1、Speaking to Persuade - ethos, pathos, logos,Dr. Jiangbo Wan2012-9-19,He that cannot reason is a fool. He that will not is a bigot. He that dare not is a slave.- Andrew Carnegie,Purposes to serve in public speakingSpeaking to persuade- persuasion- Definition- Target audience- 3 types of issue in pers
2、uasion- 3 channels to persuade your audience- rhetoric definition and modes of persuasion,Chapter Highlights,What is persuasion?How do you sum up the psychology of persuasion?Who are the target audience of a persuasive speech?What is rhetoric about?,Questions to Address,Speaking to Inform;Speaking t
3、o Persuade; Speaking to Fit in Special Occasions.,Purposes to Serve when Speaking in Public,Speaking to Inform;Speaking to Persuade; Speaking to Fit in Special Occasions.,Purposes to Serve in Public Speaking,Persuasion:The process of creating, reinforcing, changing peoples beliefs or actions.- Lucas
4、 (2010: 193),Speaking to Persuade,A mental give-and-take between speaker and listener.- Lucas (2010: 195),Persuasion:,The portion of audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.,Target Audience,3 Types of Issue in Persuasion,Issues of fact; Issues of value;Issues of policy.,Appeal to ethos;Appe
5、al to logos;Appeal to pathos.,3 Channels to Persuade Your Audience,Perception of a speakers competence and character: Explain competence Establish common ground Speak expressively & with conviction Follow ethical norms and values,ethos: code of good conduct,Use emotional language Develop vivid examp
6、les Speak with sincerity and conviction,Pathos: emotional appeals,Evidence & reasoning,Logos: logical appeals,Make your point clear in the very beginning. Be enthusiastic with your proposal.Give supports to your point.Classify your ideas by giving signposts.,Tips,About Rhetoric,Gorgias (c. 485 c. 38
7、0 BC), Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician.Socrates (c. 469 BC 399 BC), classical Greek Athenian philosopher.Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC), Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.,About Rhetoric,Dialogue between Gorgias and Socrates Sour
8、ce: http:/ (2012/9/19),Definition of Rhetoric,Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.- Aristotles Rhetoric,Aristotle,Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.- Aristotles R
9、hetoric Compare 修辞,Aristotle,Of the modes of persuasion furnished by the spoken word there are three kinds: the first kind depends on the personal character of the speaker ethos; the second on putting the audience into a certain frame of mind pathos; the third on the proof, or apparent proof, provid
10、ed by the words of the speech itself logos. - Aristotles Rhetoric,Aristotle:,There are, then, these three means of effecting persuasion. The man who is to be in command of them must, it is clear, be able:(1) to reason logically,(2) to understand human character and goodness in their various forms, a
11、nd (3) to understand the emotions - that is, to name them and describe them, to know their causes and the way in which they are excited.- Aristotles Rhetoric,Aristotle:,When we base the proof of a proposition on a number of similar cases, this is induction in dialectic, example in rhetoric; when it
12、is shown that, certain propositions being true, a further and quite distinct proposition must also be true in consequence, whether invariably or usually, this is called syllogism in dialectic, enthymeme in rhetoric.- Aristotles Rhetoric,Aristotle:,Example of enthymeme:1. All people are mortal. (gene
13、ral statement)2. Socrates is a person. (minor premise)3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (specific conclusion),Aristotle:,There are three divisions of oratory:(1) political,(2) forensic, and (3) the ceremonial oratory of display. - Aristotles Rhetoric,Aristotle,In-Class Exercise,Give a 3-minute persuasive speech.,Bibliography,Stephen E. Lucas. APS. FLTRP. ,
