1、常用翻译方法和技巧1. 四种翻译方法1.1 直译和意译所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基）应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。Literal translation refers to an adequat
2、e representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictl
3、y to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章）直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇）简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜）Literal translation may be define
4、d as having the following characteristics:1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and r
5、etain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to
6、 mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).练习：1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession,
7、and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。2. Its an ill wind that blows nobody good.对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。3. Every dog has his day.人人皆有得意日。4. It means killing two birds with one stone.这意味着一石二鸟。这意味着一举两得。这意味着一箭双雕。5. 你不要班门弄斧。Dont display your axe
8、 at Lu Bans door.Dont teach your grandmother to suck eggs.Never offer to teach a fish to swim.6. Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.尼克松满面春风，基辛格更是笑容可掬。7. 在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a dat
9、e tree.8. 油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。Here field crickets droned away while house crickets chirped merrily.9. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man.法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格。10. Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。你喝的每一杯
10、酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。11. The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.大半生前第一次见到她，她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。大半生前第一次见到她，我就惊呆了。12. 芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.13. Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心太早。不必自寻烦恼。14. Do you see any green in my e
11、ye?你以为我是好骗的吗？15. I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.我要的是这样一个人，他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。16. Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我把他撵了出去。17. The operation may not succeed; its a gamble whether he lives or dies.手术不
12、一定成功，能否保住他的性命，只能一赌。18. But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it.六载婚姻生活，风雨交加，赛维决定结束这种婚姻。19. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会记住我，“越来
13、越感激”我。20. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。21. . He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同
14、样困难。C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。22. “你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头。（寒夜）“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone.” she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.23. It is a long lane that had no turning.误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.误：
15、我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，她身着和服，仪态优美，面庞陶瓷般光洁白皙，叫我脱去鞋子。26. The rather arresting spec
16、tacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般，漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间，这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间，飘荡着小小的古老的日本，构成了一道吸引人的风景，恰恰象征着和
17、服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。27. In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line.在某些自动化工厂，电子计算机控制整个生产线。（直译）28. The earth acts like a big magnet地球就像一块大磁铁。29. Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.锰和硅一样都会影响到钢才的强度。30. It is easy to compress a gas，it is just a
18、 matter of reducing the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape，but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in.气体很容易压缩，那只不过是缩小分子之间的距离而已。气体和液体一样没有形状，但又不同于液体，因为气体会扩张并充满任何盛放它的容器。31.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？The character 千 differs from 十 in merely having one additi
19、onal short stroke. Arent they about the same?1.2 归化和异化翻译的归化/异化（domesticating translation and foreignizing translation）是在 1995 年由美国学者 L. Venuti（文努迪）所提出的，而这一术语又直接来源于德国学者Schleiermacher （施莱尔马赫）1813 年宣读的一篇论文。Schleiermacher 着重探讨了翻译与理解之间不可分割的关系，指出翻译有两种情况，一种是让读者靠近作者，另一种是让作者靠近读者。如果让读者靠近作者的语境，他就能感受到异国的情调。在这儿，
20、 Schleiermacher 使用了 foreign 一词。1 根据上述两种翻译情况，Schleiermacher 提出了以作者为中心的译法和以读者为中心的译法，这一做法突破了传统的直译和意译的界限，对后来的学者产生了很大的 影响 ，Venuti 的异化/归化观无疑受到 Schleiermacher理论的启发。不过，Schleiermacher 的理论是基于德国的阐释学之上，而 Venuti 却将Schleiermacher 的论点放在后殖民的语境下来考察, 从而得出了异化的翻译主张。Venuti 为什么十分青睐异化的翻译呢？我们可看看他在翻译再思一书中的一段话。他十分欣赏布朗绍的名言：“翻
21、译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同时又偶尔显露差异，甚至经常突出差异。这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来，差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位，差异非但没有活现，反而处于融化的过程之中。其次，英国和 英语 的价值标准，在战后形成了全球性的优势，从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下，归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味，总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为
22、殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。（参见 Venuti 1992）近十年来的有关归化与异化的翻译讨论，是以 1987 现代 外语上登载的论文“归化-翻译的歧路”而开始的。然而，该文作者可能不曾料到异化与归化会作为一对新的理论范畴而得到广泛的讨论。西方学者讨论的归化与异化这一对术语并非是互补的，而是相互排斥的。美国学者 Venuti 在讨论异化翻译时，对归化翻译的策略作出了描述：遵守目标语文化当前的主流价值观，公然对原文采用保守的同化手段，从而达到让译文符合本土典律、出版潮流和政治的需求。归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这类翻译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文
23、化之间的差异也被掩盖，目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以，Venuti 提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译，它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者 Robinson 认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联，只是没有直译那么极端，因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002：26）在异化翻译中，新的东西可能
24、会加进去，从而达到凸现译者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。“看一个翻译是归化翻译还是异化翻译，完全取决于文化形态的重构，翻译在这一形态中得到生产和销售；什么是归化或异化只有在考虑到改变译入语文化的价值关系时才能得到界定。”2（Mona Baker, 1998:243）归化策略 (domesticating method)归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解
25、和接受。例如：Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。a lion in the way 拦路虎lick ones boots 拍马屁Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手A flash in a pan 昙花一现Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。练习：请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话： Lead a dogs life Jac
26、k of all trades A drowned rat Let the cat out of the bag. Every dog has his day. Dont shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune. Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk. Dont play your ace in the hole until the critical moment. The gravy tra
27、in is just not for me. George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：映中华民族特殊习俗的如：“拂袖而去”；“腰缠万贯”；“罄竹难书”等有汉字特征的如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇”等含有中国地名的如：“稳如泰山”；“黔驴技穷”；“夜郎自大”；“洛阳纸贵”等含有中国人名的如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮”等异化策略 (foreignizing?method)异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言
28、及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”，具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色，异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如：ballet 译作“芭蕾舞”cigar 译作“雪茄”laser 过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光”目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉 OK”等。 异化可以在词语层出现。例如：“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪 ”“an olive branch” 译作“橄榄枝”“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的
29、莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”例如：在哈姆雷特第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：“You speak like a green girlUngifted in such perilous circumstance”朱生豪将其译为：“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。”异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，更多样化；另一方面，也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。练习：请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。 Armed to teeth Meet ones Waterl
30、oo Dark horse Crocodile tears Ivory tower He looked cool in his new clothes. This is the last supper in our college life. The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job. The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters. The wealth he
31、had boasted for years turned out to be the emperors new clothes.2.十种翻译技巧了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法和句子成分转译法。2.2.1 重复法(repetition)重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文
32、忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。例子：1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then theyll understand and see that youre speaking to them in German. （重复谓语动词）你一定要问一问家
33、庭主妇们，问一问街头玩耍的孩子，问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译；这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)我们必须分析问题，解决问题。3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分)无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。5. T
34、he dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)那条狗在追着那只猫，而猫又在追着一只老鼠，老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in
35、various fields is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity of the country and to improve the peoples living standards.7. And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an orator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one mig
36、ht say, the figures of thoughts, but in language which conforms to our usage.(重复主语)我翻译这些演说词，不是作为译者而是作为演说家。我保留了原作同样的意思和形式（或者像有人所说的思想的形象），而使用的语言与我们的语言习惯一致。8. “Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.” (重复谓语)女人是罪恶之门、邪恶之径、毒蛇之牙，总之，女人是件
37、危险的东西。9. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。(重复谓语动词)10. I had experienced oxygen and /or engine troubl
38、e.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）11. The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。12. Alternating stress not only varies in magnitude but also in direction.角变应力不仅大小不同，而且方向不同。13. This is “good” ozone because it prote
39、cts us from the suns UV rays.这是良性臭氧，因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。14. This is “good” ozone because it protects us from the suns UV rays. (UV: ultraviolet)这是良性臭氧，因为这部分臭氧保护我们免遭太阳紫外线的伤害。2.2 增词法(amplification)在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂，或是为了行文生动，更符合目的与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括性词语和代词的做法叫增词法(amplification)。1. The boxes, be
40、ing museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”参考译文：九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会因而记住我，“越来越欣赏”我。2. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many
41、 gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing face and their property.参考译文：在接下来的几代中，因为遭遇旱灾，被人勒索，再加上给优伶的封赏太多，这个家族便最终资财耗尽，风光不再了。3. The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.参考译文：男人们穿着深色的袍裙，蹲坐在那里，嘴里总是叼着烟。4. His consideration of the B
42、ible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经，注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑，这两点在他的翻译中很关键。5. Formal education for girls historically has been secondary to that for boys.历史上，先有男孩子接受正规教
43、育，之后才有女孩子接受正规教育。6. When she began her career as a nightclub singer, she took the professional name Maya Angelou, combining her childhood nickname with a form of her husbands name.她的职业生涯是从夜总会的女歌手开始的，那时她给自己起了个艺名玛雅 安琪露，这个名字融合了她孩提时代的绰号以及丈夫的名字。7. This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be o
44、ne of the best. 尽管有种种不周全之处，这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之一。8. Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花满院盛开。10. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人严谨。11. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到社会主义跑来找他，她又害怕起来了。（毛泽东选集，第五卷）The story of Lord Ye who professed to love dragons should n
45、ot be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for years and then suddenly turn pale when socialism comes knocking at the door.12. 只是晚上躺在床上的时候，她才感到神志清醒。It is only during the night when she lies in bed that she feels she has a clear mind.14. Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbin
46、g, cleaning.他每天来干活扫地，擦桌椅，清理房间。15. 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。A bamboo fence needs the support of three stakes, and an able man needs the help of three other persons.Stakes make a bamboo fence stand, and supporters help an able man succeed.2.3 省略法(omission)省略法(omission)是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方
47、法，而原文的意义并未因此受到任何损失。1. When she could no longer decide, she became depressed. Whenever Dwight picked up the baby to take him to his place or to the doctors for a checkup, she felt relief.她无法抉择，心情压抑，而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接受检查，她就会有一种轻松感。2. Rupert with his flexible young knees sat in a hunch-and-crouch pose
48、in imitation of the natives.鲁珀特年龄小，双膝柔韧，学着当地人的样子，弓背缩身地跪坐着。3. Stainless steel possess good hardness and high strength.译文：不锈钢硬度大，强度高。4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.海底软泥和
49、泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。6. There is a 30% increase of our installed capacity with this year.今年，我们的装机容量增加了 30%。7. 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。We must avoid making mistakes in our work.9. 质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither.10. He put his hand into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他双手插进口袋，耸了耸肩。10. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.仓库重地，严禁吸烟。2.4 词类转换法(conversion)词类转换法(conversion)是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留
