1、学校代码：10357学 号：硕士学位论文论玛克吐温著作 哈克贝利，芬历睑记中的悖论On the Paraclts in Mark TwainThe Adventures of Huckkherry Flntt姓 名 古问思学科专业 英语语言文学研究方向 美国文学指导教师 洪 增 流 教 授完成时间 2006 年 5 月内容提要美国十九世纪伟大的现实主义炸家马克吐温被看炸是美屆现代文学之父。 在其作品中，被誉为“一切现代美国文学之始的不朽的巨著哈克贝利芬历 险记里然曾饱受争议甚至被列为禁书，但百余年来，由于皮映 j 美国现卖生活 .的广度和深度，以及在艺术上的独创性，受到美国乃至全世界人.民的赞
2、誉 .自它 .问世以来，人们就以各种方式解读它。笔者经大量文献调研发现，尽管论者们己 从京教、女性、幽默、阶级等众多角度评论这部小说，但至今却鲜有从荐论角度 出发的塞统论述。而笔者认为，脖论是这部小说的一个突出特点，是马克吐温 深化主题.，强化矛盾的重宴手段 1 本文拟从英美新批评角度出发，试图通过文本 分析对这部小说的悖论手法进行全面深入友系统化地阐述和评价。马克吐温在哈克贝利芬历险记中把悖论巧妙地运用到人物形象层面， 并延伸到结构甚至扩展至小说的主题思想层面，通过人物、结构、主题等方面匠 心独造的矛盾设置，掲示并深化了这部小说的主题.，即追求人性，人道和自由， 鞭挞十九世纪美国社会的黑暗、
3、道德颊废和奴隶制的伪菩。本文首先试图从悖论的角度审视主题，通过分析马克吐温贯穿全文的三个 主题悖论：社会文明的悖论(腐朽窒急的“文明”社会、s 由的悻论（难获自 、由的“自由”之旅)及生死悖论（以“死”求生的生存方式) .， 为读者掲开了“文 明虚伪的面纱一一标榜为优雅文明的社会却充斥着混乱与虚伪，鞭挞了真实社 会的混乱、文明的虚伪及畸变的射.会意.识港态与病态的社会道德观。伪善的社会与人的本性的冲突造成了人物前双重性格及不健全的社会意 识；奴隶制对黑人的摧残使黑人不得不瘟瞒本性，戴. h 虚假的愚钝的面具作为其 生存的手段。基于此，可以说社会的脖论诱发了人物的悖论。 通过人物脖论，作 家深化
4、了其入道主义主题，颂扬了自由，张扬了入性，社会的浞乱无序不仅导致文中人物性格的双重性及悼论，同时也造就了小 说结构:的悖论相应.于社会的混乱无序 r 小说表面呈现出凌乱无序；纖于表面. 下的却是以人物性格发展和主题深化为脉络的逻辑连贾的有机体,逵就形成了小 说结构的悖论。 本部小说棒论式的结钩设置反之也为社会主题和人物主题:服务： 这种悖论的结构安排使小说更逼近真实生活，使人物形象更丰满，増强了小说的.现 实 感 ， 丰 富 了 小 说 的 内 涵 .， 从 而 深 化 了 主 题 。如 此 ， -通 过 深 入 文 本 对 市 说 中 的 悖 论 进 行 系 统 的 分 析 ， 笔 者 认
5、为 悖 论 对 于 在 哈 克 贝 利 *芬 历 险 记 中 揭 示 和 深 化 主 题 起 到 了 至 关 重 要 的 作 用 。 马 克 吐 温 通 过引 入 社 会 的 悖 论 、 人 物 的 悖 论 和 结 构 的 悖 论 .掲 露 了 社 会 的 黑 暗 ， 文 明 的 虚 沩 ， 讴 歌了 主 人 公 对 .自 由 、 人 性 的 追 求 =关 键 词 i 哈 克 贝 利 芬 历 脸 ig)马 克 吐 温 悖 论 主 题 人 物 结 构AbstractConsidered as the fether of modem American literature strtd Pionee
6、r of American Mark Twain is a gFeat American realist writer in the 19th Century. At the peak of hfe career, Rferk Twain coirtnbtrtes Ms mterpieGe The Aenhires cf Huckleberry Finn to Aniencan literattoe and internaticmal as well. This novel has teenpraised ov one himdred years of its existence for it
7、s Temackabte origittali. Criticisifl- of Mark TwaiBs ITJB Adejies HucMebeiry Finn relates to- atoagt：afrarouad approaches，yet involves a ra for auothec, the strucUire is actually knitted closely with, tbe maturmg of characters and deepening of the themes. In reverse, the paradoxical constructionexte
8、rioF loose but mleriw consistent framework serves the themes: such BH inimitable dcsigniiig of the paradoxical structure is set to vivily the complex cJiaracters in the aovdr to reiafisree the autiienticity of the oovel and to build prerfbund significance itr theme.Thus, the use of paradox OR differ
9、eitt levels succeedsm creatiag tiie unbounded exuberance r and truth simultaneously, not necessarily by startling juxtapositions but by subtle and continuous qualifications of tte or-cHnaiy meaning of words.Based on this, the author of this thesis tries to focus on analyzing the powerful artistic ch
10、arm of this.great novelthe technique of. paradox by which Mark Twain deeply reveals that true humani is of man rather than institutions and thatveiyone ean be aristocrats in the kingdom of the heart.1.4 The Methodology of the StudyTracing from macrocosmie perspectives to microcosmic armies, the autt
11、ior of tiiis tiiesis is tiyuig to focus on. the textual analysis and psychological of the,paradoxes of this gifted book from multi-feceted eoncems for reader comment and tfaoramJi scrutiny; its theanes, characters, and construction, *The author of the thesis firstly elaborately analyses M*k Twain5s
12、three brilliant thematic paradoxes of the novel: paradox of civilization on shore, paradox of freedom in savage nature and paradox of life (rebirth vs. death).Throib consummately approaching of he was sunshine most 沿 way so are all aristocrat. Kings, dukes, pirates, robbers, and -slaveholders are th
13、e -same, all -12-contemptible. Anyone who respects them is: a-foolianyone wHo fears thern iis a coward, and ahyorie who supttstKem or “submits foto a slave hiimfelf For Huek,-their 細 如 职 卿 扭 ete his education in ie sociail realities of slavocracy and to put the finishing touches on his preparation
14、for the final decision he has to make.Aain and again Huck encounters individuals who seem good (Sally Phelps, for example), but Twain takes care te show-us that person as a prejudiced slave-owner. The shakiness of the justice systems that Huclc encounters lies in the problems at the heart of society
15、: terrible acts go unpunished, yet trivial crimes, such as drunkenly sHauting insults, lead to executions. SherBum speech to tile mob that Has come to lynch him accurately summarizes the view of society given in this book; rather than maintaining collective welfare, society is marked with cowardice,
16、 a lack of logic, and profound selfishness.So we can see that Huck himself lives in a nightmare world: People and communities on the shore are the source of everything wn slaves. Close -faauly ties iispire Hie stupidities of the Southern feuds one careless insult ends in Sherbum shooting Boggs. The
17、slave system reveals all the ugliest qualities, not only in lie South, butof humanity.As the novel continues, however, Ihe real world -beyond -the Mississippis bands soon intruder on the calm, protected space of the liver. The river floods, bringing Huck and. Jim into contact with criminals, wrecks
18、stolen. goods5. threatening, snags, bounty hunter; thiCTes; and con artists. Although Uss river still provides refuge when ihings .go wrong ashore, Huck5s .and Jimls xelation io .the xiver seems to change, to become less friendly. Once the diseased civilization ashore invades the xaft, the ideal fte
19、edom quivers4 Hearn, Michael Patrick, cd. The Annotated Huckleberry New York: Norton, 200L-16-As they move further south and tKe Duke and“ Dauphin invade the raft, Huck and Jim-must spend more time ashore. Though it continues-to offer a refuge from all of the trouble that the quarter encounters, the river merely aflFects Adventures of Huckleberry Firm; The Ambassadors; The Great Gatsby M, Cambridge: Cambridge University PresSj 1990,
