1、MEDICAL ENGLISH,QQ群:175248345,by Ye Xiao, M.S,Benefits,It can help you:,1、Rapidly grasp the latest medical news worldwide; 快速掌握国际最新医学动态；,2、Precisely comprehend medical literatures in English; 精确理解医学英语专业文献；,3、Greatly promote medical exchanges with foreigners; 极大促进与国外人士的医学交流。,4、Efficiently publish med
2、ical works and papers in English. 有效出版英文医学著作与论文。,Targets & Contents:,1、Grasp the parts and physiology of some major body systems.,2、Get familiar with the pathology and according treatment of some major body systems.,3、Learn some basic skills on medical translation, case report writing, and abstract
3、writing.,4、Your suggestions?,Classification of Medical Terms,（1）Daily English Words with Medical Meanings 普通英语词汇特定医学含义,例一：In such cases, heart murmur is often present.,译文 这类病例常出现心脏杂音。,例二：Lymph nodes are enlarged but are not tender.,译文 淋巴结肿大，但无触痛。,例三：Dont break the blisters or youll get a secondary i
4、nfection.,译文 不要弄破水疱，以免继发感染。,Classification of Medical Terms,（2）Medical terms transformed from Greek and Latin words 英语化的拉丁语或希腊语词汇,For example：aluminum 铝 calcium 钙 magnesium 镁aspirin阿司匹林 penicillin青霉素 vitamin 维他命atropine 阿托品 acetate 醋酸盐 phospate 磷酸盐,（3）Medical terms composed of Greek and Latin parts
5、含有拉丁源、希腊源词素的合成词 (about 400 parts altogether),For example：bronch/o/pneumon/itis 支气管肺炎支气管 肺 炎症,gastr/o/duodeno/scopy 胃十二指肠镜检查 胃 十二指肠 镜检,Composition Rules of Medical Words,For example：parasympathomimetic,Rules for the Combining Vowel,保留或删除规则：1）保留：后接的构词形或后缀以辅音字母为词首。如：gastropexy(胃固定术)，gastrocele(胃彭出)。2）删
6、除：后接的构词形或后缀以元音字母为词首。如：gastralgia(胃痛)，gastritis(胃炎)。3）保留：若连接的是两个词根，即使以元音字母为词首。如：gastroenteritis(胃肠炎)，electroencephalogram(脑电图),Categories: -o-: cardiopathy;ribosome;erythrocyte -i- : centimeter; multiple,Singular and Plural Forms of Medical Terms,Smaller Forms of Medical Terms,One Word in Three Forms
7、,大多数关于人体解剖具有统一词义的医学术语由于词源不同，既可用普通英语词汇表达，也可用拉丁或希腊词源构成的词汇表达而构成“一词三式”的现象。 如：,体 body; soma; corpus肾炎-kidney inflammation；renitis；nephritis肺病-lung disease；pulmonary disease； pneumopathy,One Word in Three Forms,一词三式在词根中的体现：骨：bone(英文)；osse(o)-(拉丁语)；oste(o)-(希腊语)肾: kidney； ren(o)-；nephr(o)-血：blood; hema-;he
8、mato-;-emia(后缀)胸：chest；thoraco-；pecto-,重音规则,首先，要学会分音节（syllable），一般一个元音为一个音节，如：e/so/pha/go/je/ju/no/ga/stro/sto/mo/sis (食管空肠胃吻合术)含有12个音节。1、单音节词本身就是重读音节，如：lung，heart2、双音节词重音落在第一音节上，如：stomach，gastric，kidney，renal3、大多数多音节词的重音落在倒数第二音节或倒数第三音节上，如：gastritis，gastromyotomy（幽门切开术）。但是，也有例外的情况，如：gastroscope（胃镜）。
9、,Suggested References,白永权 医学专业英语 人民卫生出版社 2005年11月杨明山医学英语新教程世界图书出版社 2006年3月何筑丽 医学英语写作与翻译 高等教育出版社 2002年10月杨一华 医学英语词汇高级教程 人民军医出版社 2009年5月万学红 中英对照内科查房化学工业出版社 2007年2月Linda 实用医学英语会话 中国水利水电出版社 2007年9月陈社胜 医学英语视听说教程1-3册 复旦大学出版社 2006年9月李朝品 医学论文英文摘要写作 人民卫生出版社 2009年7月洪班信 英语医学论文及摘要写作 北京大学医学出版社 2008年4月王亚娜 高级医学英语写
10、作教程 世界图书出版公司 2012年2月Wilfred 风暴式医学教程Mosbys Crash Course科学出版社 孙海晨 汉译英使用技能训练 外文出版社 1998年1月李长栓 非文学翻译理论与实践中国对外翻译出版公司 2004年12月,Tools,查英文文献：pubmed (注意勾上free limit)医学英文专著：freemedicalbooks; freebooks4doctors翻译、ppt及文档等：google（港版）+高级搜索词典：有道等在线词典中医英语：www.shen-中医教材、典籍等：中医E百，王氏中医世家,Human Body,Studies of human bod
11、y: 解剖学，生理学，生物学，细胞学，胚胎学，组织学，内分泌学，血液学，免疫学，心理学等。Body systems:骨骼系统，肌肉系统，循环系统，呼吸系统，神经系统，内分泌系统，泌尿系统，生殖系统，消化系统及皮肤,Skeletal System,This system is made of:BonesJointsCartilageFunctions：Provide support and protectionProvide points of attachment,Bone Shapes,Muscular System,Functions:Move the bodyProduce heat t
12、o maintain constant body temperature,Muscular System,This system is made of:Striated muscles (skeletal and cardiac muscles)Non-striated muscles (smooth muscles)OrVoluntary muscles (skeletal muscles)Involuntary muscles(cardiac muscles and smooth muscles),Circulatory System,Circulatory System,Function
13、s:Distribute needed materials (nutrients, trace elements, oxygen, etc.)Remove unneeded materials (waste products, excessive elements, etc.)Serve as a part of the bodys defense system (antibodies and WBC in the blood),Circulatory System,This system is made of:Heart (nearly two identical halves)blood
14、vessels (artery, vein, capillary)blood,Respiratory System,Respiratory System,Functions:Take in oxygenExpel carbon dioxide and water vaporThis system is made of:nose/ mouththroat (pharynx and larynx)tracheabronchus (pl. bronchi)air sacs,Digestive System,Digestive System,Functions:Take in foodBreak do
15、wn food into small moleculesAbsorb nutrients and waterExpel dry food residues,Digestive System,This system is made of:mouth (saliva)esophagusstomach (gastric acid, enzymes)small intestine (duodenum,jejunum,ileum)large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)Accessory digestive organs:liver and gallbladder (
16、bile)pancreas (pancreatic enzymes),Urinary System,Urinary System,Functions:maintain normal levels of water and certain small molecules, such as sodium and potassium.This system is made of:kidneyureterbladderurethra,Endocrine System,Endocrine System,Functions:control body activities by hormones produ
17、ced by a variety of endocrine glands.This system is made of:pituitarythyroid (parathyroid)adrenal glandpancreastestis / ovary,Nervous System,Nervous System,Functions:control body activities by nerves.This system is made of:brainspinal cord (protected by spinal column)nerves (peripheral and central n
18、erves),Reproductive System,oviduct,Reproductive System,Functions:produce, transport and maintain viable sperm;produce male sex hormone (testosterone).Orproduce and transport ovum (pl. ova);eliminate or nourish an ovum;produce female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone).,The Skin (Integumentary Syst
19、ems),Skin,Functions:keep out foreign substances;prevent excessive water evaporation;provide tactile information;keep constant body temperature.,Translation Exercise,Case Report Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year an
20、d becoming worse in recent 5 months. The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation
21、and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal.,Terminology Study (1),1. cell: 表示细胞的前缀为-c
22、yto，如cytology (细胞学)，cytoskeleton (细胞骨架)，cytochrome (细胞色素)，cytoplasm (细胞质)。表示细胞的后缀是-cyte，如monocyte (单核细胞)，leukocyte (白细胞)，thrombocyte (血小板，凝血细胞)，lymphocyte (淋巴细胞)。2. tissue: 表示组织的前缀为histo-，如histology (组织学)，histone (组蛋白)，histopathology (组织病理学)，histamine (组胺)。3. anatomy: -tomy为表示切开的后缀，如laparotomy (剖腹术)
23、，thoracotomy (胸廓切开术)，tracheotomy (气管切开术)。4. microscope: -scope为表示镜或检查仪器的后缀，如endoscope (内窥镜)，funduscope (眼底镜)，stethoscope (听诊器)。,Terminology Study (1),5. -some: 表示体，如chromosome (染色体)，lysosome (溶酶体)，ribosome (核糖体)，centrosome (中心体)。6. -plasm: 表示浆，如cytoplasm (细胞浆，细胞质)，plasma (血浆)，endoplasmic reticulum (
24、内质网，简称ER) 。7. mito-: 表示线，有丝分裂，如mitochondria (线粒体)，mitogenic (促有丝分裂的)，mitosis (有丝分裂)。8. chromato-/chromo-: 表示染色质，颜色，如chromatin (染色质)，chromatography (色谱分析) ，chromasome (染色体)。,Terminology Study (2),1. collagen胶原: collagenic 为其形容词形式；collagen+-ase = collagenase (胶原酶) 。2. embryotic: 表示胚胎的前缀为embryo-，如embry
25、ology (胚胎学)，embryogenesis (胚胎发生)。3. pelvic: pelvi-为表示盆，肾盂的前缀，如pelvis (骨盆，肾盂)，pelvimetry (骨盆测量)，pelvilithotomy (肾盂切开取石术)，pelviureteroradiography (肾盂输尿管造影)。4. hemopoiesis: -poiesis为表示产生或制造的后缀，如erythropoiesis (红细胞生成)，lymphocytopoiesis (淋巴细胞生成)。,Terminology Study (2),5. macrophage巨噬细胞: -phage，-phagia，ph
26、ago- 均为吞噬的含义，如bacteriophage (噬菌体)，dysphagia (吞咽困难) ，phagocyte (吞噬细胞)。6. osteoporosis骨质疏松: osteo-表示骨，如osteomalacia骨软化，osteomyelitis (骨髓炎)。Porosis是空洞形成，骨痂形成的意思。,The Skeletal System,Main bones of the human body:头骨，面骨，上颌骨（maxilla），下颌骨（mandible），椎骨，锁骨（clavicle），胸骨（sternum），肋骨，肩胛骨（scapula），肱骨（humerus），桡骨（
27、radius），尺骨（ulna），腕骨（carpal bone），掌骨（metacarpal），指骨（phalanges），盆骨（pelvic bone），股骨（femur），胫骨（tibia），腓骨（fibula），踝骨（tarsal bone），跖骨（metatarsal bone），趾骨（phalanges of toes）,Terminology Study (3),1. diaphysis骨干: dia-表示通过，横过，如diameter (直径)，dialysis (透析)，diarrhea (腹泻) 。physis表示生长之物。2. epiphysis骨骺: epi-表示在之上，
28、在之外，如epicardium (心外膜)，epidermis (上皮)。3. sesamoid籽骨: -oid表示样的，类的，如rheumatoid (类风湿的)，sigmoid (乙状的)，steroid (类固醇)，lipoid (类脂) 。4. endochondral软骨内的: endo-表示内，如endocrine (内分泌)，endoscope (内窥镜)，endotoxin (内毒素)。chondro-表示软骨，如chondrocyte (软骨细胞)，chondroma (软骨瘤)。,Terminology Study (3),5. osteoclast破骨细胞/ osteob
29、last成骨细胞: -clast 表示破坏，如chromosome clastgen (染色体阻断剂)；-blast 表示胚胞，芽，如myeloblast (成髓细胞，原始粒细胞)。6. calcitonin降钙素: calci-表示石灰，钙，如calcification (钙化)，calcium (钙)；ton-表示紧张，张力，如muscle tone (肌张力)，ophthalmotonometer (眼压计)；-in有物质的意思，如insulin (胰岛素)，vitamin (维生素)，penicillin (青霉素)， erythromycin (红霉素)。7. parathormon
30、e 甲状旁腺激素：para-有表示旁，副的意思，如parathyroid (甲状旁腺)，parasympathetic (副交感的)。8. phosphate磷酸盐：phospho-表示磷，如phospholipid (磷脂)；-ate有酸盐意思，如nitrate (硝酸盐)。,Terminology Study (4),1. orthopedics矫形外科，骨科: ortho-表示直的，正常的，如orthotopic (常位的，正位的)，orthopnea (端坐呼吸) 。2. phosphatase磷酸酶: -ase表示酶，如amylase (淀粉酶)，proteinase (蛋白酶)，
31、lipase (脂肪酶)。3. osteomyelitis骨髓炎: -myelo表示髓，如myelitis (脊髓炎)，myelography (脊髓造影)，myeloma (骨髓瘤) 。4. osteomalacia骨软化: -malacia表示软化，如encephalomalacia (脑软化)。,Terminology Study (4),5. neoplasm新生物，瘤: neo- 表示新，如neocortex (新皮质)；neonatal (新生儿)。6. osteosarcoma骨肉瘤: sarco-表示肉，如sarcoid(肉样的，类肉瘤) ；-oma表示瘤，如fibroma (
32、纤维瘤)，lipoma (脂肪瘤) 。7. corticosteroid 皮质类固醇：cortico-表示皮质，如cortisol (皮质醇)，corticospinal (皮质脊髓的) 。8. ankylosis 关节僵硬：-osis表示病态，如acidosis (酸中毒)，alkalosis (碱中毒)，thrombosis (血栓形成)，cervical spondylosis （颈椎病）。,Translation Exercise,Case Report Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitte
33、d on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months. The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt bet
34、ter after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinat
35、ing was normal. (to be continued),Translation Exercise,There was nothing else abnormal in the case history review except a cured lobar pneumonia in 1949. He had no history of drug allergy.Personal history: The patient was born in Xian in 1923. He had been to the south of China but did not contact co
36、ntaminated water. He smoked about 10 cigarettes daily. He got married in 1945. His wife was healthy. They had a daughter who was also healthy. His father died of stomach cancer. His mother was well.Physical Examination: T. 36.8, P. 96/min, R. 28/min, BP. 23.5/ 13.3 kPa. The patient, an old fatty man
37、 who developed well and moderately nourished, was lying in bed with a semireclining position. He looked pale and suffered from general edema. He was mentally normal and cooperative in the examination. There was no eruption, no jaundice, no purpura on the skin, and the lymph nodes were not palpable.
38、(to be continued),Terminology Study (3),1. diaphysis骨干: dia-表示通过，横过，如diameter (直径)，dialysis (透析)，diarrhea (腹泻) 。physis表示生长之物。2. epiphysis骨骺: epi-表示在之上，在之外，如epicardium (心外膜)，epidermis (上皮)。3. sesamoid籽骨: -oid表示样的，类的，如rheumatoid (类风湿的)，sigmoid (乙状的)，steroid (类固醇)，lipoid (类脂) 。4. endochondral软骨内的: endo
39、-表示内，如endocrine (内分泌)，endoscope (内窥镜)，endotoxin (内毒素)。chondro-表示软骨，如chondrocyte (软骨细胞)，chondroma (软骨瘤)。,Terminology Study (3),5. osteoclast破骨细胞/ osteoblast成骨细胞: -clast 表示破坏，如chromosome clastgen (染色体阻断剂)；-blast 表示胚胞，芽，如myeloblast (成髓细胞，原始粒细胞)。6. calcitonin降钙素: calci-表示石灰，钙，如calcification (钙化)，calcium
40、 (钙)；ton-表示紧张，张力，如muscle tone (肌张力)，ophthalmotonometer (眼压计)；-in有物质的意思，如insulin (胰岛素)，vitamin (维生素)，penicillin (青霉素)， erythromycin (红霉素)。7. parathormone 甲状旁腺激素：para-有表示旁，副的意思，如parathyroid (甲状旁腺)，parasympathetic (副交感的)。8. phosphate磷酸盐：phospho-表示磷，如phospholipid (磷脂)；-ate有酸盐意思，如nitrate (硝酸盐)。,Bones,1.
41、骨的形状和结构2. 骨的重塑3. 骨生长的影响因素,Bones,Structure of a long bone:长大于宽，由一个骨干和若干骨骺组成。其弯曲结构可在不同点吸收重力，并使受力均匀。Examples of the long bone:肱骨，股骨，桡骨，尺骨，掌骨，胫骨，指骨等,Bones,Structure of a long bone:,Bone Cell Production,Bones,Structure of a short bone:长约等于宽，由薄层骨密质和骨松质组成。Examples of the short bone:腕骨，踝骨等,Bones,Structure o
42、f a flat bone:较薄，由大致平行的密质骨板含一层骨松质组成。提供大范围的保护和附着点。Examples of the flat bone:头骨，胸骨，肋骨，肩胛骨,Bones,Structure of an irregular bone:形状复杂，不属于以上3类。骨密质和松质含量不一。Examples of the flat bone:椎骨，面骨等。Additional bone:缝间骨，籽骨（髌骨）。,Bones,骨的重塑：骨髓腔近端骨骼的破坏和骨骺远端骨的生成。各部位速率不一。该功能有2个作用，即新组织可代替磨损或受伤的骨骼，和储存钙质。,Bone remodeling at
43、the cell level,骨的重塑：由去除钙质的破骨细胞和沉积钙质的成骨细胞作用而成。若钙质沉积过多，则成骨刺，骨结块；若流失过多，则形成骨质疏松；若重塑过快，则成变形性骨炎。,Bone remodeling at the cell level,骨吸收的过程：破骨细胞释放分泌蛋白质溶解酶消化胶原蛋白质和其它有机质，释放酸类使骨盐溶解。镁元素缺乏可抑制该进程。,Bone remodeling at the cell level,Factors of bone growth and replacement:A.钙、磷、锰元素B.维生素DC.垂体分泌的生长激素，甲状腺分泌的降钙素，甲状旁腺分泌的
44、甲状旁腺激素，性激素（双刃剑：促进新骨生长&引起骺板中软骨细胞退化）,Review（Bone Remolding）,Terminology Study (4),1. orthopedics矫形外科，骨科: ortho-表示直的，正常的，如orthotopic (常位的，正位的)，orthopnea (端坐呼吸) 。2. phosphatase磷酸酶: -ase表示酶，如amylase (淀粉酶)，proteinase (蛋白酶)， lipase (脂肪酶)。3. osteomyelitis骨髓炎: -myelo表示髓，如myelitis (脊髓炎)，myelography (脊髓造影)，mye
45、loma (骨髓瘤) 。4. osteomalacia骨软化: -malacia表示软化，如encephalomalacia (脑软化)。,Terminology Study (4),5. neoplasm新生物，瘤: neo- 表示新，如neocortex (新皮质)；neonatal (新生儿)。6. osteosarcoma骨肉瘤: sarco-表示肉，如sarcoid(肉样的，类肉瘤) ；-oma表示瘤，如fibroma (纤维瘤)，lipoma (脂肪瘤) 。7. corticosteroid 皮质类固醇：cortico-表示皮质，如cortisol (皮质醇)，corticospi
46、nal (皮质脊髓的) 。8. ankylosis 关节僵硬：-osis表示病态，如acidosis (酸中毒)，alkalosis (碱中毒)，thrombosis (血栓形成)，cervical spondylosis （颈椎病）。,Osteoporosis （Glossary Preview）,1.osteoporosis A.衰败；退化2.degenerate B.椎骨整复术3.bone density C.镇静4.testosterone D.压迫性骨折5.estrogen E.骨质疏松6.insidiously F.骨密度7.vertibroplasty G.暗中加剧的pressi
47、on fracture H.睾酮9.thoracic I.雌激素10.intravenous J.静脉注射的11.sedation K.转移12.fluoroscope L.胸廓的13.metastasize M.荧光镜14.brittle N.易碎的,Osteoporosis,Short-Answer Questions1.What disease is osteoporosis?Bone thinning disease.2.Why does the traditional thought about osteoporosis need adjusting?It is impacting
48、more and more men.3.How many men in the U.S. have osteoporosis?Five million men.4.Why are most people unaware that they actually have osteoporosis?It is a painless process.5.At what age is a mans risk of osteoporosis equal to that a woman?Sixty-five or seventy.6.At what age did David have his osteoporosis?By his mid-fifties.,
