1、 初二英语阅读理解与完形填空教案 阅读理题型介绍： 1.选择答案型阅读理解 2.判断误型阅读理解 3.完成句子型阅读理解 4.回答问题型阅读理解 阅读理解解题指导： 1. 客观信息题 所谓“客观信息” ，是指在短文中客观存在的事实，客观信息的答案一般都可以在原 文中找到。在有关数据推算的试题中，根据短文所提供的数据进行必要的运算时所涉及的数学知识一般都比较简单，关键在于理解原文。 2. 主观判断题 一般来说，这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案，必须根据原文提供的有关信息，进行合理的推理和判断才能回答。完成主观判断题能常应注意以下四点： （1 运用常识,合理判断 2 根据情景，进行猜测 (3）
2、利用情景，举一反三（4）纵观全文，概括大意 3. 细节辨认题 文章的中心思想或主题是通过一系列的事实、细节来说明和支持的，要透彻地理解段落、文章的中心思想，就必须理解文章中的重要事实和细节。只有真正理解了全部细节， 才能深刻地领悟大意，理解短文细节分下面三个步骤： （1）首先找出文章或段落的中心思想。文章的中心思想主要体现在首句和尾句中， 有时在文中的某一句话当中。 （2）寻找重要的事实与细节，不是所有的事实和细节都重要，那些与中心思想有关 的事实和细节才重要。 （3）检查已确定的事实与细节，看它们是否支持中心思想。如果这些事实与细节不 能支持中心思想，就说明原来所确定的中心思想不明确或者这些
3、事实和细节没有找准.属于细节类的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样，没有固定 模式。常见的设题方式有： （1）Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? （2）All the follow ing statements are not true except. （3）Which of the following facts is not mentioned in the supporing details?4. 词汇障碍题 在中考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知 含义所误
4、导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影 响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念， 用上下文去确定词汇的含义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手： （1）根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义在 be，be called，call 等判断词出现的判断句中，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含 义。例如 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. 通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出 carpenter 是“木匠”（2
5、）根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在 but，however ，yet ，otherwise，though 这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其 前后的词有明显的对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的 词义了。例如： Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和 clean 意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中 grubby 的意思是“肮脏的” （3）通过因果关系猜测词义 because, since 与 as 是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so 是连接表
6、示结果的状语从句 的连词，so.that 与 such.that 中的 that 是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生 词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如： She wanted the bairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据 because 从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测 trim 就是“修剪”之意（4 ）根据生活常识猜测词义 运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以 正确猜出词义。例如： Most of the roses are beg
7、inning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经验，wither 表示“枯萎” （5）根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于 同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词 and 或 or 来连接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄 42 岁”以及与 prime 具有同等关系的 full of energy 可以猜出 prime 的意思是 “盛年时期” 。 （6）根据列举的事
8、例猜测词义 You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”.“Foreign Language Teachingin Schools ”, or “English Learning ”. 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出 periodical 是“期刊，杂志”的意思。 （7）根据构词法知识猜测词义 根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词 词义。例如： The colors of Hawaii in Summer are unforgettable. 利用构词法常识和我们已熟悉的词 forge
9、t，我们可以知道 unforgettable 就是“令人难 忘的”意思。 阅读理解解题技巧分析 一. 事实询问题 此类题型的问题以 what、who 、which、when、where、how 或 why 等词引导，就文中 某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答：如： The Internet can show you a lot of jobs all over the world. If you want to find a job on the Internet, use the words “job search ”or “employment”to find the websit
10、es you need. （ ）What does the passage tell you to do first if you want to find a job on the Internet? A. To type in “job search ”to find the websites. B. To write a good resume. C. To prepare for an interview D. To get an English dictionary 这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据第二句话， 可以得知 A 为正确答案。 解这类题的主要
11、方法是：1.明确题意。2.寻找答案来源。3. 找准关键词。4. 反复阅 读。 二. 推理判断题 既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。这类试题常以如下句式发问： What can you conclude （下结论）from this passage? Whats the authors attitude （态度）towards.? We can infer from the passage that. Which statement is ( not ) true? 做这
12、类题要求考生在阅读同时，抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文 内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件中的 因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析， 进一步加强理解，抓住实质性的东西。如： Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “T
13、ake off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill, “The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with t
14、he machine is costs $ 29,999. ” （ ）What can you conclude from this passage? A. the engineer asked for too much money B. the workers should pay the money C. the knowledge is worth money D. the new part could cost more 三. 数据推算题 此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。 Visit Swansea Zoo Come and see the
15、Indian elephants and the new tigers from America. The bears are waiting to meet you, and the monkeys from China are waiting to throw things at you. The lovely dogs from Australia are waiting to laugh at you, and the giraffes from Zambia are waiting to look down on you. Tickets Opening time Grown-ups
16、: $ 3 9:00 am 4:00 pm Children: Over 12:$2 except Friday Under 12: Free 10:00 am 3:00 pm （ ）1. How much does Mr Smith have to pay if he visits the zoo with his sons of fourteen and ten? A. $2.00 b. $5.00 C. $4.00 D. $3.00（ ）2. Which of the following is the visiting time? A. 8:30 am, Wed B. 9:30 am,
17、Fri C. 3:00 pm, Sun D. 4:00 pm, Tue 做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出那些有用的信息，三要抓住 一些关键词。实际上，上述两题都可看作数据推算题，一题是算钱，另一题是算时间。 通过阅读我们发现布告中的所有数据都是有用的，那么关键词是：grown-ups, children, over 12, under 12, opening time, except Friday 。第一题中 Mr Smith 是成人，须买 3 块钱的门 票，他一个 14 岁的儿子需买 2 块钱的门票，另一个不满 12 岁的儿子可免票，所以 Mr Smith 先生需花 5 块
18、钱，B 是正确答案。第二题 C 是正确答案。 四. 主旨大意题 此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解。如： What does the passage mainly talk about? What is the main idea of this passage? What does the writer want to tell us? What is the best title of this passage? 每一篇文章都有它的主题句，而每一个段落也各有主题句，它一般都用来表示一篇文 章或一个段落的主旨大意。因此，找出文章和各段落的主题句（往往为第一句或最后一句） 是
19、解题的关键。抓住了主题句，文章的最佳标题也就不难确定了。如：推理判断题哪一节 中的例文我们给它起个什么标题好呢？我们在它后面再加上一段话： One dollar for changing a new part sounds reasonable （合理的） , but the $ 29,999 is exactly the value of wisdom and knowledge. （ ）The best title for the passage should be _ . A. The Value of Knowledge B. Helpless Workers C. The Expen
20、sive Machine D. The Lucky Factory 文中的最后一句是整篇文章的主题句，也就是文章的标题，即：The Value of Knowledge “知识的价值” ，A 为正确答案。 五. 经验常识题 此类题主要是考查中学生应有的多项综合知识，包括：社会、天文、史地、科普及生 活常识等。此类题往往与文章没有直接关系，学生只能凭自己的常识进行判断，然后做出 符合规律的正确选择。如： （ ）We can guess when a giraffe sees a tiger _ . A. it will run away as fast as possible B. it wil
21、l run to eat the tiger C. it will make the tiger bring it something to eat D. it will make one of the smallest animals bring the tiger something to eat这就是一道考查常识的题，长颈鹿看到老虎当然是尽快跑开，故 A 是正确答案。 六. 任务型阅读 任务型阅读是近几年随着任务型教学出现的新题型，它往往集中了上面所述的几种 题，以看图或阅读文章填表，填空等形式出现。要求考生通过阅读完成所给任务。考查学 生对图表或文章的理解程度以及表达自己观点的能力。请
22、看下例：根据题目要求完成任务。 （2004，北京海淀） 假如你正在为一些中国学生做导游，参观，游览英国伦敦的一个公园。请你根据下面 公园的示意图，为他们说明 a、b、c 、d 四项公园规则。 （请写关键信息，句式不限。 ） 例：No recorders, please. 62. Sign a: _ Sign b: _ 63. Sign c :_ Sign d: _ 这道题让考生辨认图标，是一道常识和识图解意相结合的题，同时也是读写结合题。 通过考生所写文字判断他对图的认识程度和根据语言功能造句的能力。本题答案如下a: Dont play football here! b: No bikes h
23、ere! c: Dont throw bottles into the lake d: No swimming! 近年来，阅读理解在中考英语试题中的比分越来越大，不少省份的阅读理解占到了总 分的 30，阅读量一般都升至四篇，难度在不断加深，题型也在不断翻新。中考阅读理解 短文的题材广泛，包括：政治、经济、文学、史地、社会生活、科普知识、人物传记等。 裁以叙述文、议论文、说明文、应用文为主。叙述文描述人或事及相关情景的发生和发 展经过。说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论 据与论证构成。应用文以广告为主。中考阅读理解题主要考查考生对单词、词组、语法、 句型、惯用
24、法的综合运用及其英语思维的能力。其文段长度一般为 200300 单词，生词 率不超过 3，要求考生阅读速度为每分钟 5070 个词。 完形填空（一）题型介绍 1. 选择型完形填空 2. 短文缺词填空 （二）解题指导 1. 选择型完形填空解题方法 完整填空：一般在文中的第一句和最后一句不会挖空。主要涉及到动词、名词（含代 词） 、形容词、副词、介词、连词也常出现。做完形填空题要注意整体性原则，强调对文 章整体的理解。就内容而言，它又有前因后果、地点、时间、人物等要素。所以，第一步 应通读全文，了解大意。其次注意词与词、句与句、主句与分句之间的连贯性与衔接性。 因此，在做题时必须始终注意上下文之间
25、，词与词之间从意义到语法上的合理搭配。诚然， 弄懂第一句和最后一句也事关全局。与此同时，还不可忽略文中的过渡词。 在解题时可按以下步骤和方法进行。 （1）通读全文，了解大意。 通读全文时，跳过空格快速阅读，弄清文章的基本含义。先快速阅读全文，可使我们 对文章的整体结构和中心思想有个基本的了解。有利于进一步把握全文所讲内容，篇章结 构，时态语态的变化，为后面的答题创造条件，但通读宜粗、直、快。切忌看一句做一句， 看一空填一空，断章取意，那会进入误区，即使所填答案符合本句要求，也未必符合全文 的要求。通读的目的仅在于掌握大意，切不可把宝贵的时间浪费在个别字句的推敲上。 （2）重视首句的开篇启示作用
26、 完形填空所采用的短文一般不给标题，但短文的首句通常用以点明短文的性质，如叙 事、议论等，这是我们探索短文全貌的“窗口” ，可以以首句的时态、语态为立足点进行 思考，判断文章的体裁，推测全文的大意及主题，所以应该重视首句的启示作用。 （3）抓住关键词，根据上下文解题 解题时，要遵循忠于全文大意和主题这一原则，联系上下文展开逻辑推理分析，要迅 速找出那些在短文中起重要作用的关键词，了解所提问题的特定语境，语篇中的内在关系。 在解题过程中，应遵循“先易后难”的原则，遇到个别难题不易判断时，可先跳过去， 去解决那些靠上下文能确定的，比较直接明确的问题，随着下文的展开和文章的深入，或 许在前面难以判断
27、的题，下文就有暗示，甚至有明确的表示。因此，在选择答案时，应特 别注意联系前后句，充分利用上下文为确定答案提供有用信息。 （4 ）重读全文，验证答案 在全部空格补全以后，一定要根据填好的答案重读全文，看文章是否流畅，前后是否 矛盾，语法结构是否无误。如果发现哪些地方读起来不流畅，那就说明那里有毛病，就要 进行仔细推敲，验证。2. 短文缺词填空解题步骤 （1）从全局把握文章大意 要填的单词肯定是在一定的语言环境中才能确定，只有把握全局才能有主导方向，才 能有助于正确理解空缺词所在的句子，从而缩小词意的选择范围。 （2）从语法上加以把握 一般的空缺词都可以通过其所在的句型结构和句法成分来判断其词性
28、，这样可以缩小 词的选择范围。 （3）从行文上确定词的形式 当确定一个单词的词性后可通过其上下文来帮助判断其形式，如动词的第三人称单数 形式，过去式、过去分词、现在分词、名词的单复数、代词的各种所有格及单复数，形容 词的比较级与最高级等。 （4 ）通读全文，验证答案。 填完所有单词后，不可孤立地逐个词检查，而必须将所有填入的词代入文章中，复读 全文，仔细检查所填词是否符合文章的情景内容，读起来是否流畅，合乎句法，单词拼写 是否有误，单词形式是否正确等，发现问题及时更正。通过再读全文，很可能利用语感将 个别特别难的空处顺口“读”出来。 【模拟试题】 （答题时间：120 分钟） 阅读理解练习（一）
29、 Hi, Louis! Im writing to tell you something about the customs and festivals. Everyone loves holidays since one doesnt need to go to school or work. Although all holidays mean no school and work, but not all of them are the same. On some of them you go out with friends; on others you stay home to ea
30、t, talk, and have fun with your family. For example in the U.S., everyone thinks New Years Eve and New Year are both for partying with friends. Christmas is the time to stay home and exchange gifts with family members. The opposite is true in Japan though. For example, in Japan, New Year is for spen
31、ding time with the family to eat, talk, have fun, and go to the temples. But Christmas is for boy and girl friends to go out and exchange gifts. Originally Christmas should be to celebrate the birth of Christ. I have been interested in foreign customs since I was little. If you learn these different
32、 holiday customs, you will learn about different histories and cultures. This is much more interesting than learning them at the library from morning to evening.根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用“T ”表示，错误的用“F ”表示。 1. Usually, nobody goes to school or works during holidays. 2. Christmas is the time to stay home to eat
33、, talk and have fun with the family. 3. All the countries have the same way to celebrate the holidays. 4. Being interested in foreign customs means being interested in different histories and cultures. 5. This passage is about the customs and holidays in Japan. （二） Can dolphins talk? Maybe they cant
34、 talk with words, but they talk with sounds. They show their feelings with sounds. Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish “school”. They dont study, but they travel together. Dolphins talk to the other dolphins in the school. They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad o
35、r afraid. They say “welcome”when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play. They make a few sounds above water. They make many more sounds under water. People cannot hear these sounds because they are very, very high. Scientists make tapes of the sounds and study them. Sometimes p
36、eople catch a dolphin for a large aquarium（水族馆）. People can watch the dolphins in a show. Dolphins dont like to be away from their school in an aquarium. They are sad and lonely（孤独的）. There are many stories about dolphins. They help people. Sometimes they save somebodys life. Dolphin meat is good, b
37、ut people dont like to kill them. They say that dolphins bring good luck. Many people believe this. 1. Dolphins show their feelings with _ . A. pictures B. words C. water D. sounds 2. People cant hear the dolphins sounds because _ . A. they are above the water B. they are under the water C. they are
38、 very high D. they are very low 3. Which one is true according to the passage? A. Dolphins swim together in a school because they want to study B. They dont study, but they travel in a group C. Dolphins like to be away from their school on an island. D. Dolphins like to kill people（三） Driver Wanted
39、Clean driving licence. Must be of smart appearance. Aged over 25. Apply to: Capes Taxi, 17 Palace Road, Roston Air Hostess for International Flights Wanted Applicants must be between 20 and 33 years old. Height: 1.6 m to 1.75m. Education to GGSE standard Two languages, must be able to swim. Apply to
40、: Recruitment Office, Southern Airlines, Heathrow Airport West, HR 37KK. Teachers Needed For private language school teaching, experience unnecessary. Apply to: The Director of Studies, Instant Languages Ltd., 279 Canal Street, Roston 1. You are 26 years old and want to be a teacher. You should appl
41、y to _ . A. Capes Taxi, 17 Palace Road, Roston B. Recruitment Office, Southern Airlines, Heathrow Airport West, HR 37KK C. the Director of Studies, Instant Languages Ltd., 279 Canal Street. Roston. D. a private language school. 2. What stops Jack, an experienced taxi driver, working for Capes Taxis.
42、 A. Fond of beer and wine. B. Punished （处罚）for driving too fast and wrong parking. C. Unable to speak a foreign language. D. Not having college education. 3. Ben, aged 22, fond of swimming and driving, has just finished college. Which job might be given to him? A. Driving for Capes Taxi B. Working f
43、or Southern Airlines C. Teaching at Instant Languages Ltd. D. Working for Northern Airlines.4. What prevents （阻止）Mary, aged 25, from becoming an air hostess A. She once broke a traffic law and was fined B. She cant speak Japanese very well.C. She has never worked as an air hostess beforeD. She doesn
44、t feel like working long hours flying abroad. 5. Which of the following is NOT talked about in the three advertisements? A. Whether he or she is married B. Whether they are men or women C. Their education D. The ages （四） All my friends at school smoked. My dad smoked; he didnt want me to smoke but m
45、y friends kept saying I was stupid. They asked when I was going to grow up. So I started when I was sixteen and after a month I couldnt stop. But two years later I could feel what smoking was doing to me. I couldnt run far, and I coughed every morning. I got very ill and decided to stop. It wasnt ea
46、sy, but now Ive done it, and I feel better. Now I have money for other things. If you smoke, you are twice as likely to die from a heart attack. And the more you smoke, the earlier the heart attack is likely to be. For example, a 50-year-old who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, is four times mo
47、re likely to have heart disease than a non-smoker of the same age. What does smoking do to the heart? First of all, it makes the heart beat faster and increases the blood pressure. The cigarette smoke also reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Consequently, the heart has to work harder, with le
48、ss oxygen. Finally, your arteries will narrow faster if you smoke. So if you want to reduce your chances of getting heart disease, the answer is easy not to smoke. Dont copy your friends and other people who smoke. If you smoke, find out how to stop. Stopping isnt easy, but youll be healthier, and 1. Who is more likely to have heart disease? A. A smoker B. A non-smoker C. A 50-year-old person 2. What does the writer think of smoking? A. It is good for his health B. Smoking is bad for him C. Is it neither good nor bad for his heath 3. What happens after the writer stopped smo
