1、.词汇过关1_ adj.难以置信的_(反义词)_v相信_n信任；信心2_v漫游；漂泊3_vt.发现；认出_n斑点；污点4_n过错；责任5_v认为；说明；总计有_n说明；理由答案：1.unbelievable; believable; believe；belief2.wander 3spot; spot4.fault5.account; account,.短语自查1抚养；教育_2前进；可以_3导致；做出解释_4与此相反；正相反_答案：1.bring up2.go ahead3.account for4.on the contrary,.语法练习根据句子语境，给下列句子填上适当的连接词1Mothe
2、r was pleased_her daughter had passed the college entrance exams.2That is _he likes the place so much.3That is_he told us at the meeting4This is_the whole ant city is fed.5He didnt pass the examination. That is_he didnt follow the teachers advice.6That village is said to be_Chairman Mao once lived.,
3、7My question is_it will take us to get to the airport. Will an hour be enough?8You can buy_you want from the supermarket.9The teacher will give the prize to_works out the problem first.10It looks_it is going to snow.答案：1.that2.why3.what4.how5.because6.where7.how long8.what/whatever9.whoever10.as if/
4、as though,语法专区名词性从句(一)名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句具有三种从句结构： 以that引导的分句；that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不作任何成分，本身也没有词义。 以wh引导的wh分句；wh词包括who, whom, whose, what, which等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。 以whatever/whenever等引导的从句(注：此部分内容将在以后的学习中逐步讲解)。,引导名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类： 连接词：that, whether，if (不充当从句的任何成分)； 连接代词：what, wha
5、tever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在句中担任主语、宾语或定语)； 连接副词：when, where, how, why(在句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。,1宾语从句主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。 1)当主句谓语动词为现在时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态；当主句谓语为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应的过去时态(但
6、宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时，仍然采用一般现在时)。例如：,Will you tell me how I can keep fit?能告诉我如何保持健康吗？Jack told me that he had been there twice.杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。Long ago, people knew that there are four seasons in a year.很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。 When I was still a child, my mother told me that the sun rises in the east and
7、sets in the west.当我还是个孩子时，妈妈告诉我太阳从东方升起，在西方落下。,2)从句为疑问句时，宾语从句必须采用陈述语序。Do you know what is the matter with him?你知道他出什么事了吗？ I found out why he didnt come to school.我弄明白了他为什么不上学的原因。3)在宾语从句后有宾语补足语时，一般要用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句挪后，以求句子结构上的平衡。I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.我已表明决心执行这个计划。I
8、thought it strange that she failed to call me.我觉得奇怪：她没给我打电话。,4)表示“心理活动”的形容词afraid, certain, disappointed, happy, glad, sure, surprised, satisfied, sorry等，也可以接宾语从句。He was afraid that he would lose.他担心会输。I am sure that I put the money in the box.我肯定把钱放在盒子里了。,5)将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy,
9、imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。这种现象称为“否定转移”现象(此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never, seldom, hardly, little等无此种用法)。I dont think his decision is wise in reality.实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。I dont believe that he is a dishonest man.我认为他是个诚实的人。,6)引导宾语从句时，whether和if常常互换；下列四种情况只用whether，不用if。介词宾语只用wheth
10、er引导。He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling.他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。当whether引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if替换。Whether he will come or not, I am not sure.我无法确认他是否会来。,动词discuss后面只能接whether引导的宾语从句。We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。whether 与or not 直接连用，构成whether or not(注意： whet
11、her/if.or 以及whether/if.or not为正确结构)。I dont care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。,7)引导宾语从句的连词that一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略。Glancing at her scornfully, he told her(that) the dress was sold.他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。The teacher said(that) the text was very important and tha
12、t we should learn it by heart.老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。,8)在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope等动词以及Im afraid之后，可以采用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用not代替否定的宾语从句。例如：Do you believe the news stories?I believe so./I dont believe so/ I believe not.“你相信这个新闻故事吗？”“我相信。/我不相信。”,2表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。1)表语从句
13、必须采用陈述语序。The problem is when she comes back.问题是她何时回来。2)在表达“是否”这一概念时，用whether不用if。The matter is whether he will come and give you a hand.问题是他是否会来帮助你。,3)通常只用that引导表语从句的情况。 句子的主语为the reason时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用because。The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。句子的主语为th
14、e result时，表语从句采用that。The result is that many of them become fat。结果是他们中许多人发胖了。,由why引导的从句作主语时。Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible.我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。,4)as if/ though引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语气，也可采用直陈语气。(具体内容请参阅Unit 1 Festivals around the wo
15、rld的有关内容)。It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。5)在非正式文体中，引导表语从句的that可以省略。The fact is(that) he doesnt agree with you about it.事实是关于这一事件他不同意你的观点。,【牛刀小试】(1)(2010全国33)We havent discussed yet _ we are going to place our new furniture.AwhatBwhichCwhat Dwhere答案：D句意：我们还未讨论将新买的家具放
16、在什么地方。where引导宾语从句，并在从句中作地点状语。,(2)(2010山东26)Before the sales start, I make a list of_my kids will need for the coming season.Awhy BwhatChow Dwhich答案：B考查名词性从句。of为介词，后面缺少宾语；宾语从句中need缺少宾语，因此只有用what才既可引导宾语从句，同时在宾语从句中作need的宾语。,(3)(2010江苏35)I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sund
17、ays.Thats _I dont agree.You should have a more active life.Awhere BhowCwhen Dwhat答案：A句意：我更喜欢星期天把自己关在家里听音乐。这就是我不同意你的地方，你应该有更积极的生活。此处用where引导表语从句，where在从句中作状语，且句意表达通顺，故选A。,(4)(2010全国10)Have you finished the book?No, Ive read up to _the children discover the secret cave.Awhich BwhatCthat Dwhere答案：D考查wh
18、ere 引导的宾语从句句意：你读完这本书了吗？没有，我读到孩子们发现秘密洞穴那个地方。,(5)(2010天津14)As a new graduate，he doesnt know_it takes to start a business here.Ahow BwhatCwhen Dwhich答案：B句意：作为一名新毕业生，他不知道创业需要什么。it take sth to do sth花费干某事。本题考查宾语从句，且从句中缺少take的宾语，故用what。,(6)(2010福建35)We should respect food and think about the people who do
19、nt have _we have here and treat food nicely.Athat BwhichCwhat Dwhether答案：C考查名词性从句。第一个have是及物动词，需加宾语；第二个have也缺少宾语，因此用what引导宾语从句，同时也在从句中作宾语，what相当于anything that。,(7)(2010北京31)I want to be liked and loved for_I am inside.Awho BwhereCwhat Dhow答案：C句意：我想叫人们因为我的内在本质而喜欢我爱我。此题考查宾语从句的用法。what 此处表示“的内容/事情”，相当于“
20、the thing that”。,(8)(2010北京32)Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was_it was rather closely modeled on his own life.Awhat BthatCwhy Dwhether答案：B句意：查里斯狄更斯喜欢他自己的小说大卫科波菲尔的部分原因是该小说是以他自己的生活为模板来写的。此题考查固定句型“The reason is/was that.”的用法。,(9)(2010湖南35)Cindy shut the door
21、 heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew _ she was so angry.Awhere BwhetherCthat Dwhy答案：D句意：辛迪重重地关上门，大哭起来。办公室里没人知道她为什么如此生气。本题考查宾语从句，根据句意，D项正确。,(10)(2010四川14)How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on _ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.Awhat BwhoChow Dwhy答
22、案：B句意：一个人在旅游中玩的高兴程度在很大程度上取决于他是和谁在一起去的，不管是他的朋友还是亲戚。介词on后跟宾语从句， 从句中缺少介词with的宾语，用关系代词，排除C、D；由句意知，应用who。,(11)(2009全国24)Could I speak to_is in charge of International Sales please?Awho BwhatCwhoever Dwhatever答案：Cwhoever既作to的宾语，又作is in charge of International Sales 的主语。引导宾语从句。,(12)(2009北京31)At first he ha
23、ted the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see_it got any better.Awhen BhowCwhy Dif答案：D句意：起初他憎恶这份新工作，但是决定给自己几个月的时间来看一看它是否会变得好一些。本题考查宾语从句的用法。宾语从句主要成分完整，含义和“是否”有关，选择if或whether引导。,(13)(2009湖南28)She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life.Awhichever B
24、howeverCwhatever Dwhoever答案：C本题考查whatever的特殊用法。whatever在句中既作takes的宾语，又引导名词性从句作do的宾语。,(14)(2009山东28)The little girl who got lost decided to remain_she was and wait for her mother.Awhere BwhatChow Dwho 答案：A本题考查连词用法，remain后接状语从句，由句意可知，主句缺地点状语，所以选A。,(15)(2009安徽27)A good friend of mine from_I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.Ahow BwhomCwhen Dwhich答案：C考查了介词后面跟宾语从句。从句中缺少疑问副词，并且表示时间。故用when来引导。句意为“一个我从出生就认识的好朋友在我就要动身去北京的时候来到我家里”。,
