1、英汉语言对比（the contrastive study English and Chinese),词汇的对比 1，词的意义 2， 词的搭配能力 3， 词序的不同句法的对比 1， 结构形态不同 2， 句子重心不同 3， 语态上的差异,一 词汇对比,1，词的意义1）汉语词义一般比较笼统- 汉语表义较模糊 英语词义一般较具体-英语表意准确例如： “车来了” “车”- car, bus, minibus, lorry, taxi, truck, coach “有笔吗？” “笔”-pen, ballpoint pen, pencil, color pen“Have you got a pen or a
2、nything I can write with.* 词义的宽窄不一样，有时英语的词汇含义也会比汉语宽如“president”-总统 -校长，主席，董事长另外，英语中表示亲戚关系的词，词义也比汉语宽。,2）英语有丰富的同义词如：brave, bold, courageous angry, irate, indignant, enrage*words are seldom exactly synonymous.“English is among the easiest languages to speak badly, but the most difficult to use well.”3)
3、英语一词多义和一词多用现象多 如：straightHe e is a straight thinker.Put your room straight.She keeps straight.She went straight home without going to the market.启示：在英汉翻译的过程中，必须根据语境来准确判断词义，并选择最恰当的表达。,Practice:“说” “ state”他会说英语。 state and revolution别胡说！ The state of war 他说谎。 To lie in state他说他很忙。 In a great state我说不好
4、。 State capitalism可别说这个你得说理压。,He speaks English. / Dont talk nonsense. / He is telling a lie. / he says he is busy. / I am unable to express. / it must not be mentioned./ be reasonable课后，查查“笑”和“走”在英文中的表达,4）观察事物的角度不一样， 英汉语言中有许多用不同的形象来表达同一概念。尤其体现在英汉的习语中：Laugh to your head off笑掉大牙As timid as a hare胆小如鼠
5、As strong as a horse身壮如牛Like a cat on hot bricks热锅上的蚂蚁Goose- flesh鸡皮疙瘩,2 词的搭配能力,英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面有差异，因此，在翻译时词语的搭配必须符合英汉语言的习惯。如：He wore dark gasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花He once again imparted us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.我们又一次领受了他
6、那广博的知识，丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。But his attack was repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick. 但是他每一次，不是让人一脚踢回去，就是让人一棍子打了回去。,Yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises of the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent , a goo
7、d child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss. 不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们。,如：英语可以用名词作定语，译成汉语是往往要改变搭配。Shoe habitWheat farmerLife workOffice hourCommunity gossipAge group在语言学习的过程中，不能单个的记单词，必须学习词的搭配。,3
8、词序不同,英汉许多相对应的词语，词序排列不同如;前后-back and forth新旧-old and new冷热-hot and cold迟早-sooner and later血肉，悲欢，水火，贫富，田径，无论晴雨，饥寒交迫Flesh and blood joy and sorrow fire and waterRich and poor track and field rain or shineSuffer from cold and hunger,英汉在句子中的词序差异,英汉句子中主要的成分，主，谓，宾， 表语的词序基本一致，但是定语和状语的有差异。1，定语的位置相同：单个单词作定语，通
9、常放在中心词的前面。异：英语中与后置定语，汉语一般放前面。1）英语中修饰some, any , no, every 等构成的不订代词，定语一般后置。如：anything new, nothing important,There is nothing unexpected about it. Have you ever met anyone famous?2)以-able, ible 结尾的词常常后置This is the only reference book available on the subject.We met with the greatest difficult imagina
10、ble.He is the only person reliable.,3) 分词作定语一般后置People involvedDepartment concernedProblem discussed the things needed4) 短语作定语后置A building project of high-rise apartmentA candidate with little chance of success,当中心词有多个修饰语时，汉语可依据情况后置A little , yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛
11、，瘸腿，满脸短鬓*当中心词有多个修饰语时，修饰语排列基本词序是：由小范围到大范围，由此要到重要，由程度弱到强，由一般到专有，汉语往往相反。*the advanced foreign experience外国的先进经验*the ancient Chinese writer中国古代作家A small round wooden tableA young American artist,2, 状语的位置,相同：英汉中单词状语修饰形容词或其它状语时，常置于形容词或状语的前面。异：1）英语中单个词修饰动词时，放在动词的后面，汉语一般在前面Modern science and technology are
12、developing rapidly 现代科学技术正在迅速发展2）短语作状语时，英语可放在前，也可放在后，汉语多在前。,He was quick to use self- deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scene.为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说了些自我挖苦的笑话。3）当有时间状语和地点状语时英语：主+谓+宾+方式状语+地点状语+时间状语汉语：主+时间状语+地点状语+方式状语+谓语She reads aloud in the open every morning她每天早上在室外朗读他们昨天下午在教室里热烈讨论这个计划They discussed t
13、he plan animatedly in the classroom yesterday afternoon.,时间和地点状语的排列英语：由小到大汉语：由大到小1946年10月16日凌晨一点十一分At eleven minutes past 1 AM on the 16th of October, 1946,词性上的比较,1，英语的名词化现象2，英语的介词化优势3，形容词和副词的动态特征,1，英语的名词化现象,英语呈静态，汉语呈动态 That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. 这将证实它的应用是十分普遍的。 But t
14、his very formulation is indicative of the underlying attitude. 但这一说法表明了其根本的态度。 she is on the maternity leave. 她在休产假。,Nominalizationpreponderance of nouns over verbs汉语不受动词形态变化的约束， 使用较多动词，（较多动宾结构，连动结构）Some knowledge about the structure and history of Chinese is helpful for your study of the language.了
15、解汉字的结构，发展史有助于大家学习汉语。,I am convinced that Chinas WTO membership (entry or accession) will do more contribution to the development of global economy. 我坚信中国加入WTO将会对全球经济发展做出更大贡献。The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我得心里充满特别的向往之情。,在英译汉的过程中，注意英语名词化现象，有时要根
16、据需要把英文中的名词译成动词结构，这样既能忠实地表达原文的含义，又与汉语的表达习惯吻合,以-er结尾的名词，有时在句中不指职业和身份，而是含有较强的动作意味， 英译汉是译作动词。如：some of my class-mates are good singers. (action) she is a well-known singer. ( profession),1）I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better teacher than I .(2）he is no smoker but his fa
17、ther is a chain-smoker.（3）he was a regular visitor.(4) She is a lover of Chinese painting.（）there are various possible players for the role,Sea gulls are excellent flyers. They can fly many miles without stopping. With a short rest here and there, they can fly from one end of a country to the other.
18、 They are good gliders, too. When they slide, they seem to be sliding down invisible slides way up in the air.译文: 海鸥很善于飞行。它们可以不间断地飞行许多英里。只需偶尔随处休息，它们就可以从一个国家的一端飞到另一端。它们也很善于滑翔。滑翔时它们在空中似乎时隐时现。,Sea gulls are good swimmers, too. Their feet are webbedthe little stretches of skin between their toes make pa
19、ddles. Gulls are floaters. They stay on top of the water like a piece of wood. Its a good thing they do because on long trips over the ocean they drop down onto the water and float while they take a nap 海鸥还很善于游泳。它们长着脚蹼，就是连接脚趾的小块皮肤。游泳时脚蹼可起到浆的作用。海鸥还善于在水上漂浮，它们像块木头一样漂浮在水上。漂浮对它们很有好处。在漫长的跨海旅行中，它们会飞落到水面上，在
20、漂浮状态中小憩。,Practice:1, A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.2, Those photos served as a reminder of my childhood.3, Every country is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.4, As Beijing becomes inc
21、reasingly congested and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action is needed to tackle these problems.5, All the medical advice in this case recommends selective abortion and many believe that the mothers refusal to abort some of her babies is being influenced by the offer of money f
22、rom the newspaper.6, 教材不按时送到就会打乱我们的教学计划。7， 掌握英语无捷径。8， 我刚来，对这里的环境还不熟悉。,二，英汉语言句法现象比较,1，英语重形合（hypotaxis) 汉语重意合（parataxis)如：An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China一个不会说中国话的英国人，有一次在中国旅行有个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once tra
23、veling in china.,从前,有个贫穷的樵夫同他的妻子和两个孩子住在一座大森林附近.小男孩名叫汉塞尔,小女孩名叫格雷特尔.他们没有什么好东西吃,碰上荒年,连饭都吃不上.父亲夜里躺在床上,心里十分烦恼,他唉声叹气,哼哼唧唧,对妻子说: “我们该怎么办呢?我们什么都没有了, 怎么养活我们的两个孩子呢?”,Near a large wood once lived a poor woodcutter with his wife and two children. The little boy was called Hansel and the little girl Gretel. They
24、 rarely had nice things to eat, and when there was a famine in the land they could not get so much as their daily bread. As he lay in bed at night the father was greatly troubled; he signed and groaned and said to his wife: “ what is to become of us? How are we to feed our little ones when we havent
25、 anything ourselves?”,形合：指语言的词语与分句之间用自身的形式手段。如用关联词连接起来表达语法和逻辑关系。 意合：指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。,“就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合”（Nide)形合：显性接应（overt cohesion)， 注重句子形式的完整，以形显义。意合：隐性接应（covert cohesion） 注重逻辑事理顺序，以神统形。结构简洁明快。,“我感觉汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节节地连下去；而英语的句子结构好比一串葡萄，主干可能很短，累累果实附着在上面”（庄绎
26、传）,Practice:Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by first of what witness believed were three shots.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.据目击者说，凶手共开了三枪，肯尼迪显然是被第一枪击中的。他有这样的母亲，出生在这样的地方，
27、出生于这样的人中间，要是都让她知道了的话，他 知道该由多丢人。,2， 句子的重心差异英语：表态在前，叙事在后，重心在后，主谓显著结构。汉语：叙事在前，表态在后，重心在前， 主题显著结构。 This visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。启示： 翻译时应自觉地按照英汉语言习惯，对句子的结构重心做出相应的调整。,Practice:There are
28、 many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.双方有不同的看法不足为奇。分析并研究这些问题，确实有必要。我访问过一写地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多了。There is nothing surprising about the two sides having different opinions.It is indeed necessary for those questions to be analyzed and studied.,3, 语态上的差异 英语句式中被动
29、语态较多，凡是不必说出行为的实行者，不愿或无从说出实行者时；出于上下文连贯衔接等原因， 一般用被动。 汉语是主题为衔接，把宾语提前作为主题交待，常在动词上暗示被动语气，更多使用词汇手段表示。如：The audience are requested to keep silent.请听众保持肃静。You are wanted on the phone你的电话John actually loved Mary and was loved in return,总结： 英语 汉语 * hypotaxis * parataxis *end- focus * front- focus * chain lang
30、uage * block language * result-cause * cause- result *tightly-knitted * loosely-structured * a cluster of grapes * a plate of grapesThe end,英汉语篇的比较,1， 语篇是一个用于交际的，完整的，有机的信息载体，既包括口头会话，既“话语”（discourse), 也包括书面文本，既文本（text) , 篇幅可长可短。（一写连贯的，完整的，较大的语言交际单位，如段落，整篇文章，会话等）2， 语篇的衔接与连贯（cohesion and coherence)衔接：指
31、语篇中各部分在语法或词汇方面有联系连贯：是指信息接受者根据语境信息和背景知识，通过逻辑推理来掌握信息发出者的交际意图。,比较：1， 英语重词汇衔接，汉语可有也可无词汇衔接。I was up the next morning before the October sunrise, and away through the wild and the woodland. The rising of the sun was noble in the cold and warmth of it; peeping down the spread of light, he raised his should
32、er heavily over the edge of gray mountain and wavering length of upland. Beneath his gaze the dew-fogs dipped and crept to the hollow places, then stole away in line and column, holding skirts and clinging subtly at the sheltering corners where rock hung over grass-land, while the brave lines of hil
33、ls came forth, one beyond other gliding译文：第二天凌晨，在十月的太阳升起之前，我已经动身，并穿过旷野和丛林。十月的清晨乍寒还暖，日出俄景象是很壮观的。透过一片晨曦，朝日从朦胧的山冈和起伏连绵的高低边际，沉重地抬起肩头。在它的逼视下，蒙蒙的雾气向下沉降，落到洼地里去，接着化成一丝丝，一缕缕，悄然地飘去，而在草地之上悬崖之下的那些隐蔽角落里，雾气却还在引裾徘徊，而裙山的雄姿却接二连三地涌现。（P112）,2，Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spr
34、ead of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with houses, factories, slag-heaps and other products of his civilization. He exterminates some species on a large scale, but favours the multiplication
35、 of others.人类到处都在改变着自然界的平衡。他帮助动植物进入新的地区，又时是有意的，有时是无意的。他正在用新的植物种类，或者用房屋，工厂，炉渣堆或其他的文明产物覆盖大片土地。他使有的动物大批消亡，却造成有利条件使另外一些物种成倍地增长。,In one corner of the American economy supply is steadily exceeding demand: garbage production. Americans are churning out rubbish at the rate of 200m tons a year, and they are
36、voting and demonstrating not to have that same rubbish dumped or burnt anywhere near them. An environmentalist, nowadays against municipal incinerators and landfill dumps. His legacy includes the burgefuls of American rubbish now being offered around the world to anybody who will buy them.在美国经济的一个角落
37、，供一直大于求，这就是垃圾生产。美古欧人一每年两亿吨的速度不断生产出垃圾，而且为了不让这些垃圾在任何靠近他们自己的地方倾倒或焚烧掉，他们还老是搞投票表决和示威游行活动。今天的美国，任何一个人，只要未了反对建造市政垃圾焚化炉，为反对倾倒垃圾填地而奔走游说，那他就成了一位环保主义者。这种环保主义者的行为造成的恶果之一，便是一船船装得满满的美国垃圾在全球到处兜销，谁要就卖给谁。,3， 语篇信息的推进模式不一样“英语段落往往先陈述段落中心意思，而后分点说明。分点说明的目的是对主题句的展开，并为以后的段落中增加其他意思做好准备。在展开中心意思的过程中，段落中的每一个句子应该顺其自然地从前一个句子中产生出来。”（胡曙中）（直线式）传统的汉语是螺旋型结构,
