1、1英语语言学试题 A 卷I. Define the following linguistic terms: (2%10=20%) 1) duality(二层性 ): The property of having two levels of structures, such that the units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2) displaceme
2、nt (移位): It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3) phonology (音系/位学): A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in
3、 the system of language.4) morphology (形态学): A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5) concord (一致关系): The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. 6) endocentri
4、c construction(向心结构): A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7) hyponymy (上下义关系): It refers to meaning inclusiveness, that is, the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.8) pragma
5、tics (语用学): It refers to the study of language in use. 9) illocutionary force (行事语力): It refers to the speakers meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning.10) error analysis (错误分析): It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner. II. Translation (0.5%20=10%) Transla
6、te the following terms into Chinese: (0.5%10=5%) 1) affricate 塞擦音 2) distinctive feature 区别特征 3) parole 言语 4) generative grammar 生成语法 5) bilingualism 双语现象 6) felicity condition 适切/合适条件 7) design feature 结构/设计特 8) denotation 外延/所指 9) labiodental 唇齿音 10) linguistic relativity 语言相对论/语言相对主义 Translate th
7、e following terms into English: (0.5%10=5%) 11) 人际功能 interpersonal function 12) 真值条件 truth condition 13) 女性语域/言women register 14) 音节划分 syllabification 15) 结构主义 structuralism 16)社会语言学 sociolinguistics 17) 论元 argument 18) 单元音 monophthong 19) 衔接 cohesion 20) 对比分析 contrastive analysisIII. Read each of t
8、he following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. (1%20=20%) 1) Language is a system of arbitrary _ symbols used for human communication.A. cultural B. conventionalC. decoded D. voca
9、l2) A word with several meanings is called _.A. an abnormal word B. a polysemous word 多义词C. a synonymous word D. none of the above3) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a (n) _.A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional m
10、orpheme 屈折词素 D. free form 4) The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number.A. large B. small2C. finite D. infinite5) “I picked some tulips.” _ “I picked some flowers.”.A. entails 限定 B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 6) Ys utterance in the following conversation excha
11、nge violates the maxim of _.X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation 关系准则 D. manner 7) “Can I borrow your bike? ” _ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent withC. entails D. presupposes 8) The stu
12、dy of language at one point of time is a _ study.A. synchronic 共时研究 B. historicC. diachronic D. descriptive9) Which of the following is a typical tone language? A. English B. ChineseC. French D. All of the above10) Two allophones(音位变体) of the same phoneme are said to be in _.A. phonemic contrast B.
13、complementary distribution (互补分布)C. minimal pair D. none of the above11) In terms of the place of articulation(发音), the following sounds tdszn share the feature of _.A. palatal ( 腭音 ) B. alveolar (齿龈音) C. bilabial D. dental(齿音)12) Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _ in 1957.A. L.
14、 Bloomfield B. N. Chomsky C. F. Saussure D. M. A. K. Halliday13) Which of the following is a correct description of reference(所指)? A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC
15、. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14) What is function of the sentence “How do you do? A. Directive B. Phatic 寒暄 C. Informative D. Evocative15) In the follow
16、ing sounds, _is a central vowel.A. /:/ B. /u/ C. / D. /16) Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system? A. Chinese B. Japanese 音节书写系统 C. English D. French17) Which description of the meaning components of the word “father” is right? A. +human, +adult, -male B. +human, -adult, +m
17、aleC. human, +adult, -male D. +human, +adult, +male 词的意义成分18) Once the notion of _ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaning B. contextC. form D. content319) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological, morphological and syntactic systems w
18、hich are _.A. rule-governed B. systematicC. arbitrary D. both A and B20) “Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _.A. an overheated animal B. a kind of foodC. a barking dog D. a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: (1%15=15%) F 1) Animal call systems
19、 are not genetically transmitted.F 2) According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the actual realization of his knowledge in utterance.F 3) A syllable without a coda (结尾 ) is a closed syllable.F 4) Parole(言语) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.F 5)
20、Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.F 6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.F 7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.F 8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality
21、belong to the same syntactic category.T 9) According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.T 10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.F 11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are
22、 semantically well-formed.T 12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.F 13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.T 14) Social dialects, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to pa
23、rticular social classes.F 15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to
24、 change the letter given. (1%10=10%) 1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing (One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysi
25、s is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.) 3) Syntax_ studies the sentence structure of language.4) Constituent analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.5) The noun “tea
26、r” and the verb “tear” are homograph (同形异义词)6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and broad transcription.7) Linguistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any huma
27、n being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.49) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir
28、-Whorf hypothesis (假设)10) Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence. (2.5%2=5%) 1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.The airplane
29、 that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English. (4%5=20%) 1) What functions does langu
30、age have? Give some examples. Language functions include informative function(信息功能), interpersonal function(人际功能), performative function(施为功能 ), motive function(情感功能), phatic communion(寒暄功能), recreational function(娱乐功能) and metalingual function(元语言功能 ).Examples: 2) State the differences between the
31、sentence meaning and utterance meaning. The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized, while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of
32、 communication, or simply in a context.3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics? Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of
33、 a system of signs, called conventions(常规 ). He held that the sign is the union of the signifier(表示物) and the signified(被表示物). He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign(符号的任意性), on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the disti
34、nction of langue and parole(语言和言语) and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics(共时和历时语言学), etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics? Conceptual meaning(概念意义); connotative meaning(内涵意义); social meaning(社会意义); affective
35、 meaning(感情意义); reflected meaning(反射意义); collocative meaning( 搭配意义); thematic meaning(主位意义).5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning? Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in
36、 the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides, applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.
