1、Unit 5 History,I. Comment on the After-Class ExerciseII. Classroom Exercises and Comment III. Text Translation AnalysisIV. Translation Technique,她是像夏天一样是女性繁殖力的温暖化身,现在已经衰老.人们将吸取汁液获得营养.在一个关于季节性变化的故事中,残食同类的动物,温迪哥斯,邪恶的生物,正追赶着老洛克密丝通过秋季的乡间.心脏凝结成固体.一团正在敌人燃烧的烈火,The maple smoke of autumn bonfires is incense
2、to Canadians. Bestowing aroma for the nose, chroma for the eye, sweetness for the spring tongue, the sugar maple prompts this sharing of a favorite myth and an original etymology of the word maple.The maple looms large in Ojibwa folk tales. The time of year for sugaring-off is “in the Maple Moon.” A
3、mong Ajibwa, the primordial female figure is Nokomis, a wise grandmother. 对加拿大人来说，秋天篝火中燃烧的枫树枝冒出的烟气就是熏香。糖枫树给人带来扑鼻的香气、耀眼的色彩和令人回味的甘甜，它促使我写下这篇文章，告诉大家我最喜爱的一个神话以及“maple”（枫树）一词的独特词源。在奥吉布瓦族印第安人的民间传说里，枫树总会赫然显现出来，占有重要的地位。每年熬制枫糖的时节就“在枫树月里”。在奥吉布瓦人的心目中，最原始的女性形象是一个聪明的老奶奶，名叫诺柯米丝。糖枫树给我们带来扑鼻的芳香、浓郁的色彩和令人回味的甘甜,In one
4、tale about seasonal change, cannibal wendigoscreatures of evilchased old Nokomis through the autumn countryside. Wendigos throve in icy cold. When they entered the bodies of humans, the human heart froze solid. Here wendigos represent oncoming winter. They were hunting to kill and eat poor Nokomis,
5、the warm embodiment of female fecundity who, like the summer, has grown old.有一个关于四季轮回的传说讲到，一群叫温迪格的食人恶鬼在秋天的乡野里追赶诺柯米丝。温迪格们是在滴水成冰的严寒里生长起来的。它们侵入人体时，人的心脏就会冻成冰块。在这个故事里，温迪格们代表将要来临的冬天。它们在追逐着可怜的诺柯米丝，要把她杀死吃掉，因为她是女性旺盛生殖力的温暖的象征，而且像夏天一样已经衰老。,Knowing this was a pursuit to the death, Nokimis outsmarted the cold de
6、vils. She hid in s stand of maple trees, all red and orange and deep yellow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees outline. As they peered through the mist, slavering wendigos thought they saw a raging fire in which their prey was burning.诺柯米丝知道，她若是被抓则必死无疑，于是她运用智谋蒙蔽那群
7、冷酷的恶鬼。她躲进一片红色、橙色、深黄色的枫树林里。树林长在一挂瀑布旁边，瀑布的水雾使树林的轮廓变得模糊。当那些口滴馋涎的温迪克们透过水雾费力地窥探时，以为看见了一对熊熊的烈火，以为自己追逐的猎物正在烈火中燃烧。 诺柯米丝意识到这是追求死亡,她智取寒魔.(张新新),But it was only old Nokomis being hidden by the light red leaves of her friends, the maples. And so, drooling ice and huffing frost, the wendigos left her and sought e
8、asier prey. For their service in saving the earth mothers life, these maples were given a special gift: their water of life would be forever sweet, and humans would tap it for nourishment. 其实诺柯米丝老奶奶只不过是被她的枫树朋友们用红得发亮的叶子掩蔽起来了。于是温迪格们不追了。它们流着口水，喘着粗气，口水顷刻结成了冰，呵气顷刻凝成了霜；它们就这样走了，去寻找更容易捕获的猎物。那些枫树由于救了大地母亲诺柯米丝
9、的命，而得到了上天的特别恩赐：它们生命之液将永远甘甜，人类将汲取这汁液来获取营养。,Text Translation Analysishttp:/ of the Great DepressionIt is difficult to measure the human cost of the Great Depression. The material hardships were bad enough. Men and women lived in lean-tos made of scrap wood and metal, and families went without meat and
10、 fresh vegetables for months, existing on a diet of soup and beans. 大萧条的影响大萧条对人们造成的影响无法估量。物质上的困难本已非常深重。男男女女都住在破木头板废铁皮搭起的披棚里，家家户户数月吃不上肉和新鲜蔬菜，只能用清汤和豆子填饱肚子。,The psychological burden was even greater: Americans suffered through year after year of grinding poverty with no letup in sight. The unemployed s
11、tood in line for hours waiting for relief checks, veterans sold apples or pencils on street corners, their manhoodonce prized so highly by the nationnow in question. 更为沉重的是心理上的负担：美国人在极度的贫困中煎熬，年复一年，前景渺茫。失业工人排队数小时等待救济金，退伍老兵则在街角叫卖苹果、铅笔。曾几何时，他们雄姿英发，气概非凡，全国上下，无不赞叹；现在，这种气概不知道哪里去了。,People left the city for
12、 the countryside but found no salvation on the farm. Crops rotted in the fields because prices were too low to make harvesting worthwhile; sheriffs fended off angry crows as banks foreclosed long overdue mortgages on once prosperous farms.人们纷纷离开城市，投奔农村，但是无济于事，农村并不救世。农产品价格过低，采摘得不偿失，农作物全都白白烂在地里；许多曾经繁荣
13、富足的农场，因长期拖欠抵押贷款，而被银行没收，愤怒的农民欲夺回财产，但遭到了警方的阻拦。,Few escaped the suffering. African Americans who had left the poverty of the rural south for factory jobs in the North were among the first to be laid off. Mexican Americans, who had flowed in to replace European immigrants, met with competition from angr
14、y citizens, now willing to do stoop labor in the fields and work as track layers on the railroads. 这场劫难几乎无人幸免。非洲裔美国人逃离了穷苦的南方农村，在北方工厂找到了工作，却成为第一批被解雇的工人。墨西哥裔美国人曾大批涌入，以求取代欧洲移民，现在却面临与愤怒的本地公民竞争的局面，这些美国人现在都愿意干卑微的农活，或者去铺设铁轨。,Immigration officials used technicalities to halt the flow across the Rio Grande a
15、nd even to reverse it; nearly a half million Mexicans were deported in the 1930s, including families with children born in the United States. 为了阻止墨西哥人跨过格兰德河进入美国，移民官员采取了各种手段，甚至将他们(在美的墨西哥人)遣返回国；20世纪30年代，将近五十万墨西哥人被驱逐出境，其中包括那些在美国生了孩子的家庭。,The poorblack, brown, and whitesurvived because they knew better t
16、han most Americans how to exist in poverty. They stayed in bed in cold weather, both to keep warm and to avoid unnecessary burning up of calories; 这场困难中，穷人无论黑人、棕种人还是白人都幸存了下来，因为他们比大多数美国人更懂得如何在贫困中生存。天气寒冷时，他们呆在床上，既暖和也减少了不必要的热量消耗；,they patched their shoes with pieces of rubber from discarded tires, heat
17、ed only the kitchens of their homes, and ate scraps of food that others would reject.他们用废弃轮胎的橡胶碎片做鞋子，只在厨房里生火取暖，用别人不吃的菜皮残渣果腹。,The middle class, which had always lived with high expectations, was hit hard. Professionals and white-collar workers refused to ask for charity even while their families went
18、 without food; one New York dentist and his wife turned on the gas and left a note saying, “We want to get out of the way before we are forced to accept relief money.” 生活期望总是很高的中产阶级，在大萧条中也遭遇重创。专业人士和白领员工即使全家嗷嗷待哺，也不愿接受救济；一位纽约的牙医和妻子开煤气自杀前，留下了这样的字条，“与其被迫接受救济，还不如离开这个世界。”,People who fell behind in their m
19、ortgage payments lost their homes and then faced eviction when they could not pay the rent. Health care declined. Middle-class people stopped going to doctors and dentists regularly, unable to make the required cash payment in advance for services rendered. 那些无法按期支付按揭月供的人，先是失去了自己的房子，而后付不起房租，就给逐出门外。医
20、疗条件也每况愈下。中产阶级没有现金预付门诊费用，不再定期看病。,Even the well-to-do were affected, giving up many of their former luxuries and weighed down with guilt as they watched former friends and business associates join the ranks of the impoverished. “My father lost everything in the Depression” became an all-too-familiar r
21、efrain among young people who dropped out of college.大萧条中，即使富人也深受影响，不得不放弃之前的许多奢华，眼巴巴地看着先前好友、生意伙伴一个个加入赤贫的行列，郁郁不乐，自责无力相助。“我父亲在大萧条中一无所有了”，成了辍学的大学生们再熟悉不过的口头禅。,Many Americans sought escape in movement. Men, boys, and some women, rode the rails in search of jobs, hopping freights to move south in winter o
22、r west in the summer. 许多美国人辗转流浪，寻找生计。男人，小孩，还有一些妇女，跳上货车，沿铁路四处寻找工作，冬天到南方，夏天到西部。,On the Missouri Pacific alone, the number of vagrants increased from just over 13,000 in 1929 to nearly 200,000 in 1931. One town in the Southwest hired special policemen to keep vagrants from leaving the boxcars. 仅密苏里-太平洋
23、铁路沿线，流浪人数就从1929年的一万三千多增加到1931年的近二十万。西南部的一个小镇曾出动特警，阻止流浪者下车。,Those who became tramps had to keep on the move, but they did find a sense of community in the hobo jungles that sprang up along the major railroad routes. Here a man could find a place to eat and sleep, and people with whom to share his mis
24、ery. Louis Banks, a black veteran, told interviewer Studs Terkel what these informal camps were like: 那些沦落流浪的人还得继续流浪。在铁路主干线沿途蔓生的游民宿营地，他们倒找到了一份归属。人们可以在这里找到地方吃住，也可以和同病相怜者互诉苦痛。黑人退伍军人Louis Banks,在接受 Studs Terkel采访时，描述了这些临时营地的情形：,Black and white, it didnt make any difference who you were, cause everybody
25、 was poor. All friendly, sleep in a jungle. We used to take a big pot and cook food, cabbage, meat and beans all together. We all set together, we made a tent. 黑人、白人、全都一样，都穷到根了。大家住在一起，倒都很友好。我们支起大锅烧饭，把卷心菜、肉和豆子放在一起煮。我们搭起帐篷，一起生活。,Twenty-five or thirty would be out on the side of the rail, white and col
26、ored: They didnt have no mothers or sisters, they didnt have no home, they were dirty, they had overalls on, they didnt have no food, they didnt have anything.二十五岁到三十岁的，不论白人黑人，都出去沿铁路找活：他们没有亲人，也无家可归，穿着工装裤，一身油污，没吃没喝，啥都没有。,增词减词译法就是在翻译过程中增加或减少词的一种翻译方法。不管增词还是减词，其原则是增词不增意，减词不减意。其目的是使译文更加通顺流畅, 明白易懂，使译文更加忠实
27、地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯。,增词减词译法,Example:,把presidential historian 翻译成“总统的历史学家”，意思就不够清楚.如果翻译成“研究总统的历史学家”就更容易让人明白了。For mistakes had been made, bad ones, he was severely criticized. “因为已经犯了错误，很严重，他受到了严厉的批评” “因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评”,Rocket research has proved the strange fact. 通过火箭进行研究How she wished
28、she could send that man to the Furiesfor the punishment she thought he deserved.她真想把那个臭男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。,I. 根据意义或修辞的需要II.根据惯用法的需要,I. 根据意义或修辞的需要1. 增加动词：由于意义上的需要及英汉语言上的差异，英语中重复用词的情况较少，而汉语有时为了达到一定的修辞效果，经常使用重叠或排比句，翻译成汉语时需要在名词前增加动词。 1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以
29、转换成能量，能量可以转化为物质。2) His parents cannot afford the loss of their son; our young son, his father; and I my husband. 他（王伟）的父母不能失去儿子，我们的儿子不能失去父亲，我不能失去丈夫。3) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在（参加）宴会、（出
30、席）音乐会、（观看）乒乒球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 4) My work, my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time. 我干工作，做家务， 朋友往来，这些占用了我的全部时间。,2. 增加形容词,1)With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism.中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！2)It will make a man of him in the college.在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成堂堂的男子汉。3） What
31、 a girl she is! See, she is speaking loudly while eating.这女孩子真不礼貌！一边吃，一边大声说话。,3. 增加副词,根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定的场合可增加适当的副词，以确切表达原意。1) After the thunderstorm, the clouds melted away. 雷雨过后，乌云渐渐散去。2) Now and then, his boots shone. 他的靴子时时闪闪发光。3) A seagull saw the light from my window and darted up to it.一只海鸥看见从我
32、窗户透出的灯光，一下子扑了上来。,4. 增加名词,A. 不及物动词后增加名词由于英语中有及物动词和不及物动词之分，有时宾语隐藏在动词后面，翻译成汉语时需要把宾语补充出来。To do some shopping 买东西To do some washing 洗衣服He began to see things and to understand. 他开了眼界，懂了一些名堂。,B. 在形容词前增加名词1)“It is really nice and cheap. You will regret for not buying it later.”这真是物美价廉，你不买会后悔的。2)She is extr
33、overted, smiling all the day.她性格开朗，整天面带笑容。3)He is a complicated man-moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.他是个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢（郁郁寡欢）。,C 派生出来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合汉语习惯，表达更为准确。 stillness静止静止状态 confusion 混乱 measurement测量 purification净化 repetition重复 management管理 calculation计算 accomm
34、odation住宿 joint连接 saturation饱和 preparation准备 remedies补救 modification修改 ,stillness静止静止状态 confusion 混乱混乱局面 measurement测量测量方法 purification净化净化过程repetition重复重复现象management管理管理方式calculation计算计算方法accommodation住宿住宿问题joint连接连接部分saturation饱和饱和状态preparation准备准备工作remedies补救补救措施modification修改修改方案,在抽象名词后面跟上另一个抽象
35、名词来加强语气，强调说明前一个名词，两个名词互相解释，意义更加具体明白，像汉语的并列结构。例1：Use your intelligence, and youre sure to achieve something.【译文】发挥你的聪明才智, 你一定能取得成就。例2：zealousness热情 thought思想 morality道德 pride骄傲 tediousness枯燥 contemptibility卑鄙 silence沉默 leisure闲情 calmness坦然 cautiousness谨慎 ,译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词,在抽象名词后面跟上另一个抽象名词来加强语气，强调说明前一个
36、名词，两个名词互相解释，意义更加具体明白，像汉语的并列结构。例1：Use your intelligence, and youre sure to achieve something.【译文】发挥你的聪明才智, 你一定能取得成就。例2：zealousness热情热情大方thought思想思想意识morality道德道德品质pride骄傲骄傲自大tediousness枯燥枯燥无味contemptibility卑鄙卑鄙无耻silence沉默沉默寡言leisure闲情闲情逸致calmness坦然坦然自若cautiousness谨慎谨慎小心,可数名词是复数形式时，可根据具体情况增加表示门类、数量概念的
37、词。这些概念词常是“们、一些、许多、这些、那些、各种、各类、各项、几个”等。例1：We admire him for the way in which he faces his difficulties. 【译文】我们赞赏他面对各种困难的做法。例2： activities活动 samples样品 types型号 problems问题 contradictions矛盾 books书籍 sizes尺寸 contents内容 targets指标 circumstances情况 causes原因 ,译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词,可数名词是复数形式时，可根据具体情况增加表示门类、数量概念的词。
38、这些概念词常是“们、一些、许多、这些、那些、各种、各类、各项、几个”等。例1：We admire him for the way in which he faces his difficulties. 【译文】我们赞赏他面对各种困难的做法。例2： activities活动各项活动samples样品各种样品types型号各种型号problems问题这些问题contradictions矛盾这些矛盾books书籍各类书籍sizes尺寸各类尺寸contents内容各项内容targets指标各项指标circumstances情况种种情况causes原因种种原因,译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词,5
39、. 增加表示复数的词由于汉语名词的复数没有词形的变化，很多情况下不必表达出来，但有时需要通过增加“们，各位，诸位”等。如“各位领导，各位嘉宾，老师们，同学们，大家好！” （ladies and gentlemen）A. 增加重叠词表示复数1)Flowers bloom all over the yard. （朵朵）2)Newsmen went flying off to Iraq to get the latest news. （记者纷纷）3)There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. B. 增加数词或其他词1)The l
40、ion is the king of animals. （百兽之王）2)The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。3)She passed the exams with the help of the classmates. 同学们,6. 增加表达时间的词：由于英汉语言的差异，英语动词随时态的变化而变化，而汉语动词没有词形的变化，但有时为了表达的需要和准确性，需要增加一些表示时间的词如：曾，曾经，已经，过了，了，那时，此时，当时，在，正在, 着
41、，将，将要，就要，就会，便等。1)She came to the school in 1998. She had taught English in two schools. 在那以前2)The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.曾经,3)Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power.当年，基辛格曾需要尼克松的援引而获得权势，而
42、今（如今），尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。4)They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are. 从前他爸爸是个渔夫，他过去跟我们现在一样穷。,7. 汉语中的语气词很多，如：的，吧，呢，啊，呀，嘛，啦，了，罢了，而已，在翻译时，需要在准确理解原文意义和修辞色彩的基础上增加适当的语气词。 1)Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛，我只不过开开玩笑罢了（而已）。 2)As for her, she did not love him fro
43、m the very beginning. （她呢，从一开始就没爱过他）3)That shop has been moved for ages, dont you know?,8. 增加量词：A.英语中数词与可数名词直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语必须借助量词，因此，翻译时需要增加量词。a bikea deska computer a tractoran apartment a full moona gift a paperA stream was winding its way through the valley into the river. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。B
44、英语中有些动词或者动作名词，翻译时需要增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。Eg. Have a rest, have a wash (洗一下)1）He gave her a sly look. 他狡猾地看了她一眼。2) Please come in and take a look. 请进来看一看。,9. 增加概括词,有时候把英语翻译成汉语时，需要把句中的连词省略掉而增加概括词。1) The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.美日双方在完全保密的情况下交换了情报。2) The thesi
45、s summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 三方面的成就,3)The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation and detection. (整流，放大，震荡，调制，检波) （五大主要功能）4) You and I are good friends. We
46、 should trust each other. （你我两人）,10. 增加承上启下的词：在翻译时，特别是进行语篇翻译时，更需要目的语的连贯性，以准确表达原文意义，这就需要增加适当的词以起承上启下的作用。1) For mistakes had been made, bad ones. 因为已经犯了许多错误，而且还是很糟糕的错误。2)Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.不错，我是喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。,II.根据惯用法的需要,1） He i
47、ntends to drop names.他常常提及名人或有权有势的人，以便提高自己的身价让人对自己刮目相看。2) Their “May-December” marriage ended in a stormy divorce.他们两个人的婚姻是老夫配少妻，最后吵得昏天黑地，只好以离婚散伙而告终。3）Britain suffered a considerable brain drain to the United States after World War II.第二次世界大战以后，英国人才外流严重，许多精英都去了美国，这给英国造成了很大的损失。,增译法,He was the late pr
48、esidents teacher and he is a close and influential friend of the president to be in office.The atmosphere moderates daytime temperature and retards night heat loss.After watching for years, he discovered important phenomena.She was walking in the street alone, weary and ragged.This was a complete lie.He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. The invading troops looted wherever they went.Note that the words “sense” and “sensitivity” are different.,
