐preside vt主持reside v居住assiduous adj勤奋的 insidious 暗中危害的5impatient 注意前缀in的几个变体碰到m p b 被同化成im:impolite impossible immo
37、rtal 10碰到l 被同化成il: illogical碰到r被同化成ir: irregularIm impatient to see you.急不可耐看你I cant wait to see you.Im anxious to see you.Im eager to see you.Im out of patience.6arrive 可以表示报纸 牛奶 信件等被送到7现在分词短语做定语 a fax instructing him to find out - 往往一份传真 一个电话 一份信件的目的不用to do 而用doing8Go to presspr- 压press压,新闻界pressi
38、ng急迫的 pressure压力 compress压缩 depress使沮丧,使萧条 express表达 impress使印象深刻oppress压迫 9. not only - but also在句中引导并列的句子成分,当 not only放在句首时,主谓要倒装This young man is not only intelligent but also hardworking. Not only is this young man intelligent, but he is hardworking.顺便系统提一下 如果学生水平差:倒装整个动词提前,助、系、情态动词倒装,目的:强调。1地点、
39、表地点的副词:in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away 句子倒装。The girl jumped down. Down jumped the girl.In front of the door stands an old man.(主语是人称代词时不倒装)Down she jumped.2否定词在句首时须倒装:neither, nor, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, not, never, not only, barely, at no time, nowhere以及所有带“no”的词组。By no means
40、 is he a good teacher. 他无论如何不是好Not onlybut前倒后不倒Jack could not swim.Neither could Tom.Never have I seen such a good movie.10. while counting -在复合句中,如果状语从句的谓语中包含be动词, 而且从句的主语与主句的主语一致,或者从句的主语是it, 那么从句中的主语和be常常一起省略掉,使语言更加简洁凝练。While waiting, I was reading some old magazines.11我一边等,一边看些旧杂志。 (I was )cf: Wh
41、ile Tom was waiting, I was reading some old magazines.不能省While at college, he was a good footballer.上大学期间,他是一个出色的足球运动员。(he was )This dictionary will look nice when printed.这本辞典印出来以后会很好看。(it is)He hurriedly left the room as though very angry.他匆匆地离开,好像很生气的样子。(he was )The old lady was looking well alth
42、ough living alone.这位老太太虽然一个人独居,但气色很好。(she was)Enemies, once discovered, were completely wiped out.敌人一旦被发现,就被全部消灭。(they were )If carefully done, the experiment will be successful.如果仔细操作,试验就会成功。(it is)省略的条件:1)主语一致或主语是it;2)谓语中含有be第六课 Smash and grab1. smash and grab 是个比较特殊的构词法:两个动词构成。这个词意思是:smash The wi
43、ndow of the shop and the grab the jewellery on displaysmash 后面可以加: world record 打破世界记录,hope 某人的希望破灭 , smash the drug ring 粉碎贩毒集团grab(动作)抢夺 rob(犯罪行为)抢劫 grasp掌握 hold tight抱住 seize抓住(机遇等抽象) clutch抓牢某物(无法移动)2. background n背景background music背景音乐background information背景资料children from disadvantaged backgr
44、ounds来自贫困家庭的孩子3velvet n天鹅绒;柔软的with an iron hand in a velvet glove外柔内刚4. staff n全体工作人员 well-staffed, under-staffed人手不够的, over-staffed.人浮于事的5scramble v to move or climb quickly手脚并用地攀登,匍匐前进- 引申为争夺scramble for shelter争着往隐蔽处跑 The children are scrambling for the chocolate. 孩子门正在抢巧克力。126夸一样东西好“fantastic, m
45、arvelous, terrific, fabulous, super, capital7At this time of the morning 可以派生出很多类似的词组At this time last Christmas at that time of next month sometime last summer8break美妙用法 break ones heartbreak the ice打破僵局break the silencelaw-breaker违法者storm broke out journeyA day breaks天亮了As day breaks, 随着9gaze at s
46、th: look at sth for a long time, with great interest补充几种看的英文表达:gape at: look with mouth wide openglare at: look at sth angrilystare at: look with eyes wide open10with its headlights on and its horn blaring 带有with的独立主格结构(3/36)with + n+adv : with its headlights onwith+ n+doing : with its horn blaringw
47、ith+ n +介词短语: with black stockings over faceswith+n+ 过去分词: with tape playedWith John away, weve got more room.约翰不在,我们的空间大多了。With three people ill, well have to close the office this morning.11Jewellery shop 还可以说 the jewelers 类似的: at the doctors at the tailors at the chemists at the butchers at the b
48、arbers at the bakers12help oneself sb to sth 1)随便吃(招待客人用语) ; If you want another drink, just help yourself.你要是想再喝一杯就请自便。Can I help you to some salad?我在给你来点色拉好吗?2) take something without permission.随意拿取,偷窃Hes been helping himself to the money in the drawer.他一直在偷抽屉里的钱。 (或者说 自说自话的拿)1313注意 thousands of
49、pounds worth of diamonds 和 diamonds worth thousands of pounds 的转换第七课 Mutilated ladies1. mutilate 狭义上指人的缺胳膊少腿 广义指一样物体因为其重要部分的缺失而使外形受损。比如,在战场上,被炮弹炸断了胳膊或腿,就可以用这个词。 胳膊和腿当然是人身上的重要部分,缺胳膊少腿我们的外貌必然大受影响,所以英语中可以说:sb is mutilated in the war. 回到这篇文章,一张纸币如果缺一个角或者表面受损,这张纸币的外表也是残缺不全了。因此,残钞的英语就是mutilated note。2microwave里面包含一个重点前缀micro, 是“微小”的意思。通过这个词缀,我们会发现,原来以前要靠死记硬背的单词都是有据可循、一脉相承的。我们可以把以下这些单词归成一类:microsoft (微软),microp