1、成才之路 英语,路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索,人教版 必修4 (通用本),Body language,Unit 4,1.1.1集合的概念,Learning about Language,1.1.1集合的概念,Section ,观察思考用所给词的适当形式填空，并思考探究其与其逻辑主语之间的关系及在句中的功能。Yesterday, another student and I, _(represent) our universitys student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this years
2、international students.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，相当于非限制性_从句)I stood for a minute _(watch) them and then went to greet them.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，作_状语),She stepped back _(appear) surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，作_状语)Then Akira Nagata from Japan came in _(smile), together wit
3、h George Cook from Canada.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，作_状语)Just at that moment, however, Akira bowed so his nose touched Georges _(move) hand.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，作_),In the same way that people communicate with spoken language, they also express their feelings _(use) unspoken “language” through physical dista
4、nce.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的_关系，作方式_)Most people around the world now greet each other by _(shake) hands，.(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的_关系，作介词_)In general, though, _(study) international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in todays world of cultural crossroads！(与其逻辑主语之间为逻辑上的_关系，作_),答案：representing; 定语watching; 伴随
5、appearing; 伴随smiling; 伴随moving; 定语using；主动；状语shaking; 主动；宾语studying; 主动；主语,一、基础点拨(一)动词ing形式的基本形式,语 法 精 点,(二)动词ing形式的作用1动词ing形式作定语。*The sleeping baby looks very beautiful.(前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。*The man sitting_in_the_car is waiting for his daughter.(后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。*The law being_carried_out is
6、to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律)正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。,名师点拨(1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。(2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。2动词ing形式作状语。(1)作时间状语。*Working_in_the_office,_the clerk heard an explosion from the street.在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。*Having_finished her homework, the girl was b
7、usy with the thing she likes.完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。,名师点拨动词ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词ing形式的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。(2)作原因状语。*Lacking_enough_money,_they had to give up the plan.由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。(3)作条件状语。*Getting_the_chance_to_study_abroad,_he will try his best to improve himself.如果得到到国外学习的机会，他将尽力提升
8、自己。,(4)作结果状语。*He failed to work out the last question in the maths paper, making_him_lose the chance to enter his ideal university.他没有能够做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。(5)作让步状语。*Working_hard all the day, he still felt energetic.尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。,(6)作伴随状语。*The girls sat together in front of the hous
9、e, talking and laughing.女孩们一起坐在屋前，又说又笑。(7)作方式状语。*They greeted each other bowing to each other.他们鞠躬彼此打招呼。名师点拨(1)动词ing形式作状语时相当于与之对应的状语从句，并且可互相转换。,(2)动词ing形式作伴随状语时，则可转化成并列谓语。*Knowing what to do next, he set out to do it at once.When he knew what to do next, he set out to do it at once.当明白下一步要做什么时，他立刻开始
10、着手做起来。*The guide showed the visitors around the pictures explaining the background of each picture.The guide showed the visitors around the pictures and_explained the background of each picture.导游领着游客参观这些图画，并解说每一幅画的背景。,二、难点突破1单个的动词ing形式作定语置于被修饰词的前面时，注意下面的两种情况对比。*The old man needs a walking stick.The
11、 old man needs a stick used for walking.(表示用途)老人需要一把用于行走的手杖。*There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the rising sun.There are many people on the top of the mountain now who are enjoying the sun which is rising.(强调动作)现在山顶上有很多人在欣赏正在升起的太阳。,2独立主格。现在分词作状语，有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种
12、结构称为独立主格结构，通常用来表示伴随的动作或情况，也可以表示时间、原因或条件等。*Weather_permitting,_we will go out for an outing.如果天气允许，我们会出去远足。*The_paper_having_been_finished,_the student handed it in.做完试卷之后，这位学生把它交了上去。,3评论性状语。有些动词ing形式作状语，在句中没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，用来修饰主句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，被称为评论性状语或悬垂分词。常见的有generally/strictly/frankly speaking，judgin
13、g from，considering，supposing，providing等。*Judging_from_what_he_has_said,_ he is a doctor.根据他的话判断，他是位医生。*Considering that the old man is old, he needs looking after.考虑到老人老了，他需要被照顾。,4动词ing形式作状语时，常将否定副词not置于分词前面。*Not_having_finished the work, they had to work extra hours.由于没有完成工作，他们只好加班。5状语从句转化为非谓语作状语时，
14、若从句的主语与主句的主语一致，从句谓语含有be动词时，可保留从句的引导词。*When_getting_to the top of the mountain, they found the sun was rising.当他们到达山顶时，发现太阳正在升起。,6动词ing形式与过去分词的区别(1)语态不同：v.ing形式表示主动概念，与相关的名词或代词之间构成一种“主谓关系”。而过去分词表示被动概念，与相关的名词或代词构成一种“动宾关系”。(2)时间不同：v.ing形式表示“正在进行的动作”；过去分词表示“已完成的动作”。Seeing from the hill, you will see the
15、 beautiful city.在山上看，你会看到美丽的城市。Seen from the hill, the beautiful lake is like a big mirror.从山上看，那个美丽的湖就像一面大镜子。,巧学助记分词短语记忆口诀分词作状语，主语是问题；逗号前后两动作，共用一主语；主语找出后，再来判关系；主动用ing，被动用ed；having done表先后，千万要牢记。,1The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu，_the stude
16、nts to return to their classrooms.Aenabling Bhaving enabledCto enable Dto have enabled答案：A句意：这个退休的老人把他大部分的积蓄都捐给了玉树地震中的受灾学校，使学生们能够重返课堂。本题考查非谓语动词的用法。the man与enable之间是主动关系，故应用其ving形式来作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。,2(2012浙江)“Its such a nice place，” Mother said as she sat at the table _ for customers.Ato be reserved B
17、having reservedCreserving Dreserved答案：D本题考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：妈妈坐在为顾客预定的桌子旁边时说“这是如此好的一个地方”。此处为非谓语动词作定语。不定式作定语表示将来的动作；现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行；过去分词作定语，表完成，表被动；现在分词的完成时不能作限制性定语；故D项正确。,3He had a wonderful childhood，_with his mother to all corners of the world.Atravel Bto travelCtraveled Dtraveling答案：D句意：他度过了精彩的童年，跟着妈
18、妈去了世界各地旅游。本题考查非谓语动词作原因状语。he与travel之间是主动关系，故选D项。,4_at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.ALooking BLookCTo look DLooked答案：A句意：当我看同学们的脸时，我从他们的眼神上看出了同样的激动。本题考查现在分词作状语的用法。looking at my classmates faces 相当于一个由when 引导的时间状语从句；B项仅作为一祈使句使用；C项表将来与句意不符；D项表示的时间与整个语境不符。,5(2014江西，31)_ n
19、early all our money, we couldnt afford to stay at a hotel. AHaving spent BTo spendCSpent DTo have spent答案：A考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：花光了我们差不多所有的钱，我们住不起旅馆了。动词Spend与主语we之间是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，又动作spent发生在主句动作couldnt afford之前，所以用having done形式作状语，表示主动，强调完成，故选A项。To spent不定式作状语表示目的，spent过去分词作状语表示与主语之间是被动关系，皆不合题意。,6(2012重庆)
20、_ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked答案：A考查非谓语动词。I与ask之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故排除B、C项；由句意可知，“被要求加班”发生在“错过”之前，故A项正确。,7“We cant go out in this weather，” said Bob, _ out of the window.Alooking Bto lookClooked Dhaving looked答案：A“_ o
21、ut of the window”在题目中作状语，表伴随，逻辑主语Bob与look之间为主动关系，且表同时进行，故用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语。句意为“在这种天气里，我们不能够出去”，鲍勃说着，向着窗外看去。根据句意选A项。,8There are many mistakes in his essay, _ his failure.Awhich results Bleading toCled to Dthat led to答案：BA项不完整，应在results后加in；C项过去分词表被动；D项时态与上文不符，且that不引导非限制性定语从句。“_ his failure”在题目中作状语表结果，只
22、有B项为现在分词短语表主动，作结果状语。句意为“他的文章里有许多错误，这导致了他的失败”。根据句意选B项。,9_ in the sky, you will have a good view.AFly BFlyingCTo fly DFlies答案：B若选A项，应在you前加and；C项表目的，D项与you搭配形式不对。“_ in the sky”在题目中作条件状语，逻辑主语you与fly之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作条件状语。句意为“如果你在空中飞翔的话，你会看到一幅美景”。根据句意选B项。,10_ the programme, they have to stay there for anot
23、her two weeks.ANot completing BNot completedCNot having completed DHaving not completed答案：C“_ the programme”在题目中作状语，由下文中“they have to stay there for another two weeks”可以看出not complete发生在主句动作之前，故应使用分词的完成式，非谓语动词的否定形式应将not置于非谓语动词之前。句意为“由于没有完成项目，他们不得不在这儿再待上两个星期”。根据句意选C项。,11Having been attacked by terror
24、ists, _.Adoctors came to their rescueBthe tall buildings collapsedCan emergency measure was takenDwarnings were given to tourists答案：B“Having been attacked by terrorists”在题目中作状语，由“Having been attacked”可以看出，attack与逻辑主语之间为动宾关系，所以排除A、C、D三项。句意为“在遭到了恐怖主义分子的攻击后，这座高楼倒塌了”。根据句意选B项。,12The old man, _ abroad for
25、 twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.Ato work BworkingCworks Dhaving worked答案：D考查非谓语动词的用法。“_ abroad for twenty years”在题目中作状语，The old man与work之间为主动关系，又因为“在国外工作二十年”发生在回国之前，所以用现在分词的完成式作状语。句意为“这位老人，在国外工作二十年以后，踏上了回国之路”。故选D项。,13_ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized
26、he had left the cheque in the car.AWaiting BTo waitCHaving waited DTo have waited答案：C考查非谓语动词的用法。“_ in the queue for half an hour”，在题目中作状语，逻辑主语the old man与wait之间是主动关系，又因为“等了半小时”在“老人突然意识到”之前，所以用现在分词的完成式作状语。句意为“在队列中等了半小时之后，这位老人突然意识到他把支票忘在车里了”。故选C项。,14(2013四川，8)_ which university to attend, the girl ask
27、ed her teacher for advice.ANot knowing BKnowing not CNot known DKnowing答案：A本题考查非谓语动词的用法。本题中know与其逻辑主语之间的关系为主谓关系，not 否定分词时要放于其前面，故选A项。,15_ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.ATo throw BThrownCThrowing DBeing thrown答案：C考查非谓语动词的用法。“_ their hats into the air”在题目中作状语，表伴随。逻辑主语the fans与throw之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。句意为“把帽子扔向空中，获胜队的球迷们发出了胜利的欢呼”。故选C项。,
