1、第一部分逻辑推理基础知识与实例剖析（The first part is about logical reasoning, basic knowledge and example analysis）Part oneBasic knowledge of logical reasoningCase analysisChapter 1, knowledge related points of weak knowledge related questions and their applicationThe second chapter is about the key points of knowle
2、dge related questions and their applicationCritical reasoning (Critical Reasoning) in GMAT examination is closely related to logical reasoning. The MBA entrance exam comprehensive ability test logical reasoning ability test is designed according to the GMAT examination, the examination content and f
3、orm and GMAT examination are inextricably linked. From the MBA logic test outline and examination situation, the logic examination covers a wide range of subjects, involving all aspects of nature and society. However, the professional knowledge of logical reasoning questions not test logic, MBA logi
4、c reasoning test does not require candidates to grasp the special principle of logic and critical thinking theory, but the test of all kinds of information understanding, analyzing and refining ability, especially the ability to focus on the analysis and comparison of test takers, evaluation, and re
5、fute various reasoning or argument the.MBA entrance examination competition is fierce, familiar with some basic knowledge of logic, master some logic basic method, help examinee in the examination room accurately and quickly solve the problem.Chapter 1Knowledge related points of weak knowledge relat
6、ed questions and their applicationThe first section is the concept and form of reasoningfundamental theoryLogic is the science of validity of the form of reasoning, and the object of logic and critical thinking is reasoning or argument. Critical thinking is focused on the following problems: a varie
7、ty of reasons given a personal belief or action, analysis and evaluation of ones own or anothers reasoning or argument, design, construct better reasoning and argumentation.I. conceptConcept is the basic element of proposition and reasoning, and the basic unit of thinking form. Concept is divided in
8、to connotation and denotation. The connotation of the concept refers to the particularity of the thing reflected by the concept or the essential characteristics of the thing; the extension of the concept is different kinds of things reflected in the concept. The relation between concepts can be divi
9、ded into two categories: compatible relation and incompatible relation.The compatible relation of concept includes the same relation, subordinate relation and cross relation. The same relationship refers to the relationship between the two concepts completely coincide; dependency is the extension of
10、 a concept that contains all the relationship between the extension of another concept; cross relationship refers to the extension and the relationship between only two part of the concept of coincidence.Two propositionsReasoning is made up of propositions. The premises and conclusions of reasoning
11、are propositions alone. Different analyses of propositions lead to different analyses of the structure of reasoning.(1) categorical propositionAnalysis method of proposition is to respect a proposition as the subject predicate analysis, which is split into different elements: subject, predicate, and
12、 the amount of. The subject and predicate are collectively referred to as “lexical entry“, represented by uppercase letters English; if the main items represent a single object is represented by lowercase letters. The items are “yes“ and “no“, and the quantity item has “all“ and “some“.(two) compoun
13、d propositionThe analytic method of compound proposition is to regard a single proposition as a whole that is no longer analyzed, and combine them into compound propositions by propositional connectives. In everyday language, such connectives exist:(1) and then, not only Moreover Though But Neither
14、Also not ;(2) or Or Maybe Maybe Or Or ;(3) if Well then As long as Just Once Just Only Talent No Not at all , Unless ;(4) if and only if; if Well then And only Talent ;(5) no, it is not.The first part is about logical reasoning, basic knowledge and example analysisMBA exam test preparation course lo
15、gical volumesThree, reasoningReasoning is the process of thinking or the form of thinking that leads to a new proposition from one or more known propositions, where the known proposition is the premise, and the new proposition is the conclusion.The following reasoning is presented by four propositio
16、ns with the final conclusion:Birds have wings,Wild geese have wings,Swans have wings,Birds, geese, swans are flying animals in the sky,Therefore, all animals flying in the sky have wings.Reasoning is usually divided into deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is generally r
17、eferred to as general to individual reasoning, namely, a new conclusion about the individual case based on some general principles and individual examples. Inductive reasoning is said to be a deduction from individual to general, that is, to abstract and generalize some general principles from a cer
18、tain number of individual facts. But more precisely: deductive reasoning is the necessary reasoning, which is the premise to ensure true conclusion; inductive reasoning is probable reasoning, only provide some support to the conclusion that it is not necessarily true premise conclusion.The form of r
19、easoning refers to the specific content in a reasoning out every proposition preserved by the model or framework, or that is between each proposition express different thinking content more in reasoning with the common contact, by logical constants (such as proposition linking word “or“, and “ and “
20、if“, “IFF“ and “not“ categorical proposition in “Shi“ and “not“, “all quantifiers“ and “some“) and logical variables (such as P, Q, propositional variables R, s, t, lexical entry variable S, P, M) a. Any reasoning can be expressed as a “if (established), then the conclusion (up) the conditions of pr
21、oposition, as long as the use of“ and “the premise of it (if there is more than one if) connected as a conjunctive proposition, as the proposition before, put it conclusion as the proposition after. Structural elements which represent the logical constants in reasoning, what determines the different
22、 forms of reasoning; variable elements represent inference, variable constants by the corresponding substitution, from the form of reasoning to obtain the specific reasoning; on the same form of reasoning, do different alternatives, can get different specific reasoning the.For example, in the form o
23、f reasoningIf P, then qPSo, qAmong them, the propositional variables p and Q are substituted differently, and the following two different inferences can be obtained:Reasoning 1:If Liu Shiwen had a cold, Liu Shiwen would have a fever;Liu Shiwen really caught a cold,So Liu Shiwen has a fever.Reasoning
24、 2:If it rains, it gets wet;It sure rains,So the ground will get wet.In the MBA logic examination, there is an examination question called “reasoning structure similarity comparison“, which requires candidates to compare structural similarities or differences between several different inferences.Exa
25、mple 1. if the school financial department has no one to work, our checks cannot be accounted for; our checks cannot be accounted for; therefore, the schools financial department does not have people to work.Please choose the most similar sentence structure from the previous sentence.A. if the Suns
26、play against their opponents in the rain, they will win. Now that the Suns have lost at home, it must not have been a race in the rain.B. if the sun is hot, Li Ming wont go swimming. The sun was so sunny today that it was concluded that Li Ming must not have gone swimming.C. all students will be abl
27、e to take part in this final unless they pass the qualifying test. The student could not take part in the final, so he must have failed the qualifying test.D. if its moms cooking, its sure to make chili peppers. There was red chilli in the dish. It seems to be mothers cooking.E.If there is no partic
28、ular reason, companies generally do not approve the staff leave application. The company approved the Chen Xiaopeng staff leave application, seems to have some special reasons.solution analysis the reasoning structure of the question stem is: if P, then Q; Q, and therefore P.The structure of the A t
29、erm is: if P, then Q; non Q, therefore non P.The structure of the B term is: if P, then Q, P, and hence Q.The structure of the C term is: P unless Q; non P, hence non Q.The structure of the D term is: if P, then Q, Q, and hence P.The structure of the E term is: if P, then Q; non Q, therefore non P.C
30、learly, the D term has the same structure as the stem. So the answer is “D“.2 All policies and policies conducive to the development of productive forces are in the fundamental interests of the people. Reform and opening up are conducive to the development of productive forces. Therefore, reform and
31、 opening up are in the fundamental interests of the people.Which of the following ways of reasoning is most similar to the one above?A. obey orders in all actions are a team to ensure discipline invincible. So, to the development of an enterprise, a region, must obey the overall situation, to promot
32、e Every order is executed without fail.B. tracked the fitness machines sold for the last 6 months and found no one returned or repaired due to quality problems. Therefore, it can be said that the quality of these fitness machines is qualified.C. if a product exceeds the market demand, there may be u
33、nsalable phenomenon. “Zhuo Qun“ tie supply greatly exceeds the market demand, therefore, there will be unsalable phenomenon.D. any contract that is beyond the scope of the agents authority is void. The real estate construction contract was signed beyond the authority of the agent, so it is invalid.E
34、. we have investigated a part of enterprises with property rights clarification, and found that enterprises have raised economic benefits by clarifying property rights, and no counter examples have been found. Therefore, we believe that all enterprises with property rights clarification can improve
35、economic efficiency.The reasoning structure of question stem is: all M are P; S is M, so S is P. In each option, only the D entry has the same structure as the item. So the answer is “D“.Example 3. only when the temperature is proper can the eggs be hatched. Now that the eggs have hatched, the tempe
36、rature can be seen to be appropriate.Which of the following reasoning structures is formally the same as the reasoning above?A. if friction occurs between objects, then the object will heat up. Friction has already occurred between objects, so objects must be heated.B. only citizens who are eighteen
37、 years old will have the right to vote. Zhao has the right to vote, he must be eighteen years old.C. citizens have the right to work. Zhang Ming is a citizen, so he has the right to work.D. Chinas criminal law stipulates that whoever causes serious injuries shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonm
38、ent of not less than three years but not more than seven years. The defendant has been seriously injured, so he should be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than seven years.E. only when the object of infringement is public property constitutes corruption.
39、 Zhang violated the object is not public property, therefore, his behavior does not constitute corruption.problem analysis the same reasoning structure of questions and B items are: only P, only Q; Q, so P. The correct answer is B.Four, the evaluation scale of reasoning or argumentation1. validity o
40、f reasoning formIf the premise of a reasoning is true, the conclusion must be true, then the reasoning is formally valid. Although logical reasoning can be made from false premises, the conclusion may be true or false. Methods we examine a M reasoning is valid is: first with the variable correspondi
41、ng to the replacement of M in addition to all other logical constants outside the lexical entry, resulting in a form of reasoning M. Then we can make a different explanation for the variables in M to see if we can get a special case of M , N, which has real premises and false conclusions. If we can
42、get a special case of M, N, this means that M cannot guarantee true conclusions only from real premises,Therefore, M is not an effective reasoning form, and the corresponding M is not an effective reasoning. Through the following two examples, candidates can have a good understanding of it.Example 4
43、. if Mao Amin is a singer, then she can sing; Mao Amin can sing, so she is a singer.Example 5. if Liu Huan is Chinese, then Liu Huan lives on the earth; Liu Huan lives on the earth, so Liu Huan is chinese.MBA is often a logical test called “direct inference“ questions, specific forms: from the stem
44、of what kind of conclusions can be derived from the stem; or of not likely to launch what conclusions; or need to supplement the premise of what kind of, in order to make it become effective on logic reasoning reasoning; or given a set of premise, through the reasoning steps are more complicated, ob
45、tained certain result.Example 6. overwork and stress inevitably contribute to insomnia. All managers of Senda company have pressure. Although doctors have warned, most managers still work more than 60 hours a week, while the remaining managers work only 40 hours a week. Only employees who work more
46、than 40 hours a week can get a certain bonus.Which of the following statements is most strongly supported by the above statements?Most A. get some bonus Senda company management personnel with insomnia.Most of the money B. employees to Senda company management personnel.C. Senda company management p
47、ersonnel more than any other group of employees suffering from insomnia.D. does not have managers who work only 40 hours a week and work too much.E. Senda company work than other companys work pressure. we can put the problem solving three obvious premise in the question is listed as follows: (1) ex
48、cessive work pressure and inevitably lead to insomnia; (2) most of the companys personnel management work more than 60 hours a week, while the rest of the managers to work only 40 hours a week; (3) more than 40 hours a week only employees can get a bonus. In addition, there is a less obvious premise
49、: (4) managers who work more than 60 hours a week are overworked and under pressure. We are now beginning to reasoning: if some of the companys managers to obtain certain bonuses, by (3) and (2) can be introduced (5) of these managers working more than 60 hours a week; by (4) and (5) can be introduced (6) these managers in overworked and under by the pressure; (1) and (6) can be introduced (7) of these managers will inevitably lead to insomnia, also have the option A. Options B, C, and E are obviously not supported by questions. As mentioned above, it can be
