1、英语句子结构与成分分析五种基本句型 1、主(语)谓(语)1、 主语主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是“什么人“ 或“什么事”。主语是执行句子中行为或动作的主体,是句子中行为活动做的施加者。2、 谓语,谓语从意义上说有表示动作和状态两种情况;表示状态的就用主语连系动词表语句型来表示。一般情况下,谓语位于主语之后,从意义上理解,往往具有动作意味,是主语发出的动作。能做谓语的在十大词类中只有一种词类:动词,也就是说只用动词具有作谓语的“专利” ,所以我们往往把“谓语”和“动词”连在一起叫做“谓语动词” 。虽然主语是“头把交椅” ,但是谓语是一个句子中最重要的成分,一个句子可以缺少主
2、语,但是谓语是不能少的。为了更好地理解这个句型以及下面的三个句型,在这里我需要补充说明两点: A、宾语 宾语,是动词作用的对象,通常是由名词或代词来充当(想一想:主语是由什么充当的?) ,从位置上来看,位于谓语动词之后,例如:He reads English .在这里English 就是作 reads 的宾语。在英语中,宾语通常是做动词或介词的宾语即构成动宾短语或介宾短语(介词短语) ,也就是说,一般来讲,做宾语的,要么是做动词的宾语,要么是做做介词的宾语,二者必居其一。对于什么是及物动词和不及物动词也是同学们常问到的问题,对于这两个“东东”的认识,我们还是来看看语法专著上是怎么解释的:有些动
3、词后面通常直接跟用作宾语的名词或代词。在语法上,这些动词成为“及物动词” ,有些动词后面通常不直接跟宾语,这些动词成为“不及物动词” ,例如:I like English .其中的 like 是及物动词,为什么这么说呢?因为它后面直接跟了个宾语 English,如果它后面不跟 English 的话,句子含义就不完整,你到底喜欢什么呢,好像话没说完似的,所以说及物动词后面必须带宾语。He often swims in the river(他经常在河里游泳),其中的 swims 是不及物动词,为什么呢?应为它后面没带宾语,说他游泳句子意思已经表达很清楚完整了,没必要再加宾语了,你说还游泳个什么?有
4、的要说了,那 in the river 在这里不就是宾语嘛,NO! 它在这儿不是宾语,因为它不可能作为“游泳”的对象(但“英语”可以做为“喜欢”的对象) ,那它会是什么呢?实际上,in the river 在这里是状语的,而且是表示地点的状语。又有疑问了,那啥是状语呀 ?别急,先暂按不表,待会儿,再听我慢慢道来。及物动词和不及物动词之秘诀一 、及物动词后面直接加宾语,不及物动词后是不能直接加宾语,但有些不及物动词后面加介词或副词之后就可以加宾语了(例如:look 是典型的不及物动词,后面是不能接宾语的,但是如果加上适当的介词就可以跟宾语如 look at the blackboard 、loo
5、k for the child 、lokk after his mother 等等) 。秘诀二、 及物动词后面必须加宾语,因为不加宾语,句意就不完整了。秘诀三、 绝大多数动词既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词 ,只作及物动词或不及物动词的动词是很少一部分。以上是我补充的内容,呵呵,有点跑题了,我们正说着主谓结构呢,回头再来关注关注它。结合上边的介绍,大家想想看,这里的谓语动词应该是及物动词还是不及物动词?很明显是不及物动词嘛,因为动词后边没有宾语。主谓结构,我们要注意的是,虽然这个结构中动词后边不加宾语,但是往往带有状语,现在你第二次遭遇到状语了,真是冤家路窄,那么这个神秘人物究竟是什么呢?不
6、是我在卖关子,这个状语的确有点难理解,但是他在句子中是经常出现的(除非这个句子是超短句,有三四个单词组成) ,你不想见他都不成,好了,好了,让他出场吧!请大家看下面的句子:请各位注意:下划横线的“东东” ,就是“传说”中的状语,1、 He will come tomorrow.(他明天来)2、 He is working now 。 (他正在工作) .3、 He works at this factory .(他在这个工厂工作)4、He often swims in the river.(他经常在河里面游泳)5、Tom is always late for school.(汤坶经常上学迟到)6
7、、I have never been to Shanghai.(我从没去过上海)7、My Chinese is very good . ( 我的汉语非常好)8、He runs quite fast. (他跑的相当快)9、He works hard。 (他努力工作)10、It is too hot . (天气太热了)请各位观察,他“身影”经常出现在哪里?回答这个问题之前,我们需要对状语的各路神仙加以分类,看看他们都属于那路神仙,I get up at six. (我在六点种起床 )介词短语在此处是表示时间的,是时间状语(上帝呀,你不会又发出疑问吧,什么是介词短语呀,介词大家都知道吧,如 in 、
8、on、 under 等等之类的,如果介词后面加上了宾语,就把它叫做介词短语,如:in the room on the desk under the table ) 。介词短语作时间状语的很多,类似的如: on Sunday. in September ,in 2008 等等,副词也可作时间状语,如:already (已经)before (以前) now (现在) yesterday (昨天) today(今天) tomorrow (明天 soon(不久) ,这些应该熟记之。“解毒”状语之秘诀一、 状语通常是有副词、介词短语来充当,是来说明动作或状态特征的句子成分, 。秘诀二、 状语通常是来修饰
9、谓语动词、副词、形容词。秘诀三、 地点状语、时间状语出现的频度最高,而且二者都可由介词短语、副词充当。其他的状语大都是有副词充当。秘诀四、 时间状语、地点状语的位置比较灵活,可以在句首、句中、句尾。不过通常的位置在句尾。如果时间状语、地点状语同时在一个句子中出现,一般情况下,地点状语在前,时间状语在后。秘诀五、 频度副词的位置一般在谓语动词之前,be 动词之后或助动词(如 havehascan 等)与一般行为动词(如 runworkdraw)之间。现在再回过头来看上面的十个句子,印证一下上面的秘诀是否正确。不知道你现在对状语是否有个大致的了解,如果还是不怎么太懂,你可以大致这样理解:我们通常会
10、说,什么人在什么时间什么地点用什么方式做了什么事。在这里的什么时间、什么地点、什么方式都是状语。小结:在本句型讲解中,我们补充了宾语、状语以及及物动词和不及物动词,内容比较多,你可得需要一点点的消化理解哟!五种基本句型之主语谓语宾语此句型是由三部分组成,主语、谓语、宾语。 (想想看,该谓语动词应该是及物动词还是不及物动词)这三种成分在上面都已经讲过。这里要对宾语作进一步的补充说明,大家知道,宾语主要是由名词和代词充当的,其实,作宾语常见的还有:动词不定式(to do )动名词(doing ),比如:He wanted to go home ( to go home 作 want 的宾语;He
11、likes listening to music ( listening to music 作 like 的宾语。需要注意的是:动词后面接名词或代词作宾语对所有及物动词都行得通的,但并不是所有的及物动词后面都可以接动词不定式或动名词。这里有三种情况:其一、有些动词后面只可以接动词不定式,其二、有些动词后面只可以接动名词,其三、有些动词两者都可以接,记忆这些单词的用法的秘诀如下:秘诀之一:下面的动词后面只可以接动名词,一句话要决记之:“megafeps”(霉咖啡不吃)mind(介意) 、miss (错过) 、enjoy(喜欢) 、give up(放弃) 、admit(承认) 、avoid(避免)
12、 、finish(完成) 、escape (逃脱) 、practise(练习) 、suggest(建议)秘诀之二:下面的动词后面只可以接动词不定式,一句话要诀记之:“要想干,同意办,愿意不愿意,决定尽量干。 ”A.要求,想要,希望(want、wish、hope 、expect 、 intend、)B.同意 (agree、promise)C.意愿 (care、refuse)D.决定,企图(determine、decide、offer、attemptmanage)秘诀之三:下面的动词既可以跟动名词又可跟动词不定式begin to do somethingdoing something start
13、to do somethingdoing something continue to do somethingdoing something forget to do somethingdoing somethingremember to do somethingdoing somethingregret to do somethingdoing somethinglike to do somethingdoing something love to do somethingdoing something hate to do somethingdoing something try to d
14、o somethingdoing somethingmean. To do somethingdoing something练习三一 判断下列句子是主谓结构还是主谓宾结构,如果是主谓宾结构请指出是由什么充当的宾语(名词、代词、动词不定式、doing 等等) 1 He arrived yesterday.2 The boy is crying loudly. 3 She died in 2000.4 The man disappeared in the street.5 I like music.6 She wanted some help 7 I slept well last night.8
15、 Iom built a house last year.9 I bought a computer in the street yesterday10 .Tom often swims in the river 11 .My sister works in that factory.12 .The sun is rising.13 .They know him.14 .He enjoys listening to music.15 .My watch has stopped.16 .It is snowing hard.17 .My grandma coughed all night.18
16、.She was cooking.19 .I found a box under the bed.20.Kate described the picture.21 .I hate to go there.22 .He remembered telling you.23 .His aunt will come.24 .The farmer works very hard.25 .The flowers need watering.26 .We usually watch TV on Saturday evening.27 .She has cleaned the room.28 .He like
17、d collecting stamps.29 .Both of them work in the school library.30 .Kate is running fast.31 .The ship moves slowly32 .He wanted two boxes watches.33 .I read every book in the school library.34 .You can understand me.35 .We can watch TV.36 .The children are reading carefully.37 .Mr. Smith speaks very
18、 fast.38 .The train has arrived.39 .They wont come today.40 .You mustnt talk loud41 .You will close the door.42 .She decided to wait.43 .I met one of my friends in Beijing.44 .He passed the exam last year.45 .China has a large population.46 .He knows a little English.47 .I have received your letter.
19、48 .The students answered the questions.49 .He is beginning a new life.50 .He learned to ride a bike yesterday.51 .Have you finished writing?52 .I suggest trying it once more.53 .I want to go to college.54 .She often dances in the park.55 .Kate often studies at school at night.练习三答案判断下列句子是主谓结构还是主谓宾结
20、构,如果是主谓结构,判断是否有状语,有的话,请指出;如果是主谓宾结构请指出是由什么充当的宾语(名词、代词、动词不定式、doing 等等) 1 He arrived yesterday.他昨天到达。主谓结构。时间状语 yesterday 2 The boy is crying loudly. 那个男孩在大声的哭。主谓结构。状语 loudly3 She died in 2000. 她死于 2000 年 主谓结构。状语介词短语 in 20004 The man disappeared in the street.那个人在街上消失了。主谓结构。介词短语 in the street 做状语5 I lik
21、e music.我喜欢音乐。主谓宾。名词 muisc 做宾语 6 She wanted some help 她需要一些帮助。主谓宾。名词短语 some help 做宾语7 I slept well last night.昨天晚上我睡的很好。主谓。副词 well last night 做状语8 I built a house last year.去年我建了所房子。主谓宾。A house 做宾语 9 I bought a computer in the street yesterday昨天我在街上买了台电脑。主谓宾。A computer 做宾语。In the street yesterday 做状
22、语10 Tom often swims in the river 汤姆常常在河里游泳。主谓。介词短语 in the river 做状语11 My sister works in that factory.我姐姐在那个工厂工作。主谓。介词短语 in that factory 做状语12 The sun is rising.太阳在升起。主谓。13 They know him.他们知道他。主谓宾。代词 him 做宾语14 He enjoys listening to music.他喜欢听音乐。主谓宾。动名词短语 listening to music 做宾语15 My watch has stoppe
23、d.我的表已经停了。主谓。16 It is snowing hard.雪下得正紧。主谓,副词 hard 做状语17 My grandma coughed all night.我的奶奶咳嗽了整个晚上。主谓, 时间副词 all night 做状语18 She was cooking.她在做饭。主谓19 I found a box just now .刚才我找到一个盒子。主谓宾,名词 a box 做宾语,just now 做状语20 Kate described the picture.凯特描述了那个图片。主谓宾,名词 the picture 做宾语21 I hate to go there.我讨厌
24、去那里。主谓宾,不定式 to go there 做宾语22 He remembered telling you.他记得告诉过你。主谓宾,动名词短语 telling you 做宾语23 His aunt will come.他姨将会来。主谓24 The farmer works very hard.那个农民工作的很努力。主谓,副词短语 very hard 做状语25 The flowers need watering.那些花需要浇了。主谓宾,动名词 watering 做宾语 26 We usually watch TV on Saturday evening.我们通常在星期六晚上看电视。主谓宾,
25、名词 TV 做宾语,介宾短语 on Saturday evening 做状语27 She has cleaned the room.她已经打扫了那个房间。主谓宾,名词 the room 做宾语28 He liked collecting stamps.29 他喜欢集邮。主谓宾,名词短语 collecting stamps 做宾语30 Both of them work in the school library.他们两个人都在学校图书馆工作。主谓。介词短语 in the school library 做状语31 Kate is running fast.凯特正跑得快。主谓。副词做 fast 状
26、语32 The ship moves slowly.轮船在慢慢移动。主谓。副词做 slowly 状语33 He wanted two boxes of watches.他要了两盒的火柴。主谓宾,名词性短语 two boxes of watches 做宾语34 I read every book in the school library.我在图书馆读了每本书/我读了图书馆里的每本书。主谓宾,名词 every book 做宾语,介词短语 in the school library 做状语/ 介词短语 in the school library 做后置定语35 You can understand
27、 me.你能够理解我。主谓宾,代词 me 做宾语36 We can watch TV.我们能看电视。主谓宾,名词 TV 做宾语37 The children are reading carefully.孩子们在看专心读书。主谓,副词 carefully 作状语38 Mr. Smith speaks very fast.司密斯先生说话说的很快。主谓,副词短语 very fast 作状语39 The train has arrived.那趟火车已经到达。主谓40 They wont come today.他们今天不会来了。主谓,today 作状语41 You mustnt talk loud你不能
28、大声说话。主谓,副词 loud 作状语42 You will close the door.你要把门关住。主谓宾,名词 the door 做宾语43 She decided to wait.她决定去等。主谓宾,不定式短语 to wait 做宾语44 I met one of my friends in Beijing.我在北京遇到了我的一个朋友。主谓宾,名词性短语 one of my friends 做宾语,in Beijing 做地点状语45 He passed the exam last year.去年他通过考试。主谓宾,名词 the exam 做宾语, last year 做时间状语 4
29、6 China has a large population.中国有着众多的人口。主谓宾,名词短语 a large population 做宾语47 He knows a little English.他懂得一些英语。主谓宾,名词短语 a little English 做宾语48 I have received your letter.我已经收到你的来信。主谓宾,名词短语 your letter 做宾语49 The students answered the questions.那些学生回答了那些问题。主谓宾,名词 the questions 做宾语50 He is beginning a n
30、ew life.他开始了一种新的生活。主谓宾,名词短语 a new life 做宾语51 He learned to ride a bike yesterday.昨天他学骑自行车。主谓宾,不定式 to ride a bike 做宾语,yesterday 时间状语52 Have you finished writing?你完成你的写作了吗?一般疑问句式,主谓宾,动名词 writing 做宾语53 I suggest trying it once more.我建议再试一下。主谓宾,动名词短语 trying it 做宾语,once more 状语54 I want to go to college.
31、我要去上大学。主谓宾,不定式短语 to go to college 做宾语55 She often dances in the park.她常常在公园跳舞。主谓,in the park ,often 都做状语56 Kate often studies at school at night.凯特在晚上常常在学校学习。主谓,at school at night ,often 都做状语五种基本句型之主语谓语宾语(somebody)宾语(something)这个句型比上面的句型多了个宾语,谓语后面已经是两个宾语了,那么谓语动词是及物动词是必定无疑了。这两个宾语放在一起叫双宾语(直接宾语+直接宾语),例
32、如Lend me your dictionary ,please. 如果你还是搞不清楚什么是双宾语,记下下面这个句子: give me a book.一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得明白一点,这里的“双”就是两个的意思.。此句型的关键是记住哪些动词后面要接双宾语,因为并不是所有的及物动词后面都可以接宾语的,只有少数的动词。此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:前一个宾语称为“间接宾语 “,多由代词或名词充当;后一个宾语称为“直接宾语“,往往由名词充当。这类句型常有“给某人某物“ 、“送某人某物“、“ 留给某人某物“等意思。 (所有能带双宾语的动词含义的内核含有一个“给”字。常见的这类谓语动词有:giv
33、e(给某人), bring(带给某人 ), bring somebody something tell(告诉某人), tell somebody something send(送给某人 ), send somebody something leave(留给某人), leave somebody something pass(递给某人), pass somebody something read(给某人读 ), read somebody something write(给某人写), write somebody something take(给某人拿), take somebody somet
34、hing show(给某人看), show somebody something teach(教给某人), teach somebody something get(给某人弄到), get somebody something lend(借给某人), lend somebody somethingbuy(给某人买), buy somebody something pay(支付给某人), pay somebody something hand(递给某人) 。hand somebody something (注:上面各词的中文释义是刻意按照该词的常用动词句型而给的,以便于大家更好地理解该词出现于哪
35、个基本句型中。 )例如:She brought me a shirt .她给我带来一件衬衣。Pass him the dictionary, please.请将词典递给他。I lend him my bicycle.我把自行车借给他了五种基本句型之主语谓语宾语 宾语补足语这个句型在有的语法书上又叫做主语谓语复合宾语,这里的复合宾语=宾语宾语补足语,这里又新增加一个“东东”:宾语补足语。说起宾语补足语来,我们先从初中你熟悉的三个句型说起 ask somebody to do something(邀请某人做某事)tell somebody to do something(告诉某人做某事)want
36、somebody to do something (要求某人做某事)你不会告诉我,这三个句型那里熟悉呀,根本没见过,那我只能说,你的英语不是一般的“菜” ,上过三年初中,不知道这三位“赫赫有名”的短语,你该是恶补英语的时候了,闲话少说,我们再看由这三个句型构成的例句:1、 I asked him to have dinner.谓语 宾语 宾语补足语2、 He told me to clean the room.谓语 宾语 宾语补足语3、 Tom wanted me to meet him .谓语 宾语 宾语补足语我们看第一个句子,我邀请他吃饭,他(him)是作邀请(asked)的宾语,如果后面
37、没有 to have dinner ,句子意思就不完整,我邀请他,干什么呢?没说清楚,于是就有 to have dinner 来帮助说清楚,是吃饭的,在这里的 to have dinner 就是宾语补足语,这是动词不定式短语作宾补。 (你又在疑惑什么是动词不定式短语呢?大家知道,to do 是动词不定式,但是如果动词不定式中的动词带有宾语或者动词不定式中的动词有副词来修饰,这时的动词不定式就成为不定式短语了。比如 to do something 就是动词不定式短语,换句话说:这里 to have(动词不定式) to have dinner(动词不定式短语) 。又比如:to run 是动词不定式
38、 to run fast 是动词不定式短语) 。上面的三个句子都是不定式短语作宾语不足语来帮助宾语来补充说明,那么除了动词不定式(短语)作宾补之外,还有什么可以作宾补呢? 实际上,能够作宾补的有很多,我们这里只学习几种常见的: doing 不带 to 的动词不定式介词短语形容词等等。请看下面的例句,注意观察划线的部分是有什么作的宾语补足语。:1、I saw a thief stealing something.(我看到一个贼正在偷东西)2、He made me go home (他让我回家)3、Her mother kept her in the room .(她的妈妈让她待在房间里)此句型的
39、关键是记住那些动词后面是跟什么样的宾补。比如:我们可以说 ask somebody to do something (to do something 作宾补)我们就不能说 ask somebody doing something 换句话说,到底是跟动词不定式作宾补还是 doing 作宾补是某些动词的“专利权” ,不可侵犯。下面我给大家想办法记住动词后面是跟什么样的宾补: 首先,哪些动词后面是跟带 to 的动词不定式(动词不定式可以分为带 to 的动词不定式和不带 to 的不定式两种,不带 to 的不定式实际上就是动词原形)作宾补的。主要有: order somebody to do somet
40、hing want somebody to do something tell somebody to do something invite somebody to do something ask somebody to do something beg somebody to do something (注意上面的有六个单词可以跟动词不定式作宾补,我们可以按照语气的强弱来记忆这几个单词:命令要求告诉邀请请求乞求)此外,还有 advise somebody to do something allow somebody to do something warn somebody to do
41、something teach somebody to do something 其次,哪些动词后面可以跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补的,我们可以用下面一句话来帮助你记忆:一感二听三让五看半帮助这里:一感(feel)二听( hearlisten to )三让(let makehave)五看(seewatchnoticeobservelook at )半帮助(help即: feel hear listen to let make leave somebody do sthsee watch notice observe look at help 上面这些词都是用于动词后面可以跟不带 to 的动
42、词不定式,应熟记之。最后,哪些动词后面是跟 doing 作宾补的,我们仍然可以借助上面的句子来记忆,上面的单词中除了三让(haveletmake)半帮助(help)不能跟 dong 作宾补之外,其它都是可以的。 (即:一感二听五看,实际上它们都属于感官动词)练习四判断下列句子是主谓+双宾语结构还是主谓+ 复合宾语,如果是主谓+ 复合宾语,请指出复合宾语是由什么充当的。1. I watch the boy playing foot ball.2. My good friend told me a story 3. Tom lent me a pencil.4. LiLi noticed two
43、dogs fight .5. I looked at her flying a kite .6. Please hand me the paper .7. The lion ordered the hen to give him some eggs.8. He wanted you to go with him.9. Lu Yang told the little boy to go home.10. She asks me to help her .11. My parents leave me some money .12. Lucy leads me a pencil .13. Moth
44、er got me some tea .14. LiLei found 100 yuan in the room.15. He showed me her photos .16. The fans made Lin Junjie a famous star.17. Mom let me in.18. The rich man bought his son an MP4.19. The teacher observes the boy sleep.20. The teacher made her monitor.21. I saw the baby cry.22. I paid him thre
45、e yuan .23. He passed me an eraser.24. Lucy heard her neighbor singing25. Tom teaches us English.26. They asked the teacher to explain it again .27. Let me read you his letter .28. Would you sing us an English song ?29. I will lend you something.30. Did you notice me leave the house 练习四答案判断下列句子是主谓+双
46、宾语结构还是主谓+ 宾语+宾补,如果是主谓+宾语+宾补,请指出宾补是由什么充当的。1. I watch the boy playing foot ball.我看到那个男孩在踢足球。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。playing foot ball 做宾补2. My good friend told me a story 我的好朋友给我讲了一个故事。主谓+双宾3. Tom lent me a pencil.汤姆借给我一个铅笔。主谓+双宾4. LiLi noticed two dogs fight.李利注意到两个豿在打架。主谓+宾语+ 宾补,fight 做宾补5. I looked at her flying
47、 a kite.我看到她在放风筝。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。flying a kite 做宾补6. Please hand me the paper .请递给我一张纸。主谓+双宾7. The lion ordered the hen to give him some eggs.那头狮子命令那只母鸡给他一些鸡蛋。主谓+宾语+宾补。to give him some eggs 做宾补8. He wanted you to go with him.他要你一起跟他去。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。to go with him 做宾补9. Li Yang told the little boy to go home.李扬
48、叫那个小男孩回家。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。to go home 做宾补10. She asks me to help her .她请我去帮助她。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。to help her 做宾补11. My parents leave me some money .我的父母亲留给我一些钱。主谓+双宾12. Tom leads me a pencil .汤姆借给我一只铅笔。主谓+双宾 13. Mother got me some tea .妈妈给我取了一些茶。主谓+双宾14. LiLei found 100 yuan in the room.李蕾发现有 100 元在房间里/李蕾在房间里发现了 100
49、 元。主谓+ 宾语+宾补。in the room 做宾补15. He showed me her photos .他让我看了看她的照片。主谓+双宾16. The fans made Lin Junjie a famous star.那些粉丝们让林俊杰成为一个明星。主谓+宾+ 宾补17. Mom let me in.妈妈让我进去。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。in 做宾补18. The rich man bought his son an MP4.那个有钱人给他的儿子买了一个 MP4。主谓+双宾19. The teacher observes the boy sleep.那个老师观察到那个男孩睡觉了。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。sleep 做宾补20. The teacher made her monitor.老师让她做班长。主谓+宾语+ 宾补21. I saw the baby cry.我看到那个男孩哭了。主谓+宾语+ 宾补。cry 做宾补22. I paid him three yuan .我付给他三元。主谓+双宾23. He passed me an eraser.他递给我一个橡皮。主谓+双宾24. She heard her n