1、跨文化交际,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Learning objectives:,1. To identify some relevant concepts about the major religions such as Christianity, Hinduism and Islam 2. To identify the definitions of value, worldview and religion and distinctions between high and low context cultures3. To identify Kluckhohn
2、 and Strodtbecks value orientations and the process of human perception4. To identify Hofstedes cultural dimensions5. To cultivate students to be able to understand the various implications of cultural values for international communication,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Listen to the lead-in case: Mascu
3、linity versus femininity,(a) Why didnt Kevin go? (b) What is the divergence between Kevin and Chinese officer? (c) What is sense of time? Do you know other items in value orientation?,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Define worldview and religion Cultural Values,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,worldview religion
4、one of the most important worldviews,1. Define worldview and religion,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,deals with a cultures most fundamental beliefs about t place in the cosmos（宇宙）, beliefs about God, and beliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.,worldview (世界观),Chapter 5 Cultural Values,religionon
5、e of the most important worldviews,refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe. Three major religions : a. Christian Religions Groups （基督教的） b. Islam （伊斯兰教） c. Buddhism （佛教）,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,a. Christian Religions G
6、roups,Groups teachings,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Groups,Groups(1) Roman Catholic (天主教)It refers to the traditional form of Christianity（基督教）with belief in the spiritual leadership of the pope. This Christian group advocates the infallibility of the pope（教皇） and the hierarchical（分等级的） nature of the r
7、eligious order as represented by church organization. (2) Eastern Orthodox (东正教)It does not recognize the authority of the pope. However, its own religious order is significantly hierarchical. (3) Protestant (新教) Protestant is divided into many branches. This groups in common no ultimate authority,
8、such as the pope in Rome. They believe that there is no need for mediation（仲裁）through hierarchy of the church.,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Roman Catholic church,Eastern Orthodox church,注：请注意教堂房顶上的十字架的式样，东正教的十字架在比较长的那枝上有斜向右下方的一小根多余的木条。,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,teachings,Jesus is the Son of God, the se
9、cond person of the Trinity of God, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; that his life on earth, his crucifixion（受难）, resurrection（复活）, and ascension（升天）into heaven are proof of Gods love for humanity and Gods forgiveness of human sins; and that by faith in Jesus one may attain salvation（ 超度）and
10、 eternal life. This teaching is embodied in the Bible, specifically in the New Testament新约, but Christians accept also the Old Testament 旧约as sacred and authoritative scripture.,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,b. Islam,Islamic building,Islamic building,Bride is reading Koran,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,n In
11、troduction Allah, rules the universe. Everything good or evil proceeds directly from the divine will. This orientation is responsiblefor fatalism. At the core of Islam is the Quran (also as Koran)（古兰经）, believed to be the final revelation (启示录) by a transcendent Allah（Arab.=the God）（阿拉, 真主）to Muhamm
12、ad, the Prophet of Islam.n groups (1) the Sunni （逊尼派）(2) the Shiite （什叶派）n teachingsn ethical system,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,(1) Allah is the only God (2) Allah sends Angels, spiritual beings, to communicate a message with humans. (3) Muslims believes in the Jewish Bible and the Christian Gospels,
13、 however they believe that their message has been lost. The Holy Quran which was dictated to Muhammad is the final book and replaces the other books. (4) Muslims believe in all the prophets God sent to mankind as messages but the last and greatest prophet was Muhammad. (5) Muslims believe in judgmen
14、t day. Muslims believe that Allah constructs everything on earth and beyond. God determines who will be saved and who will suffer in hell.,n teachings,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,c. Buddhism,Introduction Siddhartha（悉达多） Gautama（释迦牟尼之俗姓） boda tree, Nirvana（涅磐） Teachings,Teachings,Chapter 5 Cultural Val
15、ues,Hindu ethics,Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks value orientation Human nature Relationship to nature Sense of time Activity Social relationships,2. Cultural Values,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,a. Human nature,(1) is evil but perfectible(2) is a mixture of good and evil(3) good but corruptible(易腐化的),good bu
16、t corruptible,is evil but perfectible,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,b. Relationship to nature,(1) subjugation to nature （注：图片为印尼海啸）(2) harmony with nature（注：图片为中药材）(3) mastery with nature（注：图片为愚公移山）,subjugation to nature,harmony with nature,mastery with nature,mastery with nature,Chapter 5 Cultural Valu
17、es,c. Sense of time(1) past; (2) present; (3) future d. Activity(1) being-oriented is a non-developmental model of society(2) being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace e. Social relationships(1) hierarchy: This means each person has a position in a hierarchy. People h
18、ave clearly defined privileges and obligations according to their position in relation to others.(2) Group: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consensus.(3) Individual: Case Analysis: At the Restaurant,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Hofstedes cultural dimensions Individualism versus
19、collectivism Masculinity versus femininity Uncertainty avoidance Power distance: Long-term versus short-term orientation,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Individualism versus collectivism 个人主义与集体主义,(1) in the individual culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group (2) On
20、 the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups(3) table 5-2 individualistic/collectivistic cultures Case analysis individualistic and collectivistic cultures,individualism,collectivism,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,b. Masculini
21、ty versus femininity（男性女性）,The masculinity-femininity dimension measures a cultures dominant values ranging from aggressive masculine traits to nurturing feminine traits. (1) masculine cultures These cultures place high values on masculine traits and stress assertiveness(独断性), competition and materi
22、al success. (2) Feminine cultures These cultures place high values on feminine traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships, and concern for the week.,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,c. Uncertainty avoidance （对不确定因素的回避程度）,It deals with a societys tolerance for ambiguity people will endur
23、e and how much risk they like to take. It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Example: Germany V.S. Denmark Case Analysis: Low and High Uncertainty Avoidance,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,d. Power distance (权利距离)
24、,It describes the distribution of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Case Analysis: High and Low Power Distance Cultures,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,long-term orientation e
25、mphasis: 1) Persistence2) Ordering relationships by status and observing this order3)Thrift4) Having a sense of shame5) Valuing future short-term orientation emphasis:1) Personal steadiness and stability2) Protecting your “face”3) Respect or tradition4) Valuing past and present5) Fulfilling social o
26、bligations Implications of cultural values for intercultural communication value orientations the importance of peoples attitude in intercultural communication,e. Long-term versus short-term orientation,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,Home work and After-class activities,1. Surf on the Internet to collect the information about the cultural dimension 2. Try to analyze whether there are cultural differences to dragon and dog from perceptual perspective.,Chapter 5 Cultural Values,
