1、1英语化学词汇的组词规律1化学元素（Chemical elements）A音译 transliteration锂 lithium 镁 magnesium 硒 selenium氦 helium 锰 manganese 钡 barium氟 fluorine 钛 titanium 铀 uranium氖 neon 镍 nickel 钙 calciumB意译 transcribe or free translation氧 oxygen 铝 aluminium 溴 bromine氢 hydrogen 硅 silicon 钾 potassium碳 carbon 磷 phosphorus 汞 mercury氮
2、 nitrogen 硫 sulphur(sulfur) 钠 sodiumC意音兼译 translation by meaning and pronunciation碘 iodine 氯 chlorine 砷 arsenic2化学基团 chemical groups各种元素 element 的原子 atom 组合成分子 molecule，按性质可以把分子分为不同的原子团radicle，分子中这些具有相对独特性质的原子团，称为官能团 functional group，或范围更广一点，称作化学基团 chemical group.-基 -烷 (正/1)-醇 -烯 -炔 -酮甲/一 methyl met
3、hane methanol methylene methyne ketone乙/二 ethyl ethane ethanol ethylene ethyne ketene丙/三 propyl propane propanol propylene proyne propanone丁/四 butyl butane butanol butylene butyne butanone戊/五 pentyl pentane pentanolpentylene 戊二烯pentene 戊烯pentyne pentanone己/六 hexyl hexane hexanol hexylene hexyne hexa
4、none庚/七 heptyl heptane heptanol heptylene heptyne heptanone辛/八 octyl octane octanol octylene octyne octanone壬/九 nonyl nonane nonanol nonylene nonyne nonanone癸/十 decatyl decane decanol decylene decyne decanone说明：-ol 表示醇羟基，-an 与烷有关，表示是饱和状态， -en 与烯有关，有不饱和的意义，相应的饱和状态的羟基即醇-anol，不饱和状态的羟基即酚-enol。在结构较为复杂的醇类
5、化合物中，常常只用-ol ；酮-one 是相当于用氧 o 替换了烯-ene 中的一个碳，二者均为不饱和结构。ether(醚 )，ester(酯)，只要在化学基后加上这两个词，就获得了两组英文词。例如：甲醚 methyl ether，甲酯 methyl ester。3化合物类别及化学官能团 Classes of compounds and functional groups化合物类别烃 hydrocarbon 酚 hydroxybenzene/phenol 胺 amine烷 alkane 醚 ether 亚胺 imine烯 alkene 酮 ketone 腈 nitrile炔 alkyne 醛
6、aldehyde 亚砜 sulfoxide苯 benzene 酸 acid 砜 sulfone醇 alcohol 酐 anhydride 碱 alkali/base官能团2烷基 alkyl 羟基 hydroxyl 羰基 carbonyl苯基 phenyl 氨基 amino 羧基 carboxyl苄基 benzyl 硝基 nitryl 酰基 acyl其他官能团（注意类别）甲酰基 formyl 甲苯基 tolyl/cresyl 乙烯基 vinyl乙酰基 acetyl 联苯基 biphenyl/diphenyl 丁二烯基 bivinyl/divinyl丙烯酰基 acryl 苯氧基 phenoxyl
7、聚二烯基 polyvinyl硝酰基 nitroxyl 苯乙基 phenethyl亚硝酰基 nitrosyl 烯丙基 allyl硫酰基 sulfonyl/sulfuryl 巯基 mercapto磷酰基 phosphoryl4前缀和后缀 prefix and suffix（1）前缀A表示取代位置的前缀prefixes examples正 normal-, n- n-phosphate 正磷酸盐同分 异 构，iso- isobutyl 异丁基；isoenzyme 同功酶， isoelectric point 等电点原，邻 ortho-, o- o-hydroxyl benzoate 邻羟基苯甲酸偏，
8、间 meta-, m- m-xylene =m-dimethylbenzene 间二甲苯对 para-, p- p-aminophenol 对-氨基酚顺 cis- cis-platin 顺铂（铂 platinum）反 trans- trans-isomer 反式异构体环 cyclo- cyclodextrin 环糊精B表示取代数量的前缀戊、己、庚等指的是分子式中所含有的碳原子或其他原子的数目，而五、六、七等数字表示在一个独立单位内，共存在几个相同的相对独立的个体。prefixes examples单，一 mono- monoacid 一元酸，monoamine 一元胺或单胺（单胺氧化酶为 mo
9、noamine oxidase）双，二 di-或 bi- 有时二者通用，di-在化学中使用较多三 tri- triacetamide 三乙酰胺四 tetra- tetraacetate 四乙酸盐 (酯) ，ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸 EDTA五 penta- pentabutyryl glucose 五丁酰葡萄糖六 hexa- hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷，即六六六七 hepta- heptadiene 庚二烯，heptadecane diacid 十七烷二酸八 octa- octadecyl bromide 十八烷基
10、溴 , octyl formate 甲酸辛酯C表示旋光性的前缀prefixes examples右旋 dextro- Dextroglucose 右旋葡萄糖左旋 levo- Levodopa 左旋多巴（抗帕金森药）消旋 dl- dl-methyldopa 消旋甲基多巴（抗高血压）D表示氧化程度的前缀prefixes examples高，过 per- potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾，calcium perphosphate 过磷酸钙低，亚 proto- protochloride 低氯化物，氯化亚某3stannum/tin protochloride 氯化亚锡次 hypo
11、- hypochlorous acid 次氯酸焦 pyro- sodium pyrophosphate 焦磷酸钠E其他常用前缀： prefixes examples聚 poly- polypropylene 聚丙烯微，弱，亚 sub- subacid 微酸（性） ，subacidity 弱酸性半 semi- semi-synthesis 半合成假，伪，异 pseudo- pseudobutylene 2-丁烯，异丁烯pseudo-sapogenins 假皂苷类（2）后缀A糖-ose例：葡萄糖 glucoseB酶-ase 或 enzyme例：乳糖酶 lactase；胞内酶 intracellul
12、ar enzymeC醛-al 或 aldehyde例：氯醛 chloralD胺-amine例：氯胺 chloramineE苯胺-aniline例：硝基苯胺 nitroaniline F酰胺-amide例：乙酰胺 acetamideG酰亚胺-imide例：聚酰亚胺 polyimideH后缀-ide 、-ate、-ite 的比较与分析例：硫酸 sulfuric acid亚硫酸 sulfurous acid硫化物 sulfide ：硫化钠 sodium sulfide硫酸盐 sulfate ：硫酸钠 sodium sulfate亚硫酸盐 sulfite ：亚硫酸钠 sodium sulfite磷酸
13、phosphoric acid亚磷酸 phosphorous acid磷化物 phosphide： 二磷化钙 calcium phosphide磷酸盐 phosphate： 磷酸钙 calcium phosphate亚磷酸盐 phosphite：亚磷酸钙 calcium phosphite硝酸 nitric acid亚硝酸 nitrous acid氮化物 nitride： 一氮化三钠 sodium nitride硝酸盐 nitrate： 硝酸钠 sodium nitrate亚硝酸盐 nitrite： 亚硝酸钠 sodium nitrite碳酸 carbonic acid含碳的 carbonou
14、s碳化物 carbonide： 碳化钙 calcium carbonide碳酸盐 carbonate： 碳酸钠 sodium carbonate特例：盐酸 hydrochloric acid，只有氢氯化物 hydrochloride 的形式，翻译成盐酸某某某。5翻译方法 methods of translation（1）顺式翻译例：4polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）聚四氟乙烯，poly（聚） ，tetra（四） ，fluoro（氟，氟基） ，ethylene（乙烯）hydrocyanic acid 氢氰酸acrylonitrile dipolymer 丙烯腈二聚物（2
15、）反式翻译例：A化学酸与化学元素化合时：Sodium hydroxide（氢氧化钠） ，英文中钠在前，中文里钠在后。B化学酸与化学基团化合时：Butyl acetoacetate，aceto 是 acetyl（乙酰基、醋酸基）的变体Ethyl thiocarbonate thio 与 sulfuric 的差别：thio 是“含硫的，硫代的” ，指硫代替了其他原子，如噻吩，英文名为thiofuran，直译为“硫代呋喃 ”，相当于把呋喃中的氧用硫代替，得到的化合物。Sulfuric 的含义则是以硫为基础，与其他原子形成的基团或化合物，看下面的词 sodium thiosulphate（硫代硫酸钠）
16、 ，硫代替了硫酸根上的一个氧。1-异丙氨基-3-对-(2-甲氧乙基 )苯氧基-2-丙醇1-4-(2-甲氧乙基)苯氧基-3-(1-甲基乙基) 氨基 -2-丙醇1-(isopropylamino)-3-p-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy-2-propanol 1-4-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy-3-(1-methylethyl) amino propan-2-ol#Develop 的译法表示（开始）得了某种疾病Some people develop skin rashes when they take sulfas. 有些人服用磺胺药物后会出现皮疹。If o
17、ne is discovered to have developed high blood-pressure or heart-disease, he is immediately transferred to light work. 如果发现谁得了高血压或心脏病，就立即调去做较轻松的工作。Lung fever develops from flu. 肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。She developed symptoms of consumption. 她出现了肺结核症状。He developed a cough. 他开始咳嗽了。用于动、植物的生长等The bud developed into
18、a blossom. 花蕾开出了鲜花。Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来的。Warm rains and summer suns develop the plants. 和暖的雨水和夏日的阳光促使植物生长。The fetus develops lungs relatively late in the gestation period. 在妊娠期胎儿的肺生长得相对慢些。An example is the fine strain of rice we have develop
19、ed. 我们培育出的优良品种就是一例。Sure enough, 80 percent of the plants developed the disease. 果然， 80%的庄稼都染上了这种病。5A chicken develops in the egg. 鸡在蛋中发育。（电影、相照）胶卷的冲洗等也常用此词The photographers developed the film by treating it with chemicals. 摄影师用化学药剂使底片显影。He was in the dark room developing his films. 他在暗室洗相片。This type
20、 of film develops in twenty minutes. 冲洗此类软片需要 20 分钟。在科技文章中，除经常译成 “研制、发展、开发、设计 ”等外，还可以译成：Another American, Henry Ford, developed the idea of the assembly line. 另一个名叫亨利 福特的美国人萌发了装配线的主意。A series of volcanic eruptions developed along the fault. 一系列的火山爆发正在断层带酝酿。此外， develop 一词有时可不必译出。如 a motor that develo
21、ps 100 h.p. 一台 100 马力的发动机。Package InsertThe information in a package insert follows a standard format for every medication. After some identifying information such as the Brand Name and Generic Name of the product, the following sections appearsections Description 性状 Clinical Pharmacology 药理作用 Indic
22、ations and Usage 适应症 Contraindications 禁忌症Warning 注意事项 Precautions 注意事项 Adverse Reactions 不良反应 Overdosage 药物过量 Dosage and Administration 用法用量 How Supplied 外观、包装、及贮藏Package inserts for some medicines also include sections such as Drug Interactions, Drug Abuse and Dependence. If matters on Drug Abuse
23、and Dependence are potential problems, and some begin with “Box Warnings,“ which highlight especially serious (often life-threatening) adverse reactions that have been reported.Drug Name Brand Name 商品名=Trade Name (name with registered trademark) Generic Name 非专利名称, 通用名 翻译方法:音译: Atropine 阿托品谐音译: Rese
24、rpine 利血平6意译: Tablet Tribromidi 三溴片意音结合:Neostigmine Bromide 溴化新斯的明中文译名的转化:Penicillin 盘尼西林青霉素Description chemical name and structure Dosage form and administrationtablet form, capsule, liquid, etc.given-by mouth (oral administration), by injection, by adding it to a solution being given via an intrav
25、enous (IV) line (parenteral administration), and so forth. inactive ingredientsfiller, artificial color,or flavoring Clinical Pharmacology How the medicine works in the body: absorption, elimination, and effects at various concentrations. Studies in different groups of people: children, elderly peop
26、le, women, or people of different races. (Sometimes) The results of studies for different purposes药理作用的常见相关标题 Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Data Clinical Use Clinical Effect Mode of Mechanism of Action Pharmacological Actions Therapeutical Action Toxicology Indications and Usage Uses (indications)
27、approved by regulatory agencies 相关词汇:indication 适应症 action and use 作用与用途usage 用途treatment 主治Dosage and Administration 常见给药途径:orally 口服intramuscularly 肌注intravenously 静注subcutaneously 皮下locally 局部给药7 剂量单位:mg, ml, IU (International Unit) 性别male, female 年龄adult, children, infant, newbornchildren under
28、18 years oldchildren under 12 years of age children aged 6-10 yearsover 10 years of age 服药时间和次数:every day, a day, per day, dailyevery other day, two-dailyevery eight hours, eight-hourlyonce/twice/three times a dayper kilo of body weightmg/kg/day 剂量和服法once daily for 10-15 days or 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/day On
29、e capsule daily, before breakfast or 10-14 hours before retiring. - or adhere to the instructions of the physician 遵医嘱Warnings, Precautions Warnings: serious side effectsBox Warning: especially severe or life-threatening problems Precautions: advises how to use the medication most safely and effecti
30、velyLaboratory tests before taken or during in useActivities required special caution Information on pregnancy/ nursingmothers/ children/older peopleDrug/food Interactions 常用标题:causions, precausions, warning, note, notice, attentionAdverse Reactions all the side effects reported Everything that happ
31、ened to people (and sometimes also animals) regardless of whether it actually had any connection to the medicine. 常见标题:adverse reactions, by-effects, side effects, toxicity reactionsContraindications 8 contra-indications If you have a significant medical disorder, this is the place to find out wheth
32、er its likely to cause a problem if you take this medicineDrug Abuse and Dependence This section tells whether this medicine could be abused or cause psychological or physical dependence. Have used a dependency-causing medicine for a while, If you want to stop taking it, the dosage will have to be t
33、apered very slowlyOverdosage This section tells what the results of a large overdose of the medicine are likely to be and how they should be treated. This kind of information is mainly useful to medical personnel. 常见标题:overdosage, treatment of overdosageHow Supplied all the available forms:Each one is described by color, shape, and markingsIf you have a liquid, is it a suspension that needs to be shaken before use? storage instructions Manufd. Date & Expiration DateUse before,Shelf-life,storage life Lot No.Batch No. Manufacturer ReferencesLiterature Other Items
