1、Discovering useful words and expressions,Ex. 1,Ex. 2,1. How do you measure the length of a race round a racetrack? 2. How would you feel if someone kept talking when you were trying to read? 3. In what way can a teacher check if you have learned the new words by heart? 4. What do you call an item wr
2、itten in a diary or in a dictionary? 5. What kind of instrument does a doctor need to examine viruses in blood? 6. How do you describe someone who is happy to meet new people? 7. What do you call students in the same year group and the same situation as you? 8. What do you call the behaviour of one
3、student to others?,ambition absence,suitable beneficial annoyed/annoying,clumsy firm noisy psychological,encouragement,lap,annoyed,dictation,entry,microscope,outgoing,fellow,conduct,Ex. 3,There was a time when children with mental disabilities were prevented from living a normal life _. They used to
4、 _ in their own homes after being educated in special schools. Other people sometimes _ them. But now things are changing. There are training programmes for young people with mental disabilities, which have proved very beneficial. Students like Xie Li, mentally disabled from birth, now have a chance
5、 to become athletes. But it is a challenge. She has to _ training programmes as well as mixing with other able-bodied athletes. “Xie Lis confidence has grown,” said her father. “She looks much better and is not so often _ after her training. _ her mother and I are very happy with her progress.” So,
6、instead of _ mainstream activities, mentally disabled students can become part of the mainstream. _ they can lead a more fulfilling life.,in many ways,sit around,make fun of,adapt to,out of breath,All in all,cutting out,In other words,Revising useful structures,Ex. 2,Jo: Oh! Am I late? Im sorry to h
7、ave kept you waiting. Sue: No, youre fine. Jo: Thank you. The trouble is I cant find my shopping list. Sue: Oh dear! Where on earth could you have put it. Jo: Well, it isnt in my bag. I might have left it on the kitchen table. I seem to have forgotten so many things now that Christmas is here. Sue:
8、I quite understand. So many presents to buy and so many cards to send! Jo: True. I was supposed to have finished all my shopping by now but Sue: Never mind. Nobody is said to have finished till theres no more left to buy! Jo: Quite right. Oh look, heres my list in my pocket. Sue: Lets get to work th
9、en!,Ex. 3,William Wilberforce was a great man. He is known _ (spend) eighteen years fighting for slaves. _ (free) slaves was his ambition. He was a very kind man, who did not like _ (see) people going hungry or in pain. He wanted to do some good in the world. The cause which attracted him most was t
10、he abolition (废除) of the slave trade. Africans were taken from their homes and sold in markets. A master was able by law_ (treat) his servants as he wished even working them to death if he wanted to. Wilberforce was not the only person that was interested in his cause, but he was in politics and so
11、able _ (help pass) the law which made it illegal. Finally the slave trade was abolished in 1907. Wilberforce then resigned from government in 1825 and died in 1833, just after the law was passed which was eventually _ (abolish) slavery in England.,to have spent,To free,to see,to treat,to help pass,t
12、o abolish,Revise the Infinitive,Grammar,Do you believe I can fly like a bird?,How can you believe I can fly like a bird?,_is to believe. Its impossible for humans _now.,To see,to fly like a bird,不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单
13、独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。,不定式,动词不定式的作用 Functions of Infinitive,1 主语 (subject)2 表语 (predicative)3 宾语 (object)4 宾补 (object complement)5 定语 (attribute)6 状语 (adverbial) 7. 独立结构 (absolute construction),1 不定式作主语 (subject),To keep smiling is healthy for you. Its important to look up the new words in
14、 the dictionary when you study English.,单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 若不定式太长,往往用it作形式主语,不定式后置。,My job to protect the world. Your task is to _ .,is,2 不定式作表语 (predicative),Seeing is to believe.To see is believing.Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.,不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain等后作表语。,All you hav
15、e to do is (to) finish the job quickly.,如果主语部分有个表示不定式内容的do, 用作表语的不定式常省略to。,Yao Ming likes to play basketball. I find it still necessary (for him) to _ if he wants to win.,3 不定式作宾语 (object),句型：think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do,常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有： agree, afford, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, cl
16、aim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, hate, hesitate, hope, hurry, intend, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish,4 不定式作宾补 (object complement),My mum asks me to play the piano two hours every day.,The teacher told m
17、e to clean the blackboard. I expect you to give me some help.,引导不定式作宾补的动词：,warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等,+sb to do sth,listen to,hear,watch,五看,see,look at,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二听,一感:,feel,+ sb do sth （不带to）,注意： feel十宾语to be的不定式时， to不可省略。 have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。 see，hear，make，list
18、en to, notice，observe 变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to的不定式；但let 变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。,1. They saw the boy fall suddenly fromthe tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenlyfrom the tree.,例如：,Mother made John wash the car fora week.,John was made to wash the car fora week.,不定式用在介词but, except, besides 后时, 如果这些介词前有行
19、为动词do的 各种形式, 那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to。,She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go. What do you like to do besides sleep.,不定式不带to的常见情况,5 不定式作定语 (attribute),Kate is looking for a suitable coat to wear. Tom has a nice pen to write with.,1. 不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后(a) She was very busy and had n
20、o timeto visit her friends.(b) Ladies and gentlemen, I havesomething important to tell you.,不定式作定语,不定式作定语与所修饰的词之间有 三种关系：,I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。 He is always the first to come. 他总是第一个来。 We all have a chance to go to college. 我们都有上大学的机会。,(1) 动宾关系,(2)主谓关系,(3)同位关系,2. 当名词被the first ,the la
21、st, theonly 等词以及形容词最高级修饰时eg: She is always the first tocome and the last to leave.,3. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。,注意比较：,1) Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？2) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？,（不定式to send的动作执行者是you）,（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是 已被省略的me 或someo
22、ne else）,4. 如果不定式是不及物动词, 则后面需适当的介词。Please pass me some paper towrite_.,on,3. 也可用在have to do和there be句型中。,There is no one to take care of her.I have no jewelry to wear.,I got up early to _. You came here to_.,in order to, so as to, enough to, only to, too.to,catch the train,6 不定式作状语 (adverbial),在一些短语
23、中也有体现,eg: He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.,1. 表示目的: to in order to so as to,6 不定式作状语 (adverbial),2. 表示原因:不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作状语, sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed等。,eg: Im glad/pleased to see you.We were surprised to
24、 hear the news.,so + adj. / adv. + as to do such + adj. + n. +as to do adj. / adv.+ enough + to do too + adv. / adj. +to do,He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it.,3. 结果状语:,To tell the truth, I am not happy at the moment.,to b
25、e frank, to be honest, to tell the truth,7 独立成分 (absolute element),1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up.,Identify its functio
26、n.,(subject),(subject),(predicative),4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am.,(attribute),(attribute),(object),(obj
27、ect),8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.,(adverbial),(adverbial),(object complement),动词不定式的时态和语态,to do,to have done,to be doing,to have been doing,to be
28、done,to have been done,(1) They pretended not to see us.,(2) He pretended to be sleeping.,(3) She pretended to have known it before.,(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后。),(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行。),(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。),(4) Were happy to have been working with you.,(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前, 不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也 继续。),不定式的时态
29、,不定式的一般式 to doI am glad to see you.He has decided to give her some money.表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。,不定式的进行式to be doing,I am very glad to be working with you. He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him. 表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动 作同时发生。,不定式的完成式 to have done,He happened to have seen t
30、he film before. The novel is believed to have beentranslated into Chinese. 不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作 或状态之前。,He wanted to have met you at the airport, but he didnt get there in time. 表示过去没有实现的期待或者计划 hoped, promised, wanted, wished, expected, planned,不定式的完成式 to have done,He would like to have played the violin
31、 at the concert. 不定式的完成式在would like后边表示 未能实现的愿望。,不定式的语态,主动语态 to do 被动语态 to be done It is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting. Everyone likes the hero to be praised.,省略to 与省略do,We asked him to stay till the next day, but he refused to. Are you a teacher? Yes, and I have to be What we
32、want to do now is lie down and have a good rest. I didnt say anything but to make agesture.,固定词组和句型,1. prefer n. (doing) to n. (doing) 2. prefer to do sth rather than do sth 3. would rather do 4. would rather + 句子（虚拟语气） 5. advise/allow/permit/forbid sb to doadvise/allow/permit/forbid) doing,几对易混淆的词组
33、： stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事doing sth.停止做某事 forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事doing sth. 忘记已做了某事,remember to do sth. 记得去做某事doing sth. 记得曾经做某事,The question is very difficult to answer.The problem is difficult to deal with.,1. 主语be +adj. +to do,能用于此句型的形容词有: difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tireso
34、me (使人疲劳的), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.,主动形式表被动意义的不定式,The box is light enough to carry. The river water is warm enough to swim in.,2. 主语+be +adj. + enough +to do,The books seemed too heavy to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.,3. 主语+be +too +adj. +to do,练习,1. Last
35、 summer I took a course on_.A. how to make dressesB. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dressesD. how dresses to be made,2. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expectC. to be expecting D. expects 3. There are five pairs_, but I am ata loss which to buy
36、.A to be chosen B to choose fromC to choose D for choosing,4. I find these problems are easy_.A. to be worked out B. to work them outC. to work out D. to be worked them out 5. _late in the morning, Bob turnedoff the alarm.A. To sleep B. SleepingC. Sleep D . Having slept,6. I would love _to the party
37、 lastnight but I had to work extra hoursto finish a report.A. to go B. having goneC. going D. to have gone 7. John was made _the truck fora week as a punishment.A. to wash B. washingC. wash D. to be washing,8. Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job.A. so not as to B. so as not toC. so as to
38、not D. not so as to 9. The patient was warned _oilyfood after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating,1 爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。 _ are both great happiness. 2 据说他已经完成了他的工作。 He is said _ _. 3 根据报道他们已安全到达。 They are reported _.,To love and to be loved,to have finished/completed,his wor
39、k,翻译下面的句子,to have arrived safely,4 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。 I want this bike _ _. 5 玛利仿佛已经被告知此事了。 Mary seemed _. 6 众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。 He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympics.,to be repaired at once,to have been told about it,to have been given,/immediately,I want to tell you something.,Make up a short pas
40、sage using the infinitive as much as possible.,For example,Hi, I want to tell you something. I will go to Ruian for shopping this afternoon. Do you want to go with me? First, Id like to go to Kaitai Store. But to be frank, most of time I am there only to do some window shopping, because everything i
41、s expensive. Then, I plan to go to HongQiao Road to buy some clothes. I like to try the new fashion style of this season. By the way, do you know anything to entertain us? If so, I cant wait to have a try! Why not come and join me?,动词不定式 补充练习,exercise,My teacher was made _ his teachingbecause of poo
42、r health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up 2.The sentence wants _ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining 3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being,B,D,C,4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful
43、cloth_ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave 5.I found the German language hard _. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn 6.The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it o
44、ff,B,D,C,7.-How do you deal with the disagreementbetween the company and the customers?-The key _ the problem is to meetthe demand _ by the customers. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made 8. -What do you think of the school?-It is a very good _. school to stud
45、y in B. school for children to study C. studying school D. school to study,B,A,9. -Did you get a job?- No, I _ , but its no use. A. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned 10.We find it impossible for the work _ahead of time. A. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished 11.-I
46、usually go to Shanghai by train.-Why not _ there by boat for a change? A. to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go,B,D,B,12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night. A. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made 13. I would rather starve to death than _for food. A. beg B. beg
47、ging C. begged D. to beg 14.The boy pretended _ when his motherentered. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read,A,A,C,15. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 16. The purpose of new te
48、chnologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make,17. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 18. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see,
