1、Hall Current Sensor and Its ApplicationIn the modern society, the information demand is huger and huger, and sensors play an important role in the information acquisition. They can turn all kinds of physical information, according to certain rules, into measurable electrical signal. Based on the cha
2、nges of electrical signals we measured, and the related physical information relationship, we can gain the measured physical information changes or size.According to the working principle of the sensor, we can divide the sensors into many types, such as photoelectric sensor, charge sensors, potentia
3、l type sensor, semiconductor sensor, the electricity sensor, magnetic sensor, resonant sensor, electric chemical formula sensor etc.Hall sensor is the use of hall element based on the Hall effect principle, which can concert the physical information, such as current, magnetic field, the displacement
4、, pressure, etc, into electromotive force output. It belongs to the potential type sensor. At present, this kind of sensor is mainly hall integrated circuit and the core unit is based on the Hall effect, which is made through the integrated circuit technology. So it is not only a kind of integrated
5、circuit, but a kind of magnetic sensor.According to the actual application, this article is mainly about the hall current sensor.1. Hall effectWhen we place a metal or semiconductor wafer in a magnetic field, and if there is a current through it, it will produce electromotive force in the perpendicu
6、lar direction of the electric and magnetic field, calling this kind of physical phenomenon Hall effect.Figure 1 Hall effect principle diagramUnder the action of the Lorentz force generated in the magnetic field, the carrier of energized semiconductor chip, deflect and accumulate respectively on both
7、 sides of the chip, thus forming a electric field, called the Hall electric field. Hall electric field produces electric field force which is contrary to the Lorentz force, hindering carrier to continue to pile up, until the hall electric field force equal with the Lorentz force. At this time, it wi
8、ll set up a stable voltage on both sides of the chip, and this is the hall voltage.2. Hall current sensorAlong with the urban population and the expansion of the construction scale of the city, and the increasing of all kinds of electric equipment, power consumption is bigger and bigger. The power s
9、upply equipment of the city often overload , while power environment becomes more and more bad, the “test“ to the power being more and more serious. Thus, the problems in the power supply come out more and more apparently . Now, small power supply equipment has been combined with more and more new t
10、echnology. For example, switch power supply, hard switch, soft switch, parameter voltage regulator, linear feedback voltage regulator, magnetic amplifier technology, numerical control pressure regulation, PWM, SPWM, electromagnetic compatibility, etc. The actual demands directly promote power techno
11、logy development and progress. In order to detect and display current automatically, and the automatic protection function and more advanced intelligent control when the harm such as over current, over voltage occurs, the power supply technology with sensing detection, sensing sampling and sensing p
12、rotection becomes a trend. Sensors of detecting current or voltage, called Hall current sensor, come into being, and quickly become the favorite of the designers of the power supply in our country.2.1 The performance characteristics of Hall current sensorHall current sensor has superior performance,
13、 and it is a kind of advanced electric detecting element, which can isolate the main circuit loop and electronic control circuit. It has all the advantages of transformers and shunts, and at the same time, overcomes their disadvantages (transformer can be only applied to the power frequency measurem
14、ent, 50 Hz; shunt is unable to do isolation measurement). Using the same one hall current sensor module detecting element not only can test AC, but also can detect DC, even can detect transient peak. It has the following performance characteristics. Measure the arbitrary waveform current, such as DC
15、, AC, and even to transient peak parameters measurement; High precision. General Hall current sensor modules precision in the work area is higher than 1%, and the precision is suitable for any waveform measurement; The linearity is better than 0.5%; Good dynamic performance. The dynamic response tim
16、e of general Hall sensor module is less than 7s, and the tracking speed di/dt is above 50A/s; Working band wide. It can work in the frequency range from 0 to 20 KHZ very well; Strong overload ability. Wide measurement range （010000A ）; High reliability. The average trouble-free working is more than
17、5 x 10000 hours; Small size, light weight, easy to install and it will not bring any loss to the system.In view of the above high performance characteristics, the Hall current sensors gain the wide applications.2.2 The principle of Hall current sensorHall current sensor can measure all kinds of curr
18、ent, from DC to AC of dozens of thousand Hertz. The basis principle of working is mainly Hall effect principle.2.2.1 Open loop current sensorWhen the primary side current Ip flows through a long wire, it will produce a magnetic field around the wire, and the size of the magnetic field is proportiona
19、l to the current through the wire, the magnetic field gathering inside the magnetic ring. Through the Hall element between the magnetic ring gap, it measures and output the amplification result, the output voltage Vs reflecting the primary side current Ip accurately. The general rated output is 4V.F
20、igure 2 open loop current sensor principle diagramThis way has many advantages. It has simple structure and is measurable DC, AC and various waveform current. Besides, the precision and linearity of the measurement result is higher. But its measuring range and bandwidth are limited to a certain exte
21、nt. In this application, Hall device is a magnetic detector, It detects the magnetic induction intensity in core magnetic circuit air gap. After the current increases, core may reach saturation; Along with the frequency increasing, the eddy current loss and hysteresis loss of the core also will incr
22、ease. These will influence on the measuring accuracy.Through this method, the result will output in the form of voltage signal and its easy to come true in the attachment.2.2.2 Closed loop current sensorFigure 3 closed loop current sensor principle diagramMagnetic balanced current sensor Is also cal
23、led compensation sensor. It means the magnetic field which is produced by the primary side current Ip in poly beads space of generated was compensated with the magnetic fields which is produced by a secondary coil current. Its offset current Is an accurate reflection of the original edge current Ip,
24、 so that the hall device stay in the detecting zero flux working condition.Closed loop current sensor is also called compensation sensor. It means the magnetic field which is generated by the primary side current Ip in poly beads space was compensated through the magnetic fields which is generated b
25、y a secondary coil current. Its offset current Is reflects the primary side current Ip accurately, so that the Hall device stay in the detecting zero flux working condition.The specific work process of the magnetic balanced current sensor is: when a current flows through the main circuit, the magnet
26、ic field generated on the wires is gathered by poly beads and inducted to the hall device, using the output signal to drive power tube and make it conduct, so that we can get a compensation current Is. The current then produce a magnetic field through multicircuit winding, contrary to the one that g
27、enerated by the measured current, thus compensating the original magnetic field and making the Hall devices output decrease gradually. When Ip becomes the same as the magnetic fields produced by the number of turns multiplication, Is will no longer increase. At the time, the Hall device can instruct
28、 the zero flux. and we can test Ip though Is. When Ip changes, the balance will be damaged and the Hall device will have a output signal, so, then it will repeat the above process to achieve balance again. Any changes of the measured current will disrupt the balance. Once the magnetic field is out o
29、f balance, Hall device will have signal output. After the power amplifier, there will have corresponding current through the secondary winding to compensate the unbalanced magnetic field immediately. The time for magnetic field to change from unbalance to balance again needs less than 1 s in theory.
30、 This is a dynamic balance process. Therefore, from the macroscopic point of view, the ampere-turns number of the secondary compensation current is the same as the ampere turns of primary measured current in any time.When it becomes balance, Hall device will stay in zero flux state. The magnetic ind
31、uction intensity of the core is extremely low (ideal state should be 0).It wont make the core saturation, and also wont produce big hysteresis loss or eddy current loss. Choosing the core materials and line element properly can make out excellent zero magnetic power circuit sensors.The output that m
32、easured in this way will be the current signal. If you want the voltage signal, you can connect a load at the output, and then it can be converted into voltage output.2.3 The application of Hall current sensor in intelligent power gridBecause the Hall current sensor can measure all kinds of current
33、and it has a very big measuring range, high precision, good linearity, and ease of installation, so it has a very widely used. Here is the main explanation in the application of intelligent power grid.Along with the vigorous development of the modern society, not the industrial electricity, but life
34、 electricity increases in a sharp, making all kinds of work constantly increase which greatly increase the burden of the staff. In order to have a reasonable electricity distribution, as well as complete circuit fault detection more efficiently, we use the Hall current sensor in power grid, along wi
35、th all kinds of infrastructure, to realize the intelligent power network, so as to realize the high efficiency utilization of electricity.Because the installation of Hall current sensor is simple, we articulate hall current sensor module directly in measuring circuit, if enough, covering the area is
36、 quite large, so that it can gain the current information of each branch. Complementary with wireless communication module, it can transmit the measured signal to console in time. In console, we can process these signals very well, and then accurately obtain the whole grid electricity information at
37、 this time, so that we can distribute the electricity reasonably.In a period of time, if some branches broke down, we only need to operate the console and inquiry those abnormal current detection signal. Then, according to relevant position information, we can quickly narrow the scope of the failure
38、, so as to realize efficient troubleshooting and solving.In our experiment, we adapt the open loop current sensor, CS020G. Its circuit connection diagram is shown in figure 4:Figure 4 Hall current sensor connection diagram in the circuitFigure 5 Hall sensor current application schematic diagram3. Su
39、mmaryWith the research development, the use of the sensor will be more frequent and its function and integration will also be a more powerful. In measuring accuracy, flexibility, etc, they will also have a good ascension. Although the two Hall current sensors mentioned above meet the accuracy of mea
40、surement and linear degrees in a certain extent, they require magnetic field and Hall element vertical. So we must increase beads, this directly leads to the increase of the volume. In addition, they are sensitive to the variation of the temperature, and output voltage is also too small. Therefore,
41、in many aspects, they need to compensate and improvement. High demands promote the development of the sensor.霍尔电流传感器及其应用在现代社会中，信息化的需求越来越庞大，传感器的信息采集中发挥了重要作用。他们可以把各种物理信息，按照一定的规则，为可测量的电信号。我们所测量的电信号，以及相关的物理信息的关系的变化的基础上，我们可以得到所测量的物理信息的变化或大小。根据该传感器的工作原理，我们可以划分成多种类型的传感器，如光电传感器，电荷传感器，电位型传感器，半导体传感器，电传感器，磁传感器
42、，谐振式传感器，电动化学式传感器等。霍尔传感器是利用霍尔元件的霍尔效应原理，可以音乐会的物理信息，如电流，磁场，位移，压力等，为电动势输出。它属于电位型传感器。目前，这种传感器主要是霍尔集成电路的核心单元是基于霍尔效应，这是由通过集成电路技术。因此，它不仅是一种集成电路，而是一种磁传感器。本文根据实际的应用，主要是霍尔电流传感器。霍尔效应当我们的金属或半导体晶片放置在一个磁场，并且如果有一个通过它的电流，它会产生电动势，在垂直方向上的电场和磁场，调用此种物理现象霍尔效应。图 1 霍尔效应原理图的磁场中产生的洛伦兹力的作用下，通电的半导体芯片的载体，偏转和积累分别在芯片的两侧，从而形成一个电场，
43、称为霍尔电场。霍尔电场产生的电场力，这是相反的洛伦兹力，阻碍了继续堆积，直到大厅等于电场力与洛仑兹力的载体。芯片的两侧上，此时，将设置一个稳定的电压，这是霍尔电压。霍尔电流传感器随着城市人口和城市建设规模的扩大， 以及各种电气设备的增加，功耗也越做越大。城市的供电设备经常超载，而电源环境变得越来越坏， “测试” 的权力越来越严重。因此，电源的问题越来越多的显然出来。现在，小功率电源设备已经越来越多的新技术相结合。例如，开关电源，硬切换，软切换，参数稳压器，线性反馈稳压器，磁放大器技术，数控压力调节，PWM，SPWM，电磁兼容等实际需求直接推动电源技术的发展和进步。为了检测并显示当前自动，自动保
44、护功能和更先进的智能控制，过电流，过电压的危害，如发生时，电源技术与传感检测，传感采样，传感保护已成为一种趋势。传感器检测电流或电压，所谓的霍尔电流传感器应运而生，并迅速成为最喜爱的设计师在我国的电源。2.1 霍尔电流传感器的性能特性霍尔电流传感器具有优越的性能，并且它是一种先进的电检测元件，它可以隔离的主回路和电子控制电路。它有变压器和分流器的所有优点，并且在同一时间，克服了它们的缺点（变压器可以只施加的电源频率 的测量，50 赫兹，分流器是无法做隔离测量） 。使用同一个霍尔电流传感器模块检测元素，不仅可以测试 AC，但也可以检测直流，甚至可以检测瞬时峰值。它具有下列性能特点。测量任意波形的
45、电流，如 DC，AC，乃至瞬态峰值参数测量的;精度高。在工作 区中的一般霍尔电流传感器模块的精度高于 1，并且是适用于任何波形测量精度;线性度优于 0.5;良好的动态性能。一般的霍尔传感器模块的动态响应时间小于为 7s，跟踪速度 di / dt 是上述 50A/s;工作频段宽。它可以工作在频率范围从 0 到 20 KHZ 非常好;过载能力强。测量范围宽（010000A）;高可靠性。平均无故障工作是超过 510000 小时 ;体积小，重量轻，易于安装和系统不会带来任何损失。鉴于上述的高性能特性，霍尔电流传感器获得了广泛的应用。2.2 霍尔电流传感器的原理霍尔电流传感器可以测量各种电流，从 DC
46、到 AC 几十千赫兹。工作的基本原理主要是霍尔效应原理。开环电流传感器当初级侧电流 Ip 流通过一个长的导线，它会在导线周围产生一个磁场，并且磁场的大小成比例的电流通过电线，收集磁性环内的磁场。通过霍尔元件之间的磁性环间隙，它可以测量和输出的放大的结果，精确地反映的初级侧电流 Ip 的输出电压 Vs。一般的额定输出为 4V。图 2 开环电流传感器的原理图此方式具有许多优点。它具有结构简单，可测量直流，交流和各种波形的电流。此外，较高的测量结果的精度和线性。但是，它的测量范围和带宽被限制到一定程度。在此应用中，霍尔器件的磁检测器，它检测铁心磁路的气隙中的磁感应强度。电流增大后，芯可以达到饱和，随
47、着频率的增加，涡流损耗和磁滞损耗的核心也将增加。这些会影响测量精度。通过这种方法，结果将输出的电压信号的形式，并可以很容易地在附件成真。闭环电流传感器图 3 闭环电流传感器的原理图磁平衡电流传感器也称为补偿传感器。这意味着被补偿，所产生的二次线圈电流的磁场的磁场所产生的初级侧电流 Ip 在聚珠的生成空间。其偏置电流准确地反映原边电流 Ip，从而使霍尔器件停留在检测零磁通的工作状态。闭环电流传感器也被称为补偿用的传感器。这意味着，通过其中的二次线圈中的电流所产生的磁场进行补偿的磁场所产生的初级侧电流 Ip 在聚珠空间。其偏移量的电流 Is，使准确地反映的初级侧电流 Ip 的霍尔器件留在检测零磁通
48、的工作状态。的磁平衡的电流传感器的具体工作过程是：当有电流流过的主电路，产生的磁场的导线上收集的聚珠，并引导到大厅的移动设备，使用的输出信号，以驱动功率管和使进行，因此，我们可以得到一个补偿电流。然后，电流产生的磁场，从而通过多回路绕组，所产生的测得的电流中的一项相反补偿原来的磁场，使霍尔器件的输出逐渐减小。当叶变得相同，产生的磁场的匝数由数量乘法，是将不再增加。的霍尔器件的时候，可以指示零磁通。我们虽然是测试 IP。因此，当 IP 变化，平衡将被破坏，将有霍尔器件的输出信号，然后将重复上述过程再次达到平衡。测得的电流的任何变化会破坏平衡。一旦磁场失去平衡，霍尔器件将信号输出。在功率放大器之后
49、，将有相应的电流通过次级绕组立即补偿不平衡的磁场。磁场来改变从不平衡再次平衡的时间需要小于 1s 的理论。这是一个动态的平衡过程。因此，从宏观的角度来看，安培匝数二次补偿电流的数量是相同的安匝的主要测得的电流在任何时间。当它变得平衡，霍尔器件将保持在零磁通状态。的核心是磁感应强度极低（理想状态应为 0） ，它不会使磁芯饱和，也不会产生大的磁滞损耗涡流损耗。选择正确的核心材料和线单元可以了良好的零磁电源电路传感器。以这种方式测量的输出将是电流信号。如果你想的电压信号，你就可以在输出端连接负载，那么它可以被转换成电压输出。2.3 霍尔电流传感器在智能电网中的应用由于霍尔电流传感器可以测量各种电流，它有一个非常大的测量范围，精度高，线性度好，且易于安装，因此它具有非常广泛的应用。这里是主要的解释智能电网的应用。随着蓬勃发展的现代社会，而不是工业用电，但生活用电的急剧增加，使各项工作不断增加，大大提高了工作人员的负担。为了更有效地，有一个合理的电力分配，以及完整的电路故障检测使用霍尔电流传感器在电网，随着各种基础设施，以实现智能化的电网，以实现高效率利用电力。由于霍尔电流传感器的安装是简单的，我们阐明霍尔电流传感器模块直接在测量电路中，如果有足够的，覆盖的面积是相当大的，以便它能够获得各分支的当前信息。互补的无线通信模块
