1、Splanchnology 内脏学,down,The General Description,Definition the study of morphological and structural features of the visceral organs of four systems: digestive system; respiratory system; urinary system and reproductive system.Main Functions perform the metabolism and reproducing the life of the spec
2、ies.,I. The classification of viscera,) The tubular organs 空腔脏器 layers of tubular organ mucosa 粘膜 submucosa 粘膜下层 muscular coats 肌层 serosa/adventitia 外膜,Up,down,) Parenchymatous organs,Have not invariable cavity.Formed by cell mass.Encased in a thin fibrous capsule, and these fibrous tissue pass into
3、 the interior to divide the tissue into small units known as lobules.Most of them belong to the glandular structure with the secreting epithelial cells.,hilum or porta: the somewhat depression or slit on the surface of the viscus named hilum or porta, where the vessels, nerves and other important st
4、ructures, which form the root of the viscus, enter or leave the viscus. Such as hilum of lung, the porta hepatis, etc.,. The reference line and abdominal regions,) The reference lines of the thorax anterior median line sternal line midclavicular line parasternal line,Up,down,anterior axillary linepo
5、sterior axillary linemidaxillary linescapular lineparavertebral lineposterior median line,Up,down,) Abdominal regions quadrants method left upper quadrant right upper quadrant left lower quadrant right lower quadrant,Up,down,hypochondriac region,epigastric region,lumbar region,umbilical,iliac or ing
6、uinal,hypogastric,nine-area method,The Digestive System,Up,down,Composition,Digestive tube,Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine,Duodenum,Jejunum,Ileum,Digestive glands,Upper digestivetract,Lower digestive tract,Major salivary glandsLiver Pancreas,Section 1 The Oral Cavity,
7、Consists of two parts:Oral vestibule : between cheeks, lip and teethOral cavity proper: within arch of teeth,Up,down,I. Oral lips,II. CheekPapilla of parotid duct,. Palate,Two partsHard palate: anterior 2/3Soft palate: posterior 1/3 important structures:Palatine velum Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palato
8、pharyngeal archPalatine tonsil,Isthmus of fauces 咽峡 formed by posterior border of velum , both side of palatoglossal arches, and root of tongue. it is the mark to separate oral cavity from pharynx.,. Teeth,) Classification and arrangement General featuresTwo sets of teeth: Deciduous teeth 乳牙 Permane
9、nt teeth 恒牙Classification: Incisors 切牙 Canine 尖牙Premolars 前磨牙 Molars 磨牙,Deciduous teeth: are 20 in numberTen teeth in each mandibular and maxillary archCentral incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first molar and second molar in each quadrantUpper jaw total 20Lower jaw in. in. can. mol. mol.,Up,down,Pe
10、rmanent teeth (adult): are 32 in number Sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary archTwo incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each quadrant Upper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 total 32 Lower jaw,Up,down,Up,down,) Shape and structures:Each tooth divides into 3 partscrown 冠neck 颈root 根Each t
11、ooth consists of: dentine牙质, enamel牙釉质, dental cavity牙髓腔， dental pulp牙髓, root canal牙根管 and apical foramen根尖孔. periodontal membrane牙周膜,Up,down,Periodontal tissue 牙周组织Periodontal membrane 牙周膜alveolar bone 牙槽骨gum ( gingiva )牙龈,Up,down,. Tongue muscular organ covered by mucous membrane,) shape: The tong
12、ue is divided three parts by v-shaped terminal sulcus body of tongue ant 2/3， apex of tongue root of tongue post 1/3,Up,down,) Lingual mucous membrane Papillae of tongue 舌乳头 filiform papillae 丝状乳头 fungiform papillae 菌状乳头foliate papillae叶状乳头 vallate papillae轮廓乳头 taste buds味蕾Lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体 masses
13、 of lymphoid tissue on the root of tongue,Up,down,Inferior surface of tongue Frenulum of tongue 舌系带 Sublingual caruncle 舌下阜Sublingual fold 舌下襞,Up,down,) Muscles of tongue Intrinsic muscles of tongue action: change the shape of tongue Extrinsic muscles of tongue action: change the location of tongue
14、Genioglossus 颏舌肌 Action: acting together draw tongue forward and downward; acting alone making apex of tongue to the opposite side.,Up,down,. Major salivary glands 唾液腺,) Parotid gland 腮腺 location: ant. and inf. to the auricle shape: three sided pyramids in shape opening of the parotid duct: the chee
15、k mucous membrane opposite the second molar of upper jaw,Up,down,) Submandibular gland 下颌下腺Location: lies medial to the body of mandibleShape: oval in shapeOpening of duct: duct opens on to sublingual caruncle,Up,down,) Sublingual gland 舌下腺location: situated beneath the sublingual foldShape: oval in
16、 shapeOpening of Ducts: Major ductopens onto the sublingual caruncleMinor ductsopen onto the sublingual fold,Up,down,Section two The Pharynx 咽,I. Location and general featuresExtends from base of skull to the inferior border of C6 level.Parts: Three parts nasopharynx 鼻咽 oropharynx 口咽 laryngopharynx
17、喉咽,Up,down,) Nasopharynx 鼻咽 posterior to nasal cavityStructures:Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 咽鼓管咽口 Tubal torus咽鼓管圆枕Pharyngeal recess咽隐窝) Oropharynx 口咽 posterior to oral cavity structures: palatine tonsil 颚扁桃体,Pharyngeal Lymphatic ring 咽淋巴环consists of pharyngeal tonsil咽扁桃体, tubal tonsil咽鼓管扁桃体,
18、 palatine tonsil 腭扁桃体, and lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体 forming a circular ring of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmus。,Up,down,) Laryngopharynx 喉咽 important structures:Piriform recess梨形隐窝 a deep depression on each side of aperture of larynx, is the place where foreign objects usually lodge.,Up,down,Sec
19、tion 3 The Esophagus 食管,parts: Cervical part Thoracic partAbdominal part,Up,down,II. Three constricted partsThe first: at its beginning, 15cm from incisors The second: where it is crossed by left main bronchus, 25cm from incisorsThe third: where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm,
20、40cm from incisors,Up,End,The significance of the constricted parts: foreign objects sometimes are lodged in the constricted part of esophagus esophageal cancer usually occur in the constricted part of esophagus,The Stomach,Shape: sack likeTwo surface: anterior and posteriorTwo curvatureslesser curv
21、ature, near its lower part is angular notchgreater curvature Two openingscardia pylorus,Four partscardiac part fundus of stomach body of stomach pyloric part pyloric antrum pyloric canal,Location: Main parts is situated in the left hypochondriac region, small in the epigastric regionImportant struct
22、ures: pyloric sphincter pyloric valves,The Small Intestine小肠,About 5-7m long, Divides into three parts: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum,Duodenum,Four parts superior partduodenal bulb descending part major duodenal papilla horizontal part ascending part duodenojejunal flexure Suspensory muscle of duodenum (li
23、gament of Treitz),suspensory lig. of duodenum ( treitz lig. ):Formed by suspensory m. of duodenum covered by peritoneum. It is the landmark to indicate the beginning of jejunum.,Jejunum and ileumNo line of demarcation, but subtle differences,Jejunum,ileum,Location,Upper 2/5,Lower 3/5,lymphoid follic
24、les,Wall,Thicker,Thinner,Circular fold,higher,Lower,blood supply,More,Less,Color,Paler,Pinker,Caliber,Larger,smaller,Mesentery,Thinner,Thicker,Aggregated,Solitary,Large Intestine,Is divided into five parts: cecum vermiform appendix colon rectum anal canal,Large Intestine 大肠,External features of colo
25、n and cecum:colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices,Cecum 盲肠,Shape: blind sac in shapeLocation: lies in right iliac fossaInportant structures: ileocecal valve ileocecal orifice,Vermiform appendix 阑尾,Shape: Blind worm-like tubeLocation: in the right iliac fossaHow to find out the vermiform a
26、ppendix during operation: three colic bands converge to the root of vermiform appendix,Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix ( McBurneys point ) which is at junction of lateral and middle thirds of line joining right anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus,Colon 结肠,Parts:Ascending
27、 colonright colic flexure Transverse colon left colic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon,Rectum 直肠,two curvatures in the sagittal plane sacral flexure perineal flexureLower part of rectum dilated to form ampulla of rectum Three transverse folds of rectum,Anal canal 肛管,important structures:anal c
28、olumns anal valves anal sinuses Dentate lineanal pecten white line anus anal sphincters Internal anal sphincter m. External anal sphincter m.,The Liver 肝,Shape: wedge shapedTwo surfacesDiaphragmatic surface (upper surface)Convex and smoothDivided into right and left lobes by falciform lig. of liver
29、Visceral surface (inf. surface),Visceral surface has a H-shaped fissures and groovesLeft limb of H Anteriorly: fissure for round lig. of liverPosteriorly: fissure for venous lig. Right limb of H Anteriorly: fossa for gallbladder Posteriorly: sulcus for vena cava,Cross-bar of H is the porta hepatic 肝
30、门: traversed by right and left hepatic ducts, left and right branches of proper hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein, nerves and lymphatic vessels. hepatic pedicle 肝蒂Four lobes: left, right, quadrate and caudate lobes,Position: most of liver lies in the right hypochondriac region and epigastric re
31、gion, small part extending into the left hypochondriac region,Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus,Consists of:gallbladder left and right hepatic ducts common hepatic ductcystic ductcommon bile duct,Gallbladder 胆囊,Position : lies in fossa for gallbladder Shape and parts:fundus of gallbladder Surface proje
32、ction of fundus: at the junction of right midclavicular line and right costal arch body of gallbladder neck of gallbladder cystic duct,Biliary duct system,Right and left hepatic ducts unite to form the common hepatic ductCystic duct joins common hepatic duct to form common bile ductCommon bile duct
33、and pancreatic duct usually unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla,Drainage of the bile:1. When not in the state of digestion: the gallbladder is dilated, but the hepatopancreatic sphincter is contracted the bile from liver left and right hepatic duct common hepatic duct cystic duct gallbladder
34、( for storage and concentration ),When in the state of digestion: the gallbladder contracts, the hepatopancreatic sphincter muscle dilates bile from liver left and right hepatic duct common hepatic duct bile from gallbladder cystic duct common bile duct major duodenal papilla duodenum,The Pancreas 胰,Shape and PositionA soft yellowish lobulated glandLies behind the peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall, roughly at the level of of L1L2,Parts:It is divided into:Head NeckBodyTail,Pancreatic ductMain Pancreatic ductAccessory pancreatic ductPancreatic islets: secretes insulin,
