1、第 1 课文On our first “date“ after our twin daughters were born, my husband and I went to see the movie Toy Story. We enjoyed it, but afterward my husband asked, “Where was the dad?“ At first, it seemed petty to criticize an entertaining family movie because of one small point. The more I thought about
2、 it, however, the more glaring an omission it seemed. Not only was dad not around, he wasnt even mentioned despite the fact that there was a baby in the family, so dad couldnt have been that long gone. It was as if the presence or absence of a father is a minor detail, not even requiring an explanat
3、ion. 在我们的孪生女儿出生后的第一次“约会”时，我和丈夫一起去看了一部名为玩具故事的电影。我们很喜欢这部片子，但随后我丈夫问道：“父亲在哪儿呢？”起初我还认为因为一个小小的失误而批评一部很吸引人的家庭影片似乎是太偏狭了。可后来越想越觉得这一疏忽太严重了。父亲不仅没有出现，他甚至没有被提到 尽管家中有婴儿，说明他不可能离开太长时间。影片给人的感觉是，父亲出现与否似乎是个极次要的细节，甚至不需要做任何解释。This is only one example of the media trend toward marginalizing fathers, which mirrors enormou
4、s social changes in the United States. David Blankenhorn, in his book Fatherless America, refers to this trend as the “unnecessary father“ concept.新闻媒体倾向于把父亲的边缘化，这只是一个例子，它反映了在美国发生的巨大的社会变化。大卫?布兰肯霍恩在无父之国一书中将这种倾向称之为“无需父亲”观念。We are bombarded by stories about the struggles of working mothers (as opposed
5、to non-working mothers, I suppose). Meanwhile, a high proportion of media stories about fathers focus on abusive husbands or deadbeat dads. It seems that the only time fathers merit attention is when they are criticized for not helping enough with the housework (a claim that I find dubious anyway, b
6、ecause the definition of “housework“ rarely includes cleaning the gutters, changing the oil in the car or other jobs typically done by men) or when they die. When Mr. Blankenhorn surveyed fathers about the meaning of the term “good family man,“ many responded that it was a phrase they only heard at
7、funerals. 职业母亲（我想这应是与无职业母亲相对而言的）奋斗的故事从媒体上无尽无休地轰击着我们。与此同时，媒体上绝大多数有关父亲的故事又集中表现暴力的丈夫或没出息的父亲。看起来似乎父亲惟一值得人们提及的时候是因为他们做家务太少而受到指责的时候（我怀疑这一说法的可靠性，因为“家务”的定义中很少包括打扫屋顶的雨水沟、给汽车换机油或其它一些典型地由男人们做的事） ，或者是在他们去世的时候。当布兰肯霍恩先生就“顾家的好男人”一词的词义对父亲们进行调查时，许多父亲都回答这一词语只有在葬礼上听到。One exception to the “unnecessary father“ syndrome
8、is the glowing media attention that at-home dads have received. I do not mean to imply that at-home dads do not deserve support for making this commitment. I only mean to point out the double standard at work when at-home dads are applauded while at-home mothers and breadwinner fathers are given lit
9、tle, if any, cultural recognition. 这种“无需父亲”综合症的一个例外是家庭全职父亲所受到的媒体的赞扬。我并非暗指这些家庭全职父亲作出的承诺不值得人们的支持，我只是想指出在实际生效的双重标准：家庭全职父亲受到人们的赞扬，而家庭全职母亲和养家活口的父亲，所得到文化上的认同却很少，甚至完全得不到。The very language we use to discuss mens roles (i.e., deadbeat dads) shows a lack of appreciation for the majority of men who quietly yet
10、 proudly fulfill their family responsibilities. We almost never hear the term “working father,“ and it is rare that calls for more workplace flexibility are considered to be for men as much as for women. Our society acts as if family obligations are not as important to fathers as they are to mothers
11、 as if career satisfaction is what a mans life is all about. 我们用来讨论父亲角色（即没出息的父亲）的话语本身就显示出人们对大多数男人默默无闻而自豪地履行对家庭承担的责任缺乏赏识。我们几乎从来没听到“职业父亲”这一说法，在人们呼吁应该考虑给予工作者在工作地点上更大的灵活性时，很少有人认为这种呼吁不但适用于女子，同样也适应于男子。我们这个社会表现出似乎家庭职责对父亲来说并不象对母亲那么重要 似乎事业上的满足就是男人生活的全部。Even more insulting is the recent media trend of regardi
12、ng at-home wives as “status symbols“ like an expensive car flaunted by the supposedly few men who can afford such a luxury. The implication is that men with at-home wives have it easier than those whose wives work outside the home because they have the “luxury“ of a full-time housekeeper. In reality
13、, however, the men who are the sole wage earners for their families suffer a lot of stresses. The loss of a job or even the threat of that happening is obviously much more difficult when that job is the sole source of income for a family. By the same token, sole wage earners have less flexibility wh
14、en it comes to leaving unsatisfying careers because of the loss of income such a job change entails. In addition, many husbands work overtime or second jobs to make more money needed for their families. For these men, it is the family that the job supports that makes it all worthwhile. It is the bel
15、ief that having a mother at home is important to the children, which makes so many men gladly take on the burden of being a sole wage earner. 更让人感到侮辱的是最近媒体的这种倾向，即把家庭主妇看成是一种“地位的象征” 就像一辆名贵的汽车，只有据说少数男人才享受得起这种奢侈与豪华。这暗示家里有家庭主妇的男人比那些妻子在外工作的男人日子过得更舒适，因为他们拥有全职管家这种“奢侈品” 。然而，实际上作为家庭惟一挣钱者的男人要承受很多压力。当他们的那份工作是家庭
16、收入的惟一来源的时候，失业，或者甚至只不过是受到失业的威胁，对他们来说显然构成更大的困难。同样，家庭惟一的工资收入者在想辞去不太满意的工作时，其灵活程度也要小一些，因为这种工作变换会使他们失去收入。此外，为了给家庭挣更多的钱，许多丈夫超时工作或兼做第二职业。对于这些男人来说，正是这份工作所支撑的家庭，使得他们值得付出努力。很多男人相信母亲呆在家里对小孩十分重要，这种信念使得他们乐意地担起家里惟一挣钱人的担子。Today, there is widespread agreement among researchers that the absence of fathers from househ
17、olds causes serious problems for children and, consequently, for society at large. Yet, rather than holding up “ordinary“ fathers as positive role models for the dads of tomorrow, too often society has thrown up its hands and decided that traditional fatherhood is at best obsolete and at worst dange
18、rously reactionary. This has left many men questioning the value of their role as fathers. 目前，研究者们普遍认为家庭中没有父亲会对小孩 因此对整个社会 带来严重的问题。然而，我们这个社会并没有把“普通”父亲作为正面角色为未来的父亲树立榜样，相反地，却常常持放弃态度，认为传统的父道从最好的方面说是已经过时，从最坏的方面讲就是危险的反动。这使得许多男人对他们作为父亲的角色的价值提出疑问。As a society, we need to realize that fathers are just as imp
19、ortant to children as mothers are not only for financial support, but for emotional support, education and discipline as well. It is not enough for us merely to recognize that fatherlessness is a problem to stand beside the grave and mourn the loss of the “good family man“ and then try to find someo
20、ne to replace him (ask anyone who has lost a father to death if that is possible). We must acknowledge how we have devalued fatherhood and work to show men how necessary, how important they are in their childrens lives. 作为一个社会，我们需要认识到对于孩子来说，父亲是与母亲同等重要的，不仅仅在经济支持上，而且在感情依靠、教育和纪律训导方面都是如此。我们仅仅意识到没有父亲是一个问
21、题是不够的，也不能只是站在坟墓旁边哀悼“顾家好男人”的去世，随后又找一个人来替代他（请问一问已失去父亲的人，这是否可能） 。我们必须承认我们是如何贬低了父道的价值，我们必须努力向男人们显示，他们在孩子们的生活中是多么不可缺少，多么重要。Those fathers who strive to be good family men by being there every day to love and support their families those unsung heroes need our recognition and our thanks for all they do. Be
22、cause they deserve it.那些每天都在努力去爱和支撑他们的家庭，力求做一个顾家好男人的父亲，那些无名英雄，需要我们的承认，他们所付出的一切需要我们的感谢，因为他们值得我们的认同和感激。课后翻译：1.随着职务的提升，他担负的责任也更大了。 (take on)With his promotion ,he has taken on greater responsibilities.2. 他感到他再没有必要对约翰承担这样的责任。(make a commitment)He felt he did not have to make such a commitmentto John any
23、 more .3. 闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物，与她相反，露茜却喜欢呆在家里看书。(as opposed to)Mary likes go to shopping in her spare time ,as opposed to Lucy, who prefers to stay at home reading.4. 充其量可以说他有抱负，用最糟糕的话来说，他是一个没有良心(conscience)或没有资格的权力追求者。(at best, at worst)At best hes ambitious,at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qua
24、lifications .5. 我们已尽全力说服他，但是却毫无进展。(strive，make no headway)We have striven to the full to convince him,but we have made no headway.第 2 课文Why Digital Culture Is Good for You?The news media, along with social and behavioral scientists, have recently sent out a multitude of warnings about the many dange
25、rs that await us out there in cyberspace. The truth of the matter is that the Web is no more inherently dangerous than anything else in the world. It is not some amorphous entity capable of inflicting harmful outcomes on all who enter. In fact, in and of itself, the Web is fairly harmless. It has no
26、 special power to overtake its users and alter their very existence. Like the old tale that the vampire cannot harm you unless you invite it to cross your threshold, the Internet cannot corrupt without being invited. And, with the exception of children and the weak-willed, it cannot create what does
27、 not already exist. 最近，新闻媒体以及社会学家和行为学家们都发出大量警告指出：网络空间危险重重。其实，万维网与世界上其它任何事物一样并非天然地有害。它并非某种看不见摸不着的实体，能使危险降临进入它的每一个人。实际上，网络就其本身而言是相当无害的，它没有超越其使用者并改变他们的存在的特殊功能。正如古老的传说指出的一样，吸血鬼不请不会自入家门来伤害你，互联网也不会不请自来地使你堕落。除孩子和意志薄弱者外，它不可能造成本来就不存在的东西(1) Like alcohol, the Web simply magnifies what is already there: Experts
28、 are concerned that the masking that goes on online poses a danger for everyone who is a part of the Digital Culture. Before we know it, the experts tell us, we will all use fake identities, become fragmented, and will no longer be sure of just who we are. Wrong. The only people who feel compelled t
29、o mask, and otherwise misrepresent themselves online are the same people who are mysterious and unfrank in “real life”.the Net just gives them one more tool to practice their deceit. （1 ）如同酒精的作用一样，网络仅仅是将已有的事物放大：专家们担心，网上盛行的隐藏装假对参与数字文化的人来说是危险的。他们告诉我们，我们不知不觉地全都会使用假身份，一个个变得残缺不全面目全非，以至于连自己都不敢肯定自己究竟是谁。全错。
30、只有那些在“现实生活”中表现得诡秘莫测，毫不坦诚的人，才感到被迫要在网上伪装自己并用其它方法提供虚假情况。网络只不过为他们增添了一种实施欺骗的工具。As for the rest of us, getting taken in by these people is a low probability. We know who these folks are in the “real world”. The Internet does not “cause” people to disguise as something they are not. As for the Digital Cult
31、ure getting cheated by these dishonest folks, well, there are just as many “cues” online to decipher deception as there are in the “real world”. The competent WebHead can recognize many red flags given off by the online behavior of others. Oftentimes the intentions of fellow users is crystal clear,
32、especially over time. 因为我们了解现实生活中的这些人，所以被这些人欺骗的可能性很小。因特网并不会“引起”人们去装扮成另一些人。至于数字文化中人被这些不诚实的家伙欺骗的问题，就如同“现实”生活中一样，网上同样有许多“信号”会揭露他们的骗术。有水平的网迷能识别在线人行为所发出的很多危险信号。尤其是经过一段时间之后，别的用户的意图常常是非常清楚的。When someone is trying to deceive us online, inconsistencies, the essence that they are trying “too hard” or are just
33、 plain unbelievable, often come through loud and clear. Likewise, just like in the “real world”, a host of other unacceptable tendencies can be readily recognized online. Narcissism (its all about “meeeee”), those people who have nothing but negativity or unpleasant things to say about others, and t
34、hose who feel compelled to undermine others and who think they must blow out the other guys candles in order for their own to shine can be spotted a cybermile away. 有人试图在网上欺骗我们时，常常会明白无误地表现为自我矛盾，这是力求取信而过分涂抹，甚至说话虚假、令人难信的必然迹象。同样，与在“现实世界”中一样，许多其它令人讨厌的倾向在网上也都能很容易地识别出来。孤芳自赏（一切围绕“我我我” ）在网络上也老远就会被发现，因为他们都是些
35、只说别人反话或坏话的人，认为只有吹灭他人的蜡烛自己才能闪光的人。(2) The Web can bring out the best in people: Gregarious, frank folks in “real life” usually carry these same traits over to their online life. Most are just as fun-loving online if not more so, as they are at a party, at work, or at the local bar. Though admittedly,
36、some are not quite as much fun to be around without a stiff drink. （2 ）网络能让人展现其最好的一面：“现实生活”中爱好交往和直率的人在网上也会展现相同的个性。多数人网上和网下都一样爱找乐趣，即使不是有过之而无不及，也与他们平时在聚会上、在工作中和在当地的酒吧里一样喜欢寻找乐趣。然而无可否认，有些人没有烈性酒作伴，你和他们在一起就不会那么欢乐。Shy folks have a “safer” environment online than in the “real world” and can learn to express
37、 themselves more freely on the Net (youve never seen anyone stutter on e-mail, have you?) allowing them to gain confidence and communication skills that can eventually spill over into other aspects of their lives. Helpful people in “real life” are often just as willing to come to someones assistance
38、 online as anywhere else. 害羞的人在网上比在“现实世界”中会得到更为“安全的”环境，并且在网上能学会更自由地表达自己（你从未见到过有人会在电子邮件上结结巴巴地说话，对吗） ，网络会使他们增强信心，获得交际技能，而这些又最终会扩大到他们生活的其它方面。现实生活中喜欢帮助他人的人常常在网上也愿意尽力帮助他人。(3) People are judged differently on the Web: On the Internet people are judged by their personality, beliefs and online actions, NOT
39、by their physical appearance. This is good. It not only gives ugly folks an aid, but causes Beautiful People to have to say something worth listening to in order to get attention. （3 ）网上评价人的方式不同：在互联网上，对人的评价是看他们的个性、信念和网上行为，而不是看他们的外表长相。这很好，因为它不仅会给其貌不扬的人机会，也会使长相漂亮的人必须要说话值得一听才会引起别人注意。(4) People open up
40、more: Many people are opening up a whole lot more these days since they are not required to use their real name and provide their real identity in the Internet. （4 ）人们更加坦率：由于在互联网上不必使用真名并提供真实身份，许多人近日来更加坦诚，畅吐心曲。(5) Were connected: Members of the Digital Culture know full well that there is a wealth of
41、 important information and life-changing opportunities out there in cyberspace. The Web has opened doors for many of us that otherwise would never have been an option. Research possibilities and networking are just two such opportunities. （5 ）我们联到一起了：参与数字文化的人都非常了解，网上有大量重要信息，并能提供许多改变他们生活的机遇。网络为我们中间的许
42、多人打开了许多大门，这种选择是他们在其它面所不能得到的。从事研究的可能和上网与人联系就是两个这样的机会。 (6) We Learn the Power of Words and to be Better Listeners: With no facial expressions, body language, or physical appearance to distract us, members of the Digital Culture have learned the power of words . both their own, and others. We know very
43、 well how a simple string of words can harm, hurt and offend, or how they can offer humor, help, support and encouragement. Most experienced members of the online culture have learned to become wordsmiths, carefully crafting the words they use to convey exactly what they mean so as not to be misunde
44、rstood. （6 ）我们懂得了语言的威力并学会了更善于倾听：没有面部表情、身体语言或外表长相的干扰，数字文化的成员已学会了词语的威力，包括他们自己的和他人的词语。我们透彻地懂得将词语简单地组合起来就能损害、伤害和冒犯他人，也可以表现幽默和提供帮助、支持和鼓励。多数富有经验的网络成员已经修炼成为语言大师，他们慎重地措词，准确地表达自己的意思以避免被人误解。Many of us have also learned to become far better listeners thanks to the Internet. Not only do we choose our words more
45、 carefully but we (especially those who communicate via email as opposed to chat rooms) are forced to wait until the other person finishes before we can speak or respond.由于互联网的缘故，我们中的许多人已经学会更好地倾听。我们不但要更慎重地斟词酌句，我们（尤其是那些通过电子邮件而不是聊天室交流的人）还必须等待，等待他人结束后我们才能说话或者回答。1. 要是他适合当校长，那么哪个学生都可以当。(no more.than)He i
46、s no more fit to be a headmaster than any schoolboy would be.2. 至于她的父亲，她不敢肯定是否会接收她和她的小孩。(as for)As for her father, she is not sure whether he will accept her and her baby.3. 晚睡会损害健康而早睡早起有益于健康。(undermine)Staying up late will undermine ones health while going to bed early and getting up early will ben
47、efit it.4. 大使亲自向总理转达了总统的问候。(convey) The ambassador personally conveyed the presidents message to the premier.5. 这个女孩决定敞开心扉，把她看见的一切都告诉警方。(open up)The girl decided to open up and tell the police what she had seen.第 3 课文1)“If it doesnt have a copyright notice, its not copyrighted.” This was true in the
48、 past, but today almost all major nations follow the Berne copyright convention. For example, in the USA, almost everything created privately and originally after April 1, 1989 is copyrighted and protected whether it has a notice or not. The default you should assume for other peoples works is that
49、they are copyrighted and may not be copied unless you know otherwise. There are some old works that lost protection without notice, but frankly you should not risk it unless you know for sure. 1)如果没有版权标识，就不会受到版权保护。这在过去是事实，但现在情况就有所不同了，几乎所有大国邮遵循伯尔尼版权协定，比如，在美国， 自 1989 年 4 月 1 日后，几乎所有个人创作以及原创的作品，不管它是否有版权标识，都受到版权保护。大家默认的是他人的作品已受到版权保护，不能随意复制，除非你能确信它不受版权保护：有些年代久远的作品如果没有标识，就不受到版权保护，但坦白地说如果这一点不能肯定，你就不应冒这个风险。2) “If I dont charge for it, its not a violation.” False. Whether you charge can affect the damages awarded in court, but that
