1、Part Two Reading-Centered Activities,1. In-Class Reading,2. After-Class Reading,In-Class Reading,Do Animals Have a Culture?,Part Two: In-Class Reading,Background Information,Global Reading,Detailed Reading,Post-Reading,Background Information,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,Chimpanz
2、ees,Japanese Monkeys,1. Chimpanzees,Chimpanzees are our closest relatives. They belong to the ape family. They are sociable animals, and live in mixed groups or troops in tropical African rainforests. They feed mainly on fruit like bananas and figs, but will also eat seeds, nuts, leaves, insects and
3、 sometimes small mammals. Chimps are clever animals, and will make tools from twigs to dig tasty termites out of their mounds.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,(黑猩猩),To be continued,Chimpanzees move around on all fours and it is quite unusual for them to walk upright. They have long
4、 powerful arms, with elongated thumbs on their hands. Chimpanzees are very clean animals, and will often groom one othercarefully picking out small ticks from each others fur, which strengthens bonds within the group. Females give birth to a single baby every three years. A young chimp is carried ar
5、ound by its mother for about four or five months before it begins to take its first steps. Baby chimps love to play, and spend a lot of time chasing, wrestling and tickling each other.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,2. Japanese Monkeys,Japanese monkeys are known as the primate spe
6、cies that live in the northern part of the world. They live in the forests, mainly broad-leaved forests in the Honshu excluding Hokkaido and the Ryukyu Islands.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,One striking feature of the adult Japanese monkeys is that their faces and bottoms are re
7、d. Their main food item is plants. They sleep on the tree, with the posture of holding each other or sitting alone. They never made nests to sleep, and sleeping sites change everyday. They life span is 25-30 years.,To be continued,The society of Japanese monkeys is very interesting. Several adult ma
8、les compose their society; the number of adult females is nearly three times of adult males, and their children. Basically, females stay in her natal group, on the other hand, most of male leave their group before they become adults. Some of males become solitary male, but in someday, he will join t
9、he new group. They continue to move from group to group. So, the basic composition of group is adult females and their children, forming a matrilineal society.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Background Information,Global Reading,Organization Analysis,How to Achieve the Global Understanding of the Text Q
10、uickly,Pre-Reading Question,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Summary,1. Pre-Reading Question Work in pairs to decide which of the following are true of animals, excluding humans.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,use tools ( ) make tools ( ) cooperate with each other ( ) communicate
11、 with spoken words ( ) share knowledge ( ) have emotions ( ) practice religion ( ),T,T,T,T,F,T,F,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,2. Organization Analysis,When you read an article, you should first judge if it is a narration, a description, an argumentation, a story or an ad., etc. The judg
12、ment decides the best strategy to read the article so that you can quickly reconstruct its global meaning. For example, if you decide an article is an argument, you might know the basic structure of an argument is “problemanalysissolution”. Although there are several variations, such as “introductio
13、nproblemanalysissolutionadditional comments”, you can still read very fast.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,3. How to Achieve the Global Understanding of the Text Quickly,To be continued,You can ignore the less important sections and come right to the most important points: the problem and
14、 the solution. To check the solutions validity, you may have a quick look at the analysis.The important information of an article is often contained in the title, the first and the last paragraph of the passage, the first or the last sentence of a paragraph and the indicators like “first”, “in contr
15、ast”, “in conclusion”. Paying attention to the title, the introductory paragraph and the concluding paragraph, the topic sentences of each paragraph and the coherence devices can enable you to get the main idea of the article very quickly.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Global Reading,Part Two: In-Class
16、 Reading Global Reading,4. Summary,Culture refers to the way of life, customs, beliefs, art, social institutions, etc. of a particular group of people. There is no doubt that human beings have culture. Is culture found just in humans, or do animals have a culture too? That is a question posed by soc
17、ial scientists. Scientific research has revealed that animals do have culture and the cultural characteristics of human beings can also be found in the lives of some animals. For instance, like humans, some animals have the ability to use and make tools, learn and share behavior and even communicate
18、 with some forms of language. However, there are limits to the culture of animals. For example, animals cant form social institutions and communicate abstract ideas.,Detailed Reading,Debate,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Passage Reading,Understanding Sentences,Word Study,Do Animals Have
19、 a Culture?Lately, social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have a culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people have in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. 1It is the patterns of behavior tha
20、t help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group different from another group.Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate with language. But
21、these aspects of human behavior, or “culture”, can also be found in the lives of certain animals.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,We used to think that the ability to use tools was the dividing line between human beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is not t
22、he case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. 2For example, chimpanzees have been seen stripping the leaves off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the s
23、tick, the chimpanzee removes it and eats them off the endlike our use of a fork.For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals could not be taught such behavior.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one anot
24、her in the way humans do. This, too, has proven to be untrue. 3A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Money Center in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet pota
25、to to get rid of the sand. 4This practice soon spread throughout the group. It became learned behavior, not from humans but from other monkeys. Now almost all the monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not. Thus there is a “cultural” difference among animals.We have ruled out tool
26、 use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,We have also ruled out the learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held onto the last featurelanguage. But even the use of language can no longer separate human culture
27、from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Was
28、hoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is made through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs.,Part Two: In-Class Reading De
29、tailed Reading,Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just mimic it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and response.Of
30、course, there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social institutions such as religion or law. Also, some chimpanzees may be able to learn sign language, but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken langua
31、ge we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows that language. 5Perhaps the most important thing is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Understanding Sentences,1. It is the patterns of behavior that he
32、lp people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group different from another group.,正是人们的行为模式促使他们生活在一起，也正是人们的行为模式把不同的群体区分开来。,In these two sentences the subject the patterns of behavior is emphasized. Notice this kind of sentence structure: It + be + 要强调部分 + that (或who,
33、which) + 句子其它部分。,Translation,Comments,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,To be continued,1) It was the ease with which the burglars gotinto the house that worried her. 2) It was a key that/which I found in his pocket. 3) It was Tom who/that met your sister in the zoo yesterday. 4) It was in
34、 the zoo that Tom met your sister yesterday. 5) It was yesterday that Tom met your sister in the zoo.,Examples,Understanding Sentences,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,2. For example, chimpanzees have been seen stripping the leaves off a branch, then putting itinto a term
35、ite nest.,例如，有人看到黑猩猩把树叶扯掉，将树枝伸进白蚁巢穴。,Notice the perceptive verb see used in this sentence. Perceptive verbs, such as feel, hear, overhear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, smell are usually followed by noun phrase plus bare infinitives or the present participles.,Translation,Comments,Part Two
36、: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,To be continued,Understanding Sentences,1) I saw him leave a few minutes ago. 2) The suspect was seen entering the building. 3) She felt his arms go round her. 4) She overheard them discussing pay rises. 5) Can you smell something burning?,Examples,Part Two: In-Cl
37、ass Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,3. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at theKyoto University Monkey Center in Japan.,Translation,日本京都大学猿猴研究中心对一组日本猴作过研究。,“a group of +复数名词”作主语时， 谓语动词可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式， 这主要看说话人的出发点，如果把这个 group 作为整体看， 说话人会用单数谓语。,Examples,Comments
38、,1) A group of pilgrims is visiting Mecca.一批朝圣者正在游览麦加。 2) A group of us are going to the theatre this evening.我们中有些人今晚要去戏院看戏。,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,4. The practice soon spread throughout the group.,Translation,Examples,这一做法马上传遍了整个猴群。,The
39、 word “practice” is here used as a noun, meaning “the way something is usually done, a habit”. In this sentence, it refers to washing the sweet potato to get rid of the sand.,1) It is not considered good practice to reveal clients names. 2) Its common practice in many countries for pupils to repeat
40、a year if their grades are low.,Comments,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,5. Perhaps the most important thing is that the linedividing us from them is not as clear as we used tothink.,Translation,Comments,也许最重要的一点是，人和动物的分界线并不像我们过去认为的那样清清楚楚。,The nou
41、n clause that begins with the word “that” functions in this sentence as predictive clause. The word “that” can not be omitted here.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,To be continued,Understanding Sentences,1) An essential thing to remember is that people with backgrounds different from you
42、r own can broaden your conversational material and your thinking. 2) The fact is that these long-term memories are very accurate in detail and can be compared to a movie in the brain.,Examples,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,Understanding Sentences,Word Study,humans,also
43、 human beings, the human race, man, mankind, humankind 人类,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,Dogs can hear much better than humans. Humans are equal in the eyes of the law.,Word Study,a way of life,also a way of living, lifestyle,the behavior, habits, customs etc. that are
44、typical of a particular society or person 生活方式,Regular exercise is part of a healthy way of life. The tribes traditional way of life is under threat.,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,defense n.,C weapon, barrier, etc. used for defending or protecting 用于保卫或保护的武器，屏障等,The im
45、mune system is the bodys defense against infection.,Word Study,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,U defending from attack; fighting against attack 保护；保卫,They committed themselves to the defense of human rights.,To be continued,Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their cr
46、itics. How can you defend such behavior?,defend v.,1. protect sb./sth. from harm; guard sb./sth. 保护；保卫,All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attack. We need to defend against military aggression.,act, speak or write in support of sb./sth. 为支持某人某事而行动，说话或写文章,Word Study,Part T
47、wo: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,case n.,C (usually singular) a situation that exists, esp. as it affects a particular person or group 实情，情况,It may be the case that the scheme will need more money.We tend to think of these people as untrustworthy, but that is not the case.Chang
48、ing mens and womens traditional roles is not easy, but in our case it has been helpful.In this case, several solutions could be tried.,Word Study,Part Two: In-Class Reading Detailed Reading,Back to the text,prove v.,1. turn out to be; be seen or found to be 显现出是；被发现是,The promotions proved to be a tu
49、rning point in his career. The old methods proved best after all.,2. show that sth. is true or certain by means of argument or evidence 证明；证实,To prove his point, he mentioned several other experiments which had produced similar results.They hope this new evidence will prove her innocence.,Word Study,
