1、Basic methods for Translation1.直译与死译和硬译 /误译2.意译与乱译乱译和错译3.避免望文生义4.异化法和归化法5.确定词义I.Define the meaning by its word class;II.Define the meaning by context;III.extension of the words.6.转译法7.增译法8.减词法9.正反译法I. 正译反II. 反译正10.重复法11.合译法I. 单句合译II. 主从复合句合译III. 并列复合句的合译12.分译法 DivisionI. 单词的分译II. 短语的分译III. 句子的分译Basi
2、c methods for Translation1.直译 (Literal Translation) 与死译 (Dead Translation) 和 硬译 /误译原文的结构和汉语的结构是一致的， 可完全直译。 但如果原文结构与汉语不一致， 直译就变成了死译。 Eg.In some automated plants, electronic computers control the entire production line.在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as
3、 silicon.死译 : 锰有同样的影响在强度的钢上像硅。改译：锰像硅一样会影响钢的强度。Some neologisms(新词）：English translated literally into Chinese :knowledge economy 知识经济peace-keeping operations 维和运动digital camera 数码相机netizen 网民world view世界观millennium bug千年虫Internet worm网虫sex-change operation 变性手术1DINKS (Double income, no kids.)丁克族（双收入，无
4、子女）GDP (gross domestic product)国内生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)国民生产总值Chinese translated literally into E.一国两制 one country, two systems厂长负责制 factory director responsibility system旅游搭台经贸唱戏 with tourism paving the way for economic and trading activities关系网 network of personal connections走后门 practise
5、backdoorism三无产品 unbranded and dateless product by a nameless factory（三无产品一般是指无生产日期、无质量合格证以及无生产厂家，来路不明的产品。 另一种说法是，三无产品是无生产厂名,二无生产厂址 ,三无生产卫生许可证编码的产品。）龙头企业 leading enterprise经济适用房 residence houses for low-and-medium wage earners 尊师重教 respect teachers and value education德、智、体、美全面发展Be all-round in moral,
6、 intellectual, physical and aesthetical development 发展是硬道理。 Development is the absolute principle.扶贫aid the poor2. 意 译 (Free Translation) 与 乱 译 乱 译 （ random translation ） 和 错 译（ mistranslation）意译指在翻译过程中不拘泥于原文的形式， 以表达意义为主。 意译强调神似， 但不能歪曲原文，否则便是乱译。 EgTo kill two birds with one stone.直译：一石二鸟。意译：一举两得，一箭双
7、雕Translation Practice:And I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear what is ahead. For our problems are large, but ourheart is larger. Our challenges are great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws are endless . God s love is truly boundless.Literal translation:而我不是不相信未来；我并害怕即将到的事情。虽然的问题很大，但我
8、们的心更大。我们的挑战很大， 但我们的决心更大。 如果我们的缺点是没完没了的，那么， 上帝的爱却是真正的无穷无尽的。Free translation:我并非不信任未来； 我并不害怕我们面临的问题。 我们的问题很多， 但我们的心胸更宽广。我们面临的挑战很严峻， 但我们的决心更大。 如果我们的弊病层出不穷的话， 那么上帝的爱更是真正的浩瀚无边的。3. 避免望文生义Avoid interpreting the meaning of a word or sentence superficiallyThe bank is open around (round) the clock .那家银行 24小时营
9、业。Don t you know Barry is at home in German ?你不知道巴里精通德语吗？Jerry became a bench warmer last year.2去年杰里 成了候 球 。4. 异化法 (Foreignization/Alienization)和归化法 (Domestication/Adaptation)君子 定Gentlemens agreement丘比特之箭Cupids arrow大棒加胡 卜The carrot and the stick武装到牙 Armed to teeth欧佩克 OPEC=Organization of Petroleum
10、Exporting Countries 石油 出国 佩克 APEC=Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation 洲太平洋 合作 回到 判桌上来 Return to the negotiating table 点 Selling point 爆炸 Claim responsibility for the explosion5. 确定词义 Defining the meaning ofthe wordsI. Define the meaning by its word class:An example: the word“vbase.base”on (upon): (usu
11、. Passive) to use particular ideas or facts tomake a decision, do a calculation or develop a theory把 基于a. This novel is based on historical facts. 部小 是以 史事 根据的。b. Direct taxation is usually based on income.直接税通常以收入 依据。Adj. 1) ( literary) without any moral principals; wicked卑鄙的，不光彩的a base motive 卑鄙的
12、机2） metal that is not worth a lot of money便宜的，不 的，不 的， 的，a base metal 金属（指 、 等）a base coin (含有 金属的）假硬 II. Define the meaning by contextTranslation of the word“ power ”:magnifying power放大率power station 厂electric power 力the power of speech 言能力a political party in power 政党an industrial power工 国III exte
13、nsion of the wordsEvery life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜有苦。Victory always goes to the strong. 利永 属于 者。I am busy packing my things for the long journey.我正在忙者 次旅行打点行装。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his nature.他的本性既残暴又狡猾。Brain drain has been Egypt s number one concern-asa matter
14、of fact it has become anepidemic in that area of the world.人才外流不 是埃及的首要 ，而且是世界那个地区很普遍的 重 。6. 转译法 ConversionExamplesA change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.从固体 成液体需要 能。（名 ）They were suspicious and resentful of him.3他们不信任他，怨恨他。（形容词变动词）Are you for or against the plan?你是赞同还是
15、反对这个计划？（介词变动词）As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记穿鞋了。（副词变动词）He was deeply impressed by what they said.他所说的话给他留下了深刻的印象。（副词变形容词）He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽虚弱但思想很健康。（副词变名词）7. 增译法 Amplification即增词法。翻译中，无论是增词还是减词，宗旨都是为了使译文的语法结构、表达方式、修辞、语气以及文化思想和思维方式既保持洋腔洋调，又符合汉语习惯，且更突
16、出语义。a. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论（使人）机智，写作（使人）准确。b. History makes man wise; poetry witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep.（读）史使人明智，（读）诗（使人）聪慧， （演）算（使人）精密，哲理（使人）深沉。c. The latest type of plane is small, inexpensive and easy to manipulat
17、e.这种新型的飞机（体积）不大，（价格）便宜，容易操作。Practice1.After the football match, he s got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛后他有一个重要的会议要参加。2. He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束。3. In order to improve a certain kind of battery, Edison spent almost ten years and made nearly50,000 experiments.为了改
18、善一种电池的性能，爱迪生花了差不多十年的时间，做了近50,000 次实验。 4. Thetension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world. 中东的紧张局势已引起了全世界的关注。8. 减词法 OmissionExamples:a. He is not well today, but he still comes to class.他今天身体不好，但还是来上课了。b. He is a good friend that speaks good of us behind our back.在背后说我们好话的人，才是
19、一个好的朋友。c. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.天未下雨，但叶落草枯。9. 正反译法Negation / Mutual Transformation of Affirmative into NegativeExpression(把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法。)I. 正译反a. I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.我的确认为完成这项任务是他所力不能及的。b. He was absen
20、t from his own country last year.他去年不在自己的国家里。c. Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you?4你知道他为什么老是不想见到你？d. Her husband hates to see her stony face.她丈夫不愿意见到她那张毫无表情的脸。II. 反译正a. No smoking! 禁止吸烟！b. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。c. He returned home with no
21、hope on his face.他满脸绝望地回到家。10. 重复法 Repetitiona. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论（使人）机智，写作（使人）准确。b. History makes man wise; poetry witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep.（读）史使人明智，（读）诗（使人）聪慧，（演）算（使人）精密，哲理（使人）深沉。More examplesc.They“ make mista
22、kes” , suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus plannedvictory.他们 “犯错误 ， 也吃过错误的亏，（但他们）承认错误，研究错误，从而做出了胜利的决策。d. Teachers should try their best to develop the students ability to analyze and solve problems.教师应当尽力培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。11. 合译法 CombinationI. 单句合译1. There are man here from all over
23、 the country. Many of them are from the north.从全国各地来的人中有许多是北方人。2. He was very clean. His mind was open.他为人单纯而坦率。3. And as she thought, it became more involved. Harder to understand.她在这样想的时候，思想更加紊乱，更加难以理解。4. Then we came to the grasslands. Marshes everywhere. No birds! No trees! No Houses! Not a soul
24、 to be seen.然后我们来到草地，到处是沼泽，没有飞鸟，没有树木，没有房舍，也没有人烟。II. 主从复合句合译1.If we do a thing, we should do it well.我们要干就要干好。2. While he washed, he heard the doorbell.他在洗澡时听到了敲门声。3. When I negotiate, I got nervous.我在谈判时总是有些紧张。4. Only a person who has fought in the woods knows what a radio means.只有在森林里打过仗的人才知道无线电的意义
25、。5. The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.液态水受热而变成蒸汽。III. 并列复合句的合译51. It was 1953, and I had just come from Ireland, to seek my fortune. 1953年，我刚从爱尔兰来此寻找出路。2. The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on television, or a hard-fought game ofchess or an animated chat with friends m
26、aybe delightful, but it tend to keep us wide awake.深夜的引人入胜的电视节目、 激烈的棋赛或跟朋友的热烈交谈， 往往使人过于兴奋， 久久不能入睡。12. 分译法 DivisionI. 单词的分译1）副词的分译1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能创造也不能被消灭，这是一条被普遍公认的规则。2. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为怪的。2）
27、形容词的分译1. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那是个麻烦的地方 这是最明显不过的。2. He made resultless efforts to reform one metal into another.他企图把一种金属转变成另一种金属，这是徒劳无功的。3）名词的分译The price limits its production.它价钱昂贵，还不能大量生产。The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupants.每个帐篷内怎样布置，这要
28、取决于使用者的性格。II. 短语的分译1) 分词短语1.They were at home in the home of the people, moving confidently without fear.他们在群众家里感到自在，行动时心里塌实，无忧无虑。2. He was Michael Faraday, born in 1791 in Yorkshire.这个人就是法兰第。他1791年生于约克郡。2) 介词短语1. He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。2. Grea
29、t was my fatherjoys at his success, and in having so powerfulan agent to deaden thesuffering of his patients.父亲对他的成功感到极为高兴，因为他有了一种非常有效的麻醉剂，可以用来消除病人的痛苦。III. 句子的分译1. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。2. To achieve this goal, I have used a conversational writing style more characteristic ofrecreational reading than of technical texts.为了达到这个目的， 我采用了对话的写法： 这是消遣读物的写法而不是科技教程所惯用的写法。6
