1、Chapter Five,药学英语翻译技巧,第一节 词性与句子成分转换法,一、词性转换法 二、句子成分转换法,一、词性转换法,可根据需要，转换原文单词的词性，常见的有名词变动词、动词变名词、副词变形容词等。 1.名词等转换为汉语动词 1）名词或具有动作意义的名词转换为汉语动词,Acupuncture provides pain relief. 针灸可以缓解疼痛。 Careful inquiry should be made for a history of hypersensitivity reaction to any antibiotic or other drugs. 要仔细询问对任何抗
2、生素或其他药物的过敏史。 Gas chromatography can be used for the analysis of gas, liquid, and solid samples. 气相色谱法可用于分析气体、液体和固体样品。 With new techniques available, there has been a quickening of interest in this subject. 由于现在有许多新技术可供使用，人们对该题目的兴趣一直在迅速增加。,One concern of pharmaceutical sponsors of phase 2 trials is t
3、he desire to detect some hint of efficacy. II期临床实验的赞助商所关注的事是期望发现某些疗效。 The availability of rt-PA is only the first step in the quest for effective acute stroke therapies. 在寻求有效的急性缺血性脑卒治疗方法的过程中，利用rt-PA只是第一步。 There are two major considerations that have to be taken into in any drug design project. 在所有药
4、物设计项目中,必须考虑两个主要因素。,2）形容词转换为汉语动词 英语中有些表示感觉、情感、愿望等意义的形容词，与系动词连用构成谓语时，可译成动词。 The conditions mentioned are merely conducive to sleep. 上述条件仅能促进睡眠。 (conducive译为汉语动词“促进”) The old are particularly susceptible to brain damage and are less likely to completely recover from it. 老年人特别容易遭受脑损害，而且不大可能完全恢复。 (suscep
5、tible译为汉语动词“容易遭受”，likely译为汉语动词“可能”),Nature should be so rich in potential lead compounds. 自然界富含潜在先导化合物。 Obviously this system is applicable only to drugs that can be ionized. 该系统显然只适用于可以被离子化的药物。 Just as the body is dependent on the skeleton for its structural stability, so is the skeleton dependent
6、on the body for its maintenance. 正如身体依赖骨骼以维持其结构的稳定性那样，骨骼依靠身体以维持其生存。,Both the old and the new methods are useful in current analytical practice. 在现代分析技术中，新旧方法都很有用。 说明：本句原文中的形容词useful，在翻译时被译成了动词“有用”。 The stability of penicillin tablets is dependent on moisture content. 青霉素片剂的稳定性依赖于含水量。 Pharmacists sho
7、uld be familiar with the types of analyses. 药剂师应熟悉各种类型分析方法。,3）介词转换为汉语动词 英语中介词或介词短语用法活跃。若其在句中起动词作用，用来表示动作或行为，即可转换为汉语的动词。 The prognosis of patients with acute nephritis is usually favorable. 患急性肾炎的病人通常预后良好。 They at last successfully stopped the bleeding and got the patient out of danger. 他们终于成功地止住血，使病
8、人脱离了危险。 (out of译为汉语动词“脱离”) The institute claimed that phosphate also stabilized penicillin beyond its buffer effect. 该学会声称磷酸盐也能稳定青霉素，其效果超出了它的缓冲作用。,4）副词转换为汉语动词 在句中作表语或宾语补足语的副词，往往可转换为汉语动词。 Their experiment is over. 他们的实验结束了。 There is an opening at the upper part of the stomach called cardiac orifice w
9、hich allows food in. 在胃上部有一个开口（即贲门）让食物进入胃中。 (in译为汉语动词“进入”) When fungi growing parasitically on trees are collected, it is important to remove all tree tissue from the samples. 当收集寄生在树上的真菌时，去除样品上所有的树木组织很重要。,2. 动词等转换为汉语名词 1）动词转换为汉语名词 含义比较抽象的动词，有时难于用对应的汉语动词表达，可转换为汉语名词。 The skeletal system is defined as
10、 the frame work of bones and cartilage that protects our organs and allows us to move. 骨骼系统的定义为：由骨和软骨组成的保护器官并产生运动的框架。 (define转换为汉语名词“定义”) This paper aims at discussing the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis as well as treatment. 本文的目的在于：不仅讨论动脉粥样硬化的治疗，而且讨论其发病机理。,The plan was adopted by DHHS and is revis
11、ed as new concerns emerge. 该计划已被卫生与人类服务部采纳，并随着新问题的出现进行修订。 Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. 糖尿病是一类代谢性疾病，其特点是因胰岛素分泌缺陷、胰岛素作用缺陷或两者兼有而导致的慢性高血糖。,It has been reported that DMSO has
12、 some desirable properties that are considered to be useful in managing the brain trauma patient. 报道称二甲亚砜具备一些可取的特质，被认为可用于治疗创伤性脑损伤。,2）形容词转换为汉语名词 At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. 温度不变，则气体压力与其体积成反比例。 (proportional转换为汉语名词“比例”) Mucus gland hyperplasi
13、a is characteristic of bronchitis. 粘液腺增生是支气管炎的特征。 (characteristic转换为汉语名词“特征”),Many strains of bacteria and fungi are naturally resistant to all currently available antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs. 很多细菌和真菌对现有的抗生素和其他化疗药物具有耐药性。 说明：英语中有些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时,可在其后加上“性”、“度”等词,译成名词。 The term “natural
14、 product“ is perhaps quite misleading. “天然产物”一词可能是颇具误导性的术语。 说明：本句原文中的形容词misleading翻译时在其后加上“性”字成为名词“误导性”。,Every one of the antibiotics is potentially dangerous for some people. 译文：任何一种抗生素对有些人来说都有潜在的危险性。 说明：本句中的形容词dangerous在译文被译成了名词“危险性”。 It has been assumed that the plasma drug concentration is direc
15、tly proportional to the clinical effect of that drug. 译文：现在普遍认为，血浆药物浓度与该药的临床效果有直接的对应关系。,The term natural product has become almost synonymous with the concept of drug discovery. 天然产物这一名词几乎已经成为药物开发的同义词。 说明：本句原文中的形容词synonymous在翻译时成了名词“同义词”。 Such small molecule agents are simpler to develop and may be
16、clinically superior. 这样的小分子制剂较容易开发，临床上也比较有优势。 说明：本句中的形容词superior在译文被译成了名词“优势”。,3）副词转换为汉语名词 Adverse drug reactions often occur early in therapy. 译文：药物不良反应通常发生在治疗的早期。 The erosion of the plug can be controlled enzymatically. 译文：酶能控制栓塞的侵蚀。,3 副词等转换为汉语形容词 1）副词等转换为汉语形容词 如英语原文中副词所修饰的动词译成了名词，那么修饰该动词的副词则转换成汉语
17、的形容词。修饰全句的副词也可根据情况译作形容词。 Characteristically, symptoms last for a few days, weeks or months and disappear for varying periods of time. 特征性的症状持续数天、数周或数月，消失的时间也不同。 Many early cases have been treated promptly. 许多早期的病例都得到了讯速的治疗。,During the past two decades, understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI has
18、 increased dramatically. 过去的20年里，对创伤性脑损伤的病理生理学认识已有显著的提高。 说明：本句中的动词increase在被译成了名词“提高”；原文中修饰increase的副词dramatically在译文中被译为形容词“显著的”。 Probably no group of drugs has received more attention and been more intensively studied than the penicillins. 大概没有哪类药物比青霉素得到更多的关注和更广泛的研究。,We describe a systematic appro
19、ach to designing multilayer transdermal patches based on therapeutically relevant specifications of the drug. 基于药物治疗相关的规格，本文对多层透皮吸收贴片的设计方法进行了系统的描述。,2）名词转换为汉语形容词 某些用作表语的名词（主要是形容词派生的名词），译成汉语时，可转换为形容词；也有其他情况下的名词为了通顺而译作形容词。 These findings are of great importance. 这些研究结果非常重要。 (importance转换为汉语形容词“重要”) Som
20、e clinicians have reported the rarity of primary syphilitic glaucoma. 据某些临床医生报导，原发性梅毒青光眼是罕见的。 (rarity转换为汉语形容词“罕见”),4 形容词等转换为汉语副词 1）形容词等转换为汉语副词 英语原文中说明主语、宾语或表语的形容词，汉译时有时转换为副词，用于修饰谓语动词或全句，此外，若某一英语名词转换为汉语动词，修饰名词的形容词就要转译为副词。 There is a theoretical risk of the emergence of resistance to both drugs. 从理论上说
21、，有可能出现对这两种药物产生耐药性的危险。 (theoretical转换为副词性短语，用来修饰全句),Such ecologic transformations can be responsible for apparent therapeutic failure or exacerbations during antibiotic therapy. 在抗生素治疗中，这种生态学的转变可能使治疗明显地失败，甚至导致病情恶化。 (apparent转换为汉语副词“明显地”) The results provide both qualitative and quantitative data in a
22、 rapid, efficient manner. 这些结果可快速、高效地提供定性和定量的数据。,With the development of pharmaceutical science, the science of pharmaceutical analysis is facing increasing challenges from various related sciences. 随着药物科学的发展，药物分析学正不断地面临着来自各个相关学科提出的新挑战。 When the hospital started extensive use of erythromycin, howeve
23、r, resistant staphylococcus strains began to appear. 然而，自从医院开始广泛应用红霉素以来，耐药葡萄球菌菌株开始出现。,2）名词转换为汉语副词 翻译时，为了便于表达，有时可将英文的名词转译为汉语的副词。 Biliary colic usually arises with suddenness and takes the form of spasms. 胆绞痛常突然发作，并呈现痉挛性。 (suddeness转换为汉语副词“突然地”) The main advantage of PC is the great convenience of car
24、rying out separations simply on sheets of filter paper. 纸色谱法的主要优势是很方便地在简单的滤纸上进行分离。,Marijuana is one of mans oldest and most widely used drugs. It has been consumed in various ways as long as medical history has been recorded and is currently used throughout the world by hundreds of millions of peopl
25、e. A fairly consistent picture of short-term effects on users is presented in many publications. As no specific therapeutic agents are available in the treatment of viral hepatitis now, all works done by doctors are supportive. The frequency of such cases of leukemia as have occurred after therapy w
26、ith I131 is that of chance association.,大麻是历史最长，使用最广泛的一种毒品。自有医学史以来，就有使用大麻的记录。目前全世界有数以千万计的人们在使用大麻。许多出版物都相当一致地报道毒品使用者服用大麻常出现短期效应。 由于目前还没有治疗病毒性肝炎的特效药物，医生采用的都是支持疗法。 用碘131同位素治疗之后所发生的这些白血病病例的频率是偶然关联。,二、句子成分的转译,Outline,1、主语的转译 2、谓语的转译 3、宾语的转译 4、定语的转译 5、状语的转译,1、主语的转译 A主语转化为宾语 Only small progress has been ac
27、hieved against fungi. 抗真菌药物的研究上只取得一点小成就。 The benefit of the treatment should be assessed after 3 months. 三个月后评价治疗效果。 Over the last 80 years, an impressive number of drugs have been synthesized chemically. 在过去的80年中，人们通过化学合成，研制出大量药物。,B主语转化为表语 The most critical factor governing stability of penicillin
28、in the solid state is moisture content. 湿度是控制青霉素在固体形态下稳定性的最关键因素。 The process can be slow and ineffectual. 这是一个缓慢、低效的过程。,C主语转译为谓语 主语由含有动作意义的名词充当 1）In recent years increasing attention had been paid to the economic benefit in the production of our factory. 近年来，我厂越来越注重生产中的经济效益。 2）The differences in the
29、 physical, chemical, and biological properties of the various penicillins are due to their side chains. 由于侧链不同，各种青霉素的物理、化学、生物特性亦不相同。,D主语转译为状语 有时英语句中的主语是说明行为的原因、条件、时间等，这个时候就可以考虑将主语翻译成状语（从句）。这种情况多出现在简单句中。 1) Bad weather prevented us from going camping last weekend. 上周末因为天气不好，我们没去野营。,E主语转译为定语 1）He has
30、a different opinion from others. 他的观点与众不同。 2）Without air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature. 没有空气，地球的温度会发生极大的变化。,2、谓语的转译,谓语的动词转译成名词，并且在句子中充当主语成分。 1）Neutrons act differently from protons. 中子的作用不同于质子。 2）Water with salt conducts electricity very well. 盐水的导电性能良好。 3）The coating thick
31、ness of the particles is increased to delay release of the drug. 颗粒涂层厚度的增加可以延迟药物释放的时间。,3、宾语的转译,1) Take it easy. A cup of hot coffee will make you feel better. 放松点，你喝杯热咖啡就会感觉好些的。 2) The concentration of drug in blood plasma depends on numerous factors. 很多因素决定着血浆中的药物浓度。,4、定语的转译,A定语转译为谓语 将定语转译为谓语通常是为了突
32、出定语所表达的内容。 1) There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction. 由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。 2) Many factors enter into unemployment in our country. 涉及我国失业的因素很多。,B. 定语转译为表语 同转译谓语情况一样，转译为表语也多半是为了突出其表达的内容。 1）The earth was formed from the same kind of materials that makes up the sun. 构成地球的物质与构成太阳的物质是相同的。,C定语
33、转译为状语 1） There is a theoretical risk of the emergence of resistance to both drugs. 译文：从理论上说，会出现对这两种药物呈抗药性的危险。,5、状语的转译,状语可以译为状语、主语和定语。,A状语转译为主语 1）In addition to the revolution in new classes of drugs, an equally momentous revolution is taking place in drug delivery. 除药物种类的革命外，药物给药系统也在进行一场同样令人震撼的革命。,B
34、状语转译为定语 1）The weather is warm and sunny here. 这里的气候温和，阳光充沛。 2）Ideally the candidate drug compounds should be “drug-like”, that they should possess properties that are predicted to lead to oral bioavailability, adequate chemical and metabolic stability, and minimal toxic effects. 译文：理想的候选药物化合物应该是“类似药物”， 即它们应具备可预测的口服生物利用度、适当的化学和代谢稳定性、最小的毒性作用等条件。,C状语转译为补语 这种方法就是将英语中的状语放在被修饰的动词后面译出。这种状语多表示方式、地点、时间、程度或结果，其位置多数在谓语之后。 1) How is your new teacher looking ? 你们新老师的仪表看来怎样？ 2) Jefferson died on July 4, 1826. 杰斐逊死于1826年7月4日。,
