1、英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _.A. a particular languageB. the English languag
2、eC. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language 2. The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. Th
3、ere are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed“ in the word “learned“ is known as a(n) _.A. derivational morpheme B. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule “SNP VP“, the arrow can be read as _.A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates
4、5. “I bought some roses“ _ “I bought some flowers“.A. entails B. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. quality B
5、. quantityC. relation D. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrases B. sentencesC. morphemes D. utterances 8. In a speech community people have
6、something in common _a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. socially B. linguisticallyC. culturally D. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? _.A. language and speechB. visual
7、and spatial skills C. reading and writing D. analytic reasoning 10. In general, the _ stage begins roughly in the second half of the childs second year.A. babbling B. one-wordC. two-word D. multiword. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter o
8、f which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%10=10%)11. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe and collect linguistic f before they can do anything else.12. P
9、honological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f_ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and“, “but“, “or“.15. The study of
10、 the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called s .16. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C principle proposed by J. Grice.17. In addition to social changes, one of the most pervasive sources of language change
11、 seems to be the continual process of cultural t across generations.18. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the s attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.19. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “s speech,“ an
12、d speech as “overt thought.“ In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front
13、of each statement. If you think a statement is false , you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%10=20%)21. ( ) An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written for
14、m of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors“ for language usage.22. ( ) In classifying the English consonants and vowels, the same criteria can be applied.23. ( ) We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum
15、 of the meanings of its parts.24. ( ) Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.25. ( ) The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between la
16、nguage and thought.26. ( ) Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. ( ) In first language acquisition childrens
17、grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.28. ( ) The sentences “He crazy“ and “He be sick all the time“ are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.29. ( ) Speakers of different languages are capab
18、le of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.30. ( ) Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illus
19、tration. (3%10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax 36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca40. cerebral cortex. Answer the following questions. (10%2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change
20、 by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learners acquisition of a second language.参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共 10小题，每小题 2分，共 20分）1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B 10、C二、填空题（本大题共 10小题，每小题 1分，共 10分）11、 facts 12、sequential
21、13、free 14、coordinate 15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social 19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共 10小题，每小题 2分，共 20分）21、（T）22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former,
22、 but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24、（T）25、（F）The conceptu
23、alist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26、（T）27、（F）In first language acquisition childrens grammar never models e
24、xactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.28、（T）29、（T）30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found tha
25、t for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.四、名词解释题（本大题共 10小题，每小题 3分，共 30分）31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind
26、of English used during Shakespeares time.32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the here and now as animal communication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future,
27、 what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.34、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、 Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that st
28、udies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. 36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37、Hyponymy refers to the
29、sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextuali
30、zed. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of “The bag is heavy“ results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a l
31、ingua franca must be an agree-upon “common tongue“ used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes.40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and i
32、nitiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.五、论述题（本大题共 2 小题，每小题 10 分，共 20 分）41、Sociological triggers for language change refe
33、r to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Mi
34、ddle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle Engli
35、sh was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as “army,“ “court,“ “defense,“ “faith,“ “prison“ and “tax“ came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准：满分 10 分，其中定义占 3 分，典型例子占 5 分，例词占 2 分。42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a lear
36、ners L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.Motivation refers to the learners overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs
37、when the learners goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learners goal is social. Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 community.Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.
