1、(i) THE STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Second Edition 2000 Copyright 2000 by the Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be included in another publication, includi
2、ng publications in electronic media, without prior permission from ALPEMA. Companies and other organisations are, however, welcome to make copies for use within that company or organisation. Copies can be downloaded from the ALPEMA web site (www.alpema.org). When using your own copies, it is in your
3、 own interest to ensure that you have the latest edition of the Standards. Published by: The Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association (ALPEMA) - www.alpema.org (ii) MEMBERSHIP LIST BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Chart Heat Exchangers Li
4、mited - Wobaston Road, Fordhouses, Wolverhampton, WV10 6QJ, England. Tel: +44 1902 397777 Fax: +44 1902 397792 Chart Heat Exchangers Limited Partnership - 2191 Ward Avenue, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA. Tel: +1 608 787 3333 Fax: +1 608 787 2141 Kobe Steel, Ltd - Development Natural Gas Processing
5、 (NGP) and Liquefaction (LNG); the production of petrochemicals and treatment of offgases; large refrigeration systems. Table 1-1 gives some typical applications where brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are used extensively and have proven reliable over many years of service. 1.1.3 Limits of
6、 Use - Maximum Working Temperature and Pressure The maximum working pressure for brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers varies from zero to over 100 bar g. It is possible to have over ten process streams, at various pressures, in a single heat exchanger. The maximum temperature rating is typical
7、ly specified at 65C. An upper limit of 65C is suitable for most applications, and it allows manufacturers to use 5083 aluminium alloy piping which is more economical. However, designs are available for up to +204C at lower pressures, and design temperatures in excess of 65C are common. The minimum d
8、esign temperature is -269C. See Chapter 6 for a full material listing. 1.1.4 Acceptable Fluids Brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are capable of handling a wide variety of fluids in many different types of applications. In general, fluids should be clean, dry, and non-corrosive to aluminium.
9、 Trace impurities of H2S, NH3, CO2, SO2, NO2, CO, Cl and other acid-forming gases do not create corrosion problem in streams with water dewpoint temperatures lower than the cold-end temperature of the brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger. CHAPTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature STANDARDS
10、 OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 3 Under specific conditions, mercury can corrode aluminium and therefore caution must be used when handling mercury-containing fluids. However, there are many instances where brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers have b
11、een successfully used with fluids containing mercury provided that the proper equipment design and operating procedures are implemented. In all cases, it is recommended that the heat exchanger manufacturer is consulted about specific conditions. Further information on corrosion guidelines is given i
12、n Section 8.3. Proper filters should be installed upstream of the exchangers to prevent plugging from particulates such as pipe scale or molecular sieve dust. If a brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger is accidentally plugged, proven cleaning procedures are available. Further information on this
13、 subject is given in Section 8.2. Fluids containing compressor lube oils, and other heavy hydrocarbons are acceptable provided these contaminants do not precipitate out on the fin surface. In the event of heavy fouling, chemical solvent cleaning of the exchanger is a proven method of cleaning. Table
14、 1-1: Plant Types and Applications Plant Types Products Length 2. Heat transfer fins 6. Headers W; Width 3. Distributor fins 7. Nozzles H; Height 4. Side bars 8. Block (core) Figure 1-2: Components of a Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger CHAPTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature STANDARD
15、S OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 5 1.2.2 Components of Manifolded Exchangers Multiple brazed aluminium plate-fin exchangers may be connected in parallel, in series, or in parallel-series combination, to form one assembly. Figure 1-3 illustrates an assembly
16、 of three brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers connected in parallel. For this case, each individual stream enters the assembly through a manifold, is distributed to the inlet nozzles on each of the three heat exchangers, flows through the heat exchanger and leaves the assembly through the out
17、let manifold. Figure 1-3: Typical Assembly of Three Brazed Aluminium Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers in Parallel CHAPTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature 6 STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1.2.3 Module Construction Two or more individually brazed a
18、luminium plate-fin exchanger blocks may be welded together in parallel to form one composite block. In this way the stacking height of the exchanger can be increased above a dimension limited by the manufacturing process or other restrictions. 1.2.4 Connection Options Several options are available f
19、or connecting a brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger to plant piping. 1.2.4.1 Stub ends This option is selected if the exchanger nozzles are to be directly (butt-) welded to the connecting aluminium pipes. 1.2.4.2 Flanges This option is available if the heat exchanger is to be connected to stee
20、l piping or if installation of the heat exchanger without welding is desired. Under this option, the manufacturer provides the heat exchanger with aluminium flanges welded on the nozzles to fit with mating (normally steel) flanges on the piping. 1.2.4.3 Transition joints This alternative to flanges
21、is available if the heat exchanger is to be connected to steel piping. Under this option, the manufacturer provides the heat exchanger with transition joints welded to the nozzles. The transition joints are directly (butt-) welded to the connecting steel pipes. 1.2.5 Header/Nozzle Configurations Str
22、eams to and from the heat exchanger enter and leave by means of various header/nozzle configurations. The headers are normally made from half cylinders with flat and/or mitred ends or mitred dome headers. Typical variants are shown in Figure 1-4. The nozzles may be radial, tangential or inclined to
23、the header and can also be equipped with flanges or transition joints. There are many different and acceptable variations of header/nozzle configurations in use and some typical variations are shown in Figure 1-5. CHAPTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE
24、-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 7 Standard header with flat ends Header with inclined ends Header with mitred ends Dome header with mitred ends Figure 1-4: Typical Header Configurations Radial nozzle Inclined nozzle Tangential nozzle Figure 1-5: Typical Header/Nozzle Configurations CHA
25、PTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature 8 STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 1.2.6 Fin Corrugations Various shapes of corrugated fins are available. 1.2.6.1 Principal types of fin The principal types are plain, serrated and herringbone as illustr
26、ated in Figure 1-6. Plain and herringbone fins may also be perforated as illustrated. For the thermal and hydraulic behaviour of each fin-type refer to Chapter 7 of these Standards. Plain fins Plain-perforated fins Serrated fins Herringbone or wavy fins Figure 1-6: Principal Types of Fin CHAPTER 1 G
27、eneral Description and Nomenclature STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 9 1.2.6.2 Dimensions of fins Each type of fin is characterised by its height, h, thickness, t, and pitch, p, or by the number of fins per inch (FPI) as shown in Figure 1-7. Additi
28、onally, specification is required for the percentage perforation of perforated fins, (e.g. 5% of corrugated area); for ls, the length of the serration of serrated fins, and for the distance between crests on herringbone fins. Plain Fin Herringbone Fin Figure 1-7: Definition of Fin Dimensions 1.2.7 D
29、istributors There are various distributor types available for streams entering or leaving a block. The principal distributor types are: - side distributor (mitred or diagonal) - end distributor (left, right or central) - intermediate distributor (special) Some typical examples are shown in Figure 1-
30、8. Manufacturers may offer other designs. Special designs of distributor are offered for two-phase streams entering a block (Reference 4). Serrated Fin CHAPTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature 10 STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Side distribu
31、tors End distributors Intermediate distributors diagonal A left diagonal diagonal B central split flow entry/exit mitre open end re-entrant A with one or more separator bars diagonal with double entry/exit re-entrant B with double entry/exit one or more separator bars Figure 1-8: Examples of the Pri
32、ncipal Distributor Types CHAPTER 1 General Description and Nomenclature STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 11 1.2.8 Flow Arrangements Figure 1-9a illustrates the structure of an individual layer. Internal distributor fins (1) conduct the stream from
33、the narrow entry port across the full width of the layer to the heat transfer fins (2). Distribution fins (3) then conduct the stream to the exit port. Figure 1-9b illustrates the fin arrangement of a layer with an intermediate port (see also Figure 1-8). Various arrangements of the layers for each
34、of the streams provide various possible flow arrangements, as shown in Figure 1-10. Manufacturers may offer further arrangements. (a) (b) Figure 1-9: Structure of an Individual Layer A B C B is in counterflow to A C is in cross-counterflow to A D is in co-current flow to B D E E is in crossflow to D
35、 Figure 1-10: Flow Arrangements CHAPTER 2 Tolerances STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 13 2 TOLERANCES Standard tolerances for the external dimensions of brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are shown in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2. The core cen
36、tre line (Figure 2-1) and the base line of supports (Figure 2-2) are used here as datum lines to illustrate these dimensions. However, manufacturers may use other reference datum lines. The purchaser and manufacturer may adopt other tolerance values upon agreement. Figure 2-3 shows the tolerances fo
37、r a manifolded assembly of two cores. Here, the base line of the supports may also be used as a datum line as shown in Figure 2-2. Details for flanges are also shown in Figure 2-3. For spare and replacement exchangers these tolerances shall also be applied. ITEMS TOLERANCES ITEMS TOLERANCES A, B, C,
38、 D, E, F 6mm for Dim 1000mm 8mm for 1000mm 2000m H, I, J, K 6mm for Dim 1000mm 8mm for 1000mm2000m G 3o N, O, P 3mm Q 1mm Figure 2-1: Important External Dimensions of One Core using the Core Centre Line CHAPTER 2 Tolerances 14 STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS
39、ASSOCIATION ITEMS TOLERANCES ITEMS TOLERANCES A, B, C, D, E, F 6mm for Dim 1000mm 8mm for 1000mm 2000m H, I, J, K 6mm for Dim 1000mm 8mm for 1000mm2000m G 3o N, O, P 3mm Q 1mm Figure 2-2: Important External Dimensions of One Core using the Support Base Line CHAPTER 2 Tolerances STANDARDS OF THE BRAZ
40、ED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 15 ITEMS TOLERANCES ITEMS TOLERANCES A, B, C, D, E, F, G 6mm for Dim 1000mm 8mm for 1000mm 2000m I, J, K 6mm for Dim 1000mm 8mm for 1000mm2000m H 3mm L 1o;max 5mm at flange periphery Q 1o;max 5mm at bolt circle Figure 2-3: Important Ext
41、ernal Dimensions of a Manifolded Assembly of Two Cores: General Flange Details CHAPTER 3 General Fabrication and Contractual Information STANDARDS OF THE BRAZED ALUMINIUM PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 17 3 GENERAL FABRICATION AND CONTRACTUAL INFORMATION 3.1 SHOP OPERATION The de
42、tailed methods of shop operation are left to the discretion of the manufacturer in conformity with these Standards. 3.2 DESIGN CODE The design of the equipment shall be performed by the manufacturer in complete compliance with the agreed code. As a minimum, the latest mandatory edition of the code i
43、n effect at the date of purchase order shall apply. For more information refer to Chapter 5 of these Standards. 3.3 INSPECTION 3.3.1 Third Party Inspection Generally all brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are subject to an inspection by an independent third party inspection authority. The au
44、thority shall carry out the inspections and tests required by the agreed applicable code. 3.3.2 Manufacturers Inspection In some circumstances, certain codes allow the manufacturer to carry out the inspection and testing of the heat exchangers. For these circumstances, the amount of inspection, test
45、ing and judgement of the results, shall not be less than that required when performed by a third party inspection authority. 3.3.3 Purchasers Inspection The purchaser shall have the right to participate in any inspection and to witness any test that the purchaser has so requested. However, purchaser
46、s inspections and witnesses shall be restricted to non-proprietary operations. Advance notification of inspections and tests shall be given as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Inspection by the purchaser shall not relieve the manufacturer of the manufacturers responsibilities
47、for compliance with the code and these Standards. 3.4 NAMEPLATE 3.4.1 Manufacturers Nameplate A suitable manufacturers nameplate shall be permanently attached to each individual brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger. The location of the nameplate shall allow easy access after installation of the
48、 heat exchanger in the plant. The nameplate shall be of corrosion resistant material, which may be an aluminium alloy or austenitic stainless steel. When specified by the purchaser, the nameplate shall be attached to a bracket welded to the heat exchanger. If the heat exchanger is to be installed in
49、 a permanent enclosure, (e.g. a coldbox or vessel), a second identical (duplicate) nameplate shall be supplied loose by the manufacturer, for attachment onto the enclosure by others. 3.4.1.1 Nameplate structure Because brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are capable of accommodating more than tw
