1、- 1 -专题 06 非谓语动词非谓语动词是高中英语教学的重点和难点，也是历届高考的重点项目。命题热点多是借助于基本概念，在语境中考查常用动词的各种非谓语形式以及个性动词后的非谓语形式。有时也涉及非谓语动词逻辑主语的一致性问题以及独立主格结构中非谓语的各种变化。其考点主要包括：1考查对谓语动词与非谓语动词的识别，要求明确句子的结构和意义，掌握非谓语动词的基本用法。2考查不定式和动名词作宾语的区别，要求掌握一些常见动词后面所接宾语的形式。3考查非谓语动词作定语、状语、补语时的区别，尤其是不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语所表示的不同时间、逻辑关系和意义。现在分词和不定式作结果状语时的区别应引起足
2、够重视。4考查非谓语动词的否定式、完成式、被动式及复合结构，要求掌握其构成形式、所表示的时间以及逻辑关系。一、非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语不定式作状语通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后)；(2)目的(可用 so as to/in order to 替换，但 so as to 一般不可置于句首)；(3)结果(常表出乎意料的结果，常为 only to do)。We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)He rushed to school
3、 only to find there was nobody there.(结果)2现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别(1)现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.由于不知怎么办才好，他去找他父母帮忙。(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.- 2 -如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。(3)部分过去
4、分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用 being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、stationed(驻扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didnt hear the sound.3独立主格结构作状语如果分词作状语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，须在分词前面加上它自己的主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构，其作用相当于状语从句；有时也用 with 复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作
5、状语。(1)名词/主格代词现在分词名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。The girl staring at him(As the girl stared at him)，he didnt know what to say.女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。(2)名词/主格代词过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。The problems solved(As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。(3)名词/主格代词不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具
6、体性的动作。He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。(4)with 复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系。With time passing by(time 和 pass 之间为主动关系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(ha
7、nds 和 tie 之间为被动关系)behind - 3 -his back.他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语1非谓语动词作主语(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(动名词作主语)(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主语)(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it 作形式主语)(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it
8、 作形式主语)2非谓语动词作表语(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答 what 引导的问句。(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作或表示将来的动作。3非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语的主要是不定式和动名词(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen 等动词后跟不定式作宾语。(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，fin
9、ish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest 等动词后跟动名词作宾语。(3)以下动词后接不定式和动名词作宾语意义不同。动词 接动名词作宾语 接不定式作宾语remember 记得曾做过某事 记得要做某事forget 忘记曾做过某事 忘记要做某事try 尝试做某事 努力做某事regret 对做过的事表示后悔 对要做的事表示遗憾mean 意味着做某事 企图(打算)做某事- 4 -cant help禁不住做某事 不能帮助做某事go on 继续做未完成的事做完一件事后，接着做另一件事stop 中断正
10、在做的事中断正在做的事，去做别的事【特别提醒】1动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。Do you mind my/me reading your paper?你介意我看你的考卷吗？2作宾语的动名词和不定式除了一般式和主动式，还有完成式、被动式。 完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在 doing/to do 前加 not。(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not 须放在 having 前)我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。(2)They couldnt stand being treated li
11、ke that.他们不能忍受被那样对待。(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.他决定帮我，但我假装已经完成工作了。三、非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，它与所修饰的名词或不定式代词存在主谓、动宾或同位关系。You are the third one to enter the room.(主谓关系)I have something important to say.(动宾关系)He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位关系)2动名词作定语多前置，表示所修饰
12、的事物的性能和用途。a reading room( a room for reading)3现在分词作定语表主动和进行，可转换为定语从句。The question being discussed (which is being discussed) now is important.- 5 -4过去分词作定语表被动和完成，也可转换为定语从句。The question discussed(which was discussed) yesterday is important.四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语1advise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get
13、/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish 等动词后面常用不定式作补语。如：Tell the children not to play on the street.The police warned us not to go out at night.2make/let/have 等使役动词后面用不带 to 的不定式作补语，但在被动句中则使用带to 的不定式。如：They make the students do too much homework every day.The students are made to do too much hom
14、ework every day.3感官动词后面可用不带 to 的不定式或分词作补语。从时间上看，不定式表示发生或完成；现在分词强调正在进行；过去分词表示完成。从逻辑关系上看，不定式和现在分词与宾语之间存在着主谓关系；过去分词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。如：I saw him cross the street.我看到他穿过了大街。I saw him crossing the street.我看到他正在穿过大街。I saw him surrounded by a group of students.我看到一群学生围着他。五、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式1非谓语动词的否定式均是在前面加
15、not。He pretended not to see me.I regret not following his advice.Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.2不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式。当谓语动词表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式动作正在进行，不定式要用进行式。The boy pretended to be working hard.当不定式的动作在谓语动作发生时，不定式要用完成式。- 6 -I happened to have seen the film.当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。The
16、 patient asked to be operated on at once.3动名词的完成式、被动式、完成被动式和带有逻辑主语的复合结构。We remembered having seen the film.He came to the party without being invited.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.His not knowing English troubled him a lot.4现在分词的完成式和被动式。当现在分词的动作早于谓语动作发生时，现在分词要用完
17、成式。Having done his homework，he played basketball.当现在分词的逻辑主语为其动作的承受者时，现在分词要用被动式。The problem being discussed is very important.Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.考点一、非谓语动词作状语例 1、(2016新课标，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _(create)special designs
18、.【答案】to create 【解析】句意：熟练的工匠也把硬木和金属结合在一起制作特殊的图案。此处为动词不定式作目的状语。【变式探究】 【2015重庆】11. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way_ the sun and the stars.A. used B. having used C. using D. use【答案】C 考点二、非谓语动词作主语、表语、宾语例 2、(2016新课标，67)My ambassadorial duties will include _(introduce)British visitors to the
19、 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others - 7 -at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.【答案】introducing 【解析】句意：我的大使职责将包括把英国参观者介绍给成都的 120 多只大熊猫及其他一些在碧峰峡雾山中一个研究中心里的熊猫们。include 为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。【变式探究】 【2015陕西】18. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to
20、see his mother good care of at home.A. taking B. taken C. take D. be taken 【答案】B【解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr. Lee 很高兴看见妈妈被照顾得很好。his mother 和 take care of 是被动关系，用过去分词做宾语补足语，所以选 B。考点三、非谓语动词的否定式、进行式、完成式和被动式例 3、(2016新课标，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _(create)special designs.【答案】t
21、o create 【解析】句意：熟练的工匠也把硬木和金属结合在一起制作特殊的图案。此处为动词不定式作目的状语。【变式探究】 【2015浙江】18. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it live is quite another.A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed【答案】D1(2016新课标，66)a TV show in the mid1980s，when I was the first Western TV reporter_(per
22、mit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.- 8 -【答案】permitted 【解析】句意：那时我是第一个被允许拍摄一个特殊的关于照料的单元的西方电视台记者。TV reporter 和 permit 之间是被动关系，用过去分词作后置定语。2(2016新课标，67)My ambassadorial duties will include _(introduce)British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and othe
23、rs at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.【答案】introducing 【解析】句意：我的大使职责将包括把英国参观者介绍给成都的 120 多只大熊猫及其他一些在碧峰峡雾山中一个研究中心里的熊猫们。include 为及物动词，后面应用动名词形式作宾语。3(2016新课标，49)If you find something you love doing outside of the office，youll be less likely _(bring)your work home.【答案】to bring 【解析】句意
24、：如果你在办公室外面发现了你喜欢做的事情，你就不太可能把工作带回家去做。be likely to do sth.“可能做某事” 。4(2016新课标，63)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal _(create)special designs.【答案】to create 【解析】句意：熟练的工匠也把硬木和金属结合在一起制作特殊的图案。此处为动词不定式作目的状语。5(2016新课标，64)People probably cooked their food in large pots，_(use)twigs(树枝)to r
25、emove it.【答案】using 【解析】句意：人们或许在大锅中做饭，用树枝把它弄出来。主语 people 与 use 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作伴随状语。6(2016四川，64)For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something _(eat)!【答案】to eat 【解析】句意：她 25 天都没有离开过她的孩子，甚至没找吃的东西。修饰不定代词something 应用动词不定式作后置定语。- 9 -7(2016浙江，1)Are you sure youre ready for the test?No proble
26、m.Im well _(prepare)for it.【答案】prepared 【解析】句意：你确定你准备好考试了吗？没问题。我已经做好准备了。I 作主语，be 动词后要接动词的ed 形式充当表语。8(2016浙江，10)To return to the problem of water pollution，Id like you to look at a study _(conduct)in Australia in 2012.【答案】conducted 9(2016浙江，13)A sudden stop can be a very _(frighten)experience，especia
27、lly if you are travelling at high speed.【答案】frightening 【解析】句意：突然停止会是一次可怕的经历，尤其是如果你正以高速运行的时候。主语是表示物的 A sudden stop，所以 be 动词后面用动词的ing 形式作表语。10(2016浙江，19)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _(work)with students.【答案】working 【解析】句意：我在海上航行和现在做的和学生一起进行的工作一样快乐。这里用现在分词表示伴随。11(2016北京，26)_(make)it
28、easier to get in touch with us，youd better keep this card at hand.【答案】To make 【解析】句意：为了与我们联系更方便一些，你最好把这张卡片随身带着。分析句子成分可知，本空在句中作目的状语，因此用不定式。12(2016北京，28)_(order)over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.【答案】Ordered 【解析】句意：这些书是一个星期以前订购的，现在随时都可能到货。本空动词位于句首，不是祈使句，须用非谓语动词；order 与 books
29、 是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词作- 10 -状语表示被动或已发生。13(2016北京，32)Newlybuilt wooden cottages line the street，_(turn)the old town into a dreamland.【答案】turning 14(2016天津，4)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，_(make)air conditioning unnecessary.【答案】making 【解析】句意：凉爽的风通过卧室的窗户吹进来，没有必要开空调了。此处表示顺其自然的结果，The coo
30、ling wind 与 make 是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作结果状语。1.(2015江苏，24)Much time (spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.解析 句意：大部分时间坐办公桌，办公室职员通常被健康问题所困扰。time 与 spend之间构成被动关系，另外该题实际考查了非谓语动词的独立主格结构。答案 spent2.(2015湖南，30)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smil
31、e, she stood rooted to the ground, (wonder)whether to stay or leave.解析 句意：当店员看到一张充满善意的脸上挂着满怀歉意的微笑时，她呆呆地站在原地，不知该走还是不走。wondering 是现在分词作伴随状语，修饰动词 stood。答案 wondering3.(2015湖南，34)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students (talk)over what is bothering them.解析 句意：有时候我充当同学们的倾诉对象，让他们通过倾诉释放心头的烦心事。
32、for sb to do sth 是不定式的复合结构，在句中作定语，修饰 a listening ear。答案 to talk4.(2015北京，21) (catch)the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.解析 句意：为了赶上早班飞机，我们提前预定了出租车并且很早就起了床。此处用不定式作目的状语，表示提前预定出租车并且早起的目的。- 11 -答案 To catch5.(2015北京，23)The park was full of people, (enjoy)themselves in the
33、sunshine.解析 句意：公园里挤满了人，他们在阳光下过得很快乐。people 和 enjoy 之间是主谓关系，且非谓语动词动作与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生，故用现在分词的一般式。答案 enjoying6.(2015北京，31)If (accept)for the job, youll be informed soon.解析 句意：如果录用你做这份工作，你将会很快得到通知。句子的主语 you 和动词accept 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。答案 accepted7.(2015浙江，18)Listening to music at home is one thing, going
34、to hear it (perform)live is quite another.答案 being performed8. (2015重庆， 6) (raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.解析 句意：因为是在 Glasgow 最贫穷的地区被抚养大，成为一名足球明星，他走过了一段很长很艰苦的路。分析句子成分可知此处是非谓语动词作状语，he 和 raise 之间是被动关系，故用过去分词作状语。答案 Raised9.(2015重庆，11)Like anci
35、ent sailors, birds can find their way (use)the sun and the stars.解析 句意：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use 与其句中隐含的逻辑主语 birds 之间为主动关系，故用 v.ing 形式的一般式，在句中作伴随状语，表示与 find 同时发生。答案 using10.(2015陕西，17)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on (thank)all the people who had
36、helped in her career.- 12 -解析 句意：在获得奥斯卡最佳女演员提名奖之后，安妮本尼迪克特继续感谢那些所有在她的事业中帮助她的人。考查固定搭配。go on to do 继续做另一件事；go on doing继续做同一件事。获奖和帮助是两件事。答案 to thank11.(2015陕西，18)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother (take)good care of at home.答案 taken12.(2015天津，5) (abso
37、rb)in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.解析 句意：沉迷于绘画中，约翰没有注意时间已到了傍晚。考查非谓语动词。此处的Absorbed in painting 相当于原因状语从句 Because he was absorbed in painting 的省略。答案 Absorbed13.(2015天津，8) (work)for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.解析 句意：工作了两天后，史蒂夫设法准时完成了报告。考查非谓语动词。动词 work与句子主
38、语 Steve 之间为主谓关系，故要用现在分词，同时 work 的动作发生在谓语动词managed to finish 之前，故要用完成时形式。答案 Having worked14.(2015安徽，27) (ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.解析 句意：忽视两者研究成果的区别将是你犯的最糟糕的错误之一。 考查非谓语动词的句法功能； 该题考查动名词作主语。答案 Ignoring15.(2015福建，28) (learn)more ab
39、out Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.- 13 -解析 句意：为了了解更多的中国文化，杰克决定选择中国民族音乐作为选修课。考查非谓语动词作目的状语。逗号后面没有连词，可以判断此处应填非谓语动词。答案 To learn16.(2015福建，33)In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared， (combine)the sense of “information” and “atmosphere
40、”.解析 句意：最近几年，一个英语单词“infosphere”出现了，感觉是把“information”和“atmosphere”两个词结合在了一起。考查非谓语动词作状语，combine和其逻辑主语 word 是主动关系。答案 combining1.（2014 安徽卷）32While waiting for the opportunity to get , Henry did his best to perform his duty.A. promote B. promoted C. promoting D. to promote【考点】考察谓语动词用法【答案】B2.（2014 北京卷）28.
41、 There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.A. solving B. solvedC. being solved D.to be solved【考点】考察非谓语动词用法【答案】D【解析】本题考察的是非谓语动词的基本用法。现在分词 doing 表示主动或者正在进行的动作；过去分词 done 表示被动或者已经完成的动作，不定式 to do 表示主动或者将要发生的动作。句意：在我们准备在月球上长期生活之前，还有很多问题有待于解决。根据句意可知很多问题还没有被解决，都是未来将要发生的
42、事情，所以使用不定式。而这些问题又是要被解决的，所以使用不定式的被动语态。故 D 正确。3.（2014 大纲卷）23. Toady there are more airplanes _ more people than - 14 -ever before in the skies.A. carry B. carrying C. carried D. to be carrying 【考点】考察非谓语动词【答案】B【解析】本题查看的是非谓语动词中的分词做定语用法。动词 carry 与前面的名词airplanes 构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以使用现在分词短语 carrying more people
43、than ever before 在句中做定语。相当于短语从句 which carry more people than ever before.句义：现在太空中有更多的能够运载比以前的飞机运载更多的乘客的飞机。故 B 正确。4.（2014 天津卷）7. Clearly and thoughtfully_, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.A. writing B. to write C. written D. being written【考点】考察非谓语动词用法【答案】C5
44、.（2014 重庆卷 ）5. The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _ to our shop for quality problems.A.turning B. returned C. to turn D. to be returned 【考点】考察非谓语动词【答案】B【解析】本题考察的是非谓语动词中分词做定语的用法。本句中的动词 return 与前面的名词 cameras 构成逻辑上的被动关系，所以使用过去分词短语在句中做定语来修饰cameras，从语法作用上来说相当于一个定语从句 which are returned .。
45、D 项中使用的是不定式的被动形式，表示的将来要发生的事情。句意：这位生产商经常过来收集因为质量问题被退还的相机。故 B 正确。6.（2014 重庆卷 ）11.Group activities will be organized after class _children develop team spirit.- 15 -A. helping B. having helped C. helped D. to help【考点】考察非谓语动词用法【答案】D【解析】本题考察的不定式做目的状语的用法。句意：为了帮助培养孩子的团队精神，课后将要组织很多的集体活动。本句中的不定式短语 to help ch
46、ildren develop team spirit 在句中做目的状语，表示组织很多集体活动的目的。其余三项通常都不用做目的状语。故 B 正确。7.（2014 福建卷）30. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying_.A. connected B. connecting C. to connect D. to be connected【考点】考察非谓语动词用法【答案】A【解析】系动词 stay/get 后面经常接过去分词转换的形容词，
47、如 get paid 获得报酬。Get burnt 被烫伤；本句中的 stay connected 保持联系。句义：对于那些家人在远方的人，电脑和电话在和家人保持联系方面是很重要的。故 A 正确。8.（2014 湖南卷）23._your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.A. Understanding B. To be understoodC. Being understood D. Having understood【
48、考点】考察非谓语动词【答案】A 9.（2014 湖南卷）27. There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, _at the night sky.A. to stare B. staring C. stared D, having stared【考点】考察非谓语动词【答案】B- 16 -【解析】本题考察的是非谓语动词做状语的用法。前面句中的隐含主语是 I，主语 I 和后面的动词 stare 之间构成主动关系，所以使用现在分词做状语，表示该动词与前面句中的动词同时发生。句义：没有什么快乐可能和躺着草地上看着夜晚的天空更让人快乐！A 项不定式表示的将来的动作故 B 正确。10.（2014 湖南卷）35. ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thoughtand inner quietness.A. Having freed B. Freed C. To free D. Freei
