1、,5 FIRM BEHAVIOR AND THE ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY企业行为与产业组织,The Costs of production生产成本,Chapter 13,WHAT ARE COSTS?,The Firms ObjectiveThe economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.,Maximum Profits,Total Revenue,Total Cost,and profit总收入、总成本与利润,Total Revenue Revenue 总收入The amount that the firm r
2、eceives for the sale of its output. 企业销售产品所得Total Cost 总成本The market value of the inputs a firm uses in production. 企业用于生产的投入要素的市场价值。,A Firms Profit 公司利润,Profit is the firms total revenue minus its total cost.Profit = Total revenue - Total cost 利润总收入总成本,Costs as Opportunity Costs,A firms cost of pro
3、duction includes all the opportunity costs.Explicit(显性)and Implicit CostsExplicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm. Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.,成本是机会成本,一个企业的生产成本包括生产所有机会成本。显性成本和隐性成本显性成本 要求企业直接支付货币的投入要素成本。 隐
4、性成本不要求企业支付货币的投入要素成本。,Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit,Economists measure a firms economic profit as total revenue minus all the opportunity costs (explicit and implicit).Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firms total revenue minus only the firms explicit costs. In other words,
5、they ignore the implicit costs.,经济利润与会计利润,经济学家计量企业的经济利润，即企业的总收益减去生产所销售物品和劳务的所有机会成本（显性的和隐性的）。会计师计量企业的会计利润，即企业的总收益减去企业的显性成本。,Economic Profit versus Accounting Profit,经济利润与会计利润,王先生开一个家具厂,2004年发生如下支出:工人工资5万元厂房租金5万元,机器折旧2万元水、电气费3万元其他费用3万元此外,王太太经常到工厂帮忙未领取工资岳父借给10万元流动资金未收利息,同期银行贷款利率是7%王先生这样的职业经理人社会平均报酬是15万
6、元家具厂对环境污染的影响估计为5万元王先生的工厂04年收入25万元,请问显性成本？会计利润?隐性成本?经济利润?,思考题,有关上面题的注意事项：,水电费用，拆旧费用，厂房租用费用，工资等费用属于显性费用,表1. 生产函数和总成本：亨格瑞.海伦的糕点厂,The Production Function 生产函数,The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.生产函数用于生产一种物
7、品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。,Marginal Product 边际产量,The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input.任何一种生产过程中的投入要素的边际产量是指增加一个单位的该要素投入所引起的产量增加。,Marginal Product 边际产量,边际产量,产出增加量,Diminishing Marginal Product,Dimini
8、shing marginal product is the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases. Example: As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.,边
9、际产量递减,边际产量递减 是指一种投入要素的边际产量随着该要素投入量的增加而减少的特征。 例子: 由于雇佣的工人越来越多，每个新雇佣的工人对产量的贡献越来越小，这是因为有限的设备数量不能将他的潜能发挥出来。,表1. 生产函数和总成本：亨格瑞.海伦的糕点厂,图2.亨格瑞.海伦的生产函数,产量,(cookies per hour),150,140,130,120,110,100,90,80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10,雇佣工人数量,0,1,2,3,4,5,生产函数,Diminishing Marginal Product,The slope of the production fun
10、ction measures the marginal product of an input, such as a worker.When the marginal product declines, the production function becomes flatter.,边际产量递减,生产函数的斜率衡量了一种投入要素（比如一个工人）的边际产量。随着工人数量增加，边际产量减少，生产函数越来越平坦。,表1.生产函数和总成本: 亨格瑞.海伦的糕点厂,Figure 3 Hungry Helens Total-Cost Curve图3. 亨格瑞.海伦的总成本曲线,Total cost,总成
11、本,$80,70,60,50,40,30,20,10,Quantity of Output 产量,(cookies per hour),0,20,40,140,120,100,80,60,Total-cost,Curve总成本曲线,The Various Measures of Cost成本的各种衡量,Costs of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs.生产成本可以分为固定成本和可变成本。,Fixed and Variable Costs,Fixed costs are those costs that
12、do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variable costs are those costs that do change as the firm alters the quantity of output produced.,固定成本和变动成本,固定成本 不随着产量变动而变动的成本。可变成本 随着产量变动而变动的成本。,Total Costs 总成本,Total Fixed Costs (TFC) 总固定成本 （ TFC ） Total Variable Costs (TVC) 总可变成本（TVC）Total Costs (T
13、C) 总成本 (TC)TC = TFC + TVC,Family of Average Costs 平均成本,Average Fixed Costs (AFC) 平均固定成本 (AFC)Average Variable Costs (AVC) 平均可变成本 (AVC)Average Total Costs (ATC) 平均总成本 (ATC)ATC = AFC + AVC,Family of Average Costs,边际成本,边际成本 (MC) 衡量额外一个单位产量所引起的总成本的增加。,保温杯厂某月共发生以下成本:工资3.5万(厂部管理人员1.8万元,车间工人1.7万)水电费1.1万元(厂
14、部0.1万元,车间工人1万)原材料15万元厂房、机器折旧3万元总成本TC,固定成本FC与变动成本各为多少?如果本月产量为10万个,则ATC,AVC,AFC?如果销售旺季加班生产5万个,需要支付加班工资1万,水电费增加0.7万元,原材料7.5万元，则MC?,思考题,有关上题的注意事项：,工资里的管理人员的工资费用，拆旧费用，厂房费用和水电费用等属于固定费用。,索斯蒂甜品店的平均成本和边际成本曲线,成本,$3.50,3.25,3.00,2.75,2.50,2.25,2.00,1.75,1.50,1.25,1.00,0.75,0.50,0.25,产量,(每小时柠檬水杯数),0,1,4,3,2,7,6
15、,5,9,8,10,MC,ATC,AVC,AFC,Cost Curves and Their Shapes成本曲线及其形状,Marginal cost rises with the amount of output produced.边际成本随着产量增加而上升。Marginal cost 边际成本This reflects the property of diminishing marginal product.边际成本递增反映了边际产量递减的性质,成本曲线及其形状,平均总成本曲线 是 U型的。在产量水平极低时，平均总成本高，这是因为固定成本只分摊在少数几个单位产品上。平均总成本随着产量增加而
16、降低。当平均可变成本大幅度上升时，平均总成本开始增加。,Cost Curves and Their Shapes成本曲线及其形状,The bottom of the U-shape occurs at the quantity that minimizes average total cost. This quantity is sometimes called the efficient scale of the firm.在使平均总成本最小的产量时，U型曲线的底部就出现了。这种产量有时被称为企业的有效规模。,图5. 索斯蒂平均成本和边际成本曲线,成本,$3.50,3.25,3.00,2.7
17、5,2.50,2.25,2.00,1.75,1.50,1.25,1.00,0.75,0.50,0.25,产量,(每小时柠檬水杯数),0,1,4,3,2,7,6,5,9,8,10,ATC,边际成本和平均总成本之间的关系,只要边际成本小于平均总成本，平均总成本就下降。只要边际成本大于平均总成本，平均总成本就上升。,Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost,The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the efficient scale. E
18、fficient scale is the quantity that minimizes average total cost.,边际成本和平均总成本之间的关系,边际成本曲线与平均总成本曲线相交于有效规模时。有效规模使平均总成本最小的产量。,边际成本和平均总成本之间的关系,$0.00,$0.50,$1.00,$1.50,$2.00,$2.50,$3.00,$3.50,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,产量,(每小时柠檬水杯数),成本,边际成本,平均总成本,图6.大鲍伯的成本曲线,(b) 边际和平均成本曲线,成本,$3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,0,4,2,6,8,
19、14,12,10,MC,ATC,AVC,AFC,产量 (每小时百吉圈),Typical Cost Curves,Three Important Properties of Cost CurvesMarginal cost eventually rises with the quantity of output.The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped.The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of average total cost.,典型的成
20、本曲线,成本曲线的三个重要特征随着产量增加，边际成本最终要上升。平均总成本曲线是U型的。边际成本曲线与平均总成本曲线在平均总成本最低点相交。,COSTS IN THE SHORT RUN AND IN THE LONG RUN,The division of total costs between fixed and variable costs depends on the time horizon being considered.In the short run some costs are fixed.In the long run fixed costs become variabl
21、e costs.long-run cost curves differ from its short-run cost curves.,短期与长期成本,对许多企业来说，总成本分为固定和可变成本取决于所考察的时间长短。在短期中一些成本是固定的。在长期中成本都是可变的。企业的长期成本曲线不同于其短期成本曲线。,Figure 7 Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Run,Quantity of,Cars per Day,0,Average,Total,Cost,1,200,$12,000,Economies and Diseconomies of Sc
22、ale,Economies of scale occur when long-run average total cost declines as output increases.Diseconomies of scale occur when long-run average total cost rises as output increases.Constant returns to scale occur when long-run average total cost does not vary as output increases.,规模经济与规模不经济,当长期平均总成本随着产
23、量增加而减少时，可以说存在规模经济。当长期平均总成本随着产量增加而增加时，可以说存在规模不经济。当长期平均总成本不随着产量变动而变动时，可以说存在规模收益不变。,图7. 短期与长期的平均总成本,每天汽车产量,0,平均总成本,Summary,The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. When analyzing a firms behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of produ
24、ction.Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit.,小结,企业的目标是利润最大化，利润等于总收益减去总成本。分析企业的行为时，重要的是要考虑生产的所有机会成本。一些机会成本是显性的，另一些机会成本则是隐性的。,Summary,A firms costs reflect its production process.A typical firms production function gets flatter as the quantity of input increase
25、s, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product.A firms total costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs dont vary with quantities produced; variable costs do.,小结,企业的成本反映其生产过程。随着投入量增加，典型企业的生产函数变得平坦，这表现了边际产量递减的性质。企业总成本可以分为固定成本和可变成本。固定成本是在企业改变产量时不变的成本，可变成本是在企业改变产量时改变的成本
26、。,Summary,Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output.Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit.The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output.Average cost first falls as output increases and then rises.,小结,平均总成
27、本是总成本除以产量。边际成本是如果产量增加一个单位总成本应该增加的量。对一个典型的企业来说，边际成本随着产量增加而增加。随着产量增加，平均成本先是下降然后上升。,Summary,The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped.The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of ATC.A firms costs often depend on the time horizon being considered.In particular, many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run.,小结,平均总成本曲线是 U型的。边际成本曲线总是与平均总成本曲线相交于平均总成本曲线的最低点。一个企业的成本往往取决于所考虑时间的长短。特别地，许多成本在短期是固定的，而在长期是可变的。,
