1、18 种基本句子成分：1. 主语：表句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事” 。通常在句子前面，充当主语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。e.g. The trees grow very fast.2. 谓语：说明主语“做什么” “是什么”或“怎么样” 。通常在主语后（出疑问和倒装外） 。一般由动词来充当。e.g. The plane takes off at 8, but this morning it may be delayed by the thick fog.3. 宾语：表动作行为的对象，在及物动词或介词后。充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。e.g
2、. He takes a bath every morning.4. 表语：与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分，说明主语的性质和特征。长在系动词之后。充当表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语从句等。e.g. He turned doctor after school, as his parents had expected.Oh, its you.5. 定语：用来修饰名词或代词。单个词长放在被修饰词前面，短语或句子在被修饰词之后。充当定语的有数词、名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等。e.g. More than twenty workers we
3、re fired. This is a stone table and hard enough to hold the load of goods.6. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词，表动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置比较灵活。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、形容词词组和名词词组、从句等。e.g. Tom speaks english very fast and i almost cant understand him.Dont step on ht grass, for it is growing.7. 补足语：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等皆可做补足
4、语。e.g. We all find him funny.Will you please invite all of them in?8. 同位语：对句中的某一成分做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。常位于呗说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、和从句等。e.g. We have two foreign students, a Canadian and an American.They each can get a chance to travel by air.25 种简单基本句型：1. 主语+谓语（不及物） （S+Vi）She came. We
5、 work. My head aches.2. 主语+谓语（及物） +宾语 （S+Vt+O）She likes basketball. I study French.3. 主语+谓语 +宾语+宾补 （S+Vt+O+OC）She makes her mother angry. The teacher asked me to read the passage.4. 主语+谓语 +间宾+直宾 （S+Vt+INO+DO ）She gave John a book. She bought me a pen. 5. 主语+系动词 +表语 （S+V+P ）They are students. The lea
6、ves turned green. It tastes delicious.另：There be 句型:A: there be “某地有某人某物”There are four seasons in a year.B: 运用其他动词的 There be 结构（be, seem, appear,happen,exist）There seemed to be no one who really understand me.There lies a book on the desk.C: There be no + 主语结构， （习惯上用 V-ing 形式做主语）There is no parking
7、 around here.附：常见系动词有：be, become, get, turn, grow, taste, smell, feel, seem, look, appear, stand, lie, go, come, remain, keep, etc.附属成分：但常用的英语句并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词） ，也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语） 。我们称为：定语（用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句） 、状语（用来
8、修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）定 语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.状 语John often came to chat with meW
9、henever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.3Youd better stay here.独立成分：句中可以去掉的成份，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成份和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah, alas 等。 Oh, What is that?肯
10、定词 yes否定词 no称呼语：称呼人的用语。 Come here, John.插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。The story, I think, has never come to the end. 情态词: 表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps 也许, maybe 大概, actually 实际上 , certainly 当然，等。省略成份: 句中被省略的成份，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck ！Some gave him praises，but oth
11、ers（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you.( I ) Hope you like it.John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.练习: 指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1. Whether well go depend on the weather .2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily .
12、3. That was how they were defeated.4. The nursery takes good care of our children .5. Ill return the book to you tomorrow .6. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .7. There are many film that Id like to see.8. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?9. I have a lot of work to d
13、o .10. Anyway I wont stop you from doing it .11. I said it in fun .12. Seeing this, some comrades became very worried .13. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try .414. The bus arrived ten minutes late .15. We should serve the people heart and soul.16. Spring coming on , the tree turned green .1
14、7. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .18. Its strange that she doesnt come today .19. It was in the library that I come today .20. He likes drawing at times when he isnt working .选择题1、 _ six years since I began to study English.A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2、 _ in Engli
15、sh in class every day is important.A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell3、There must be_ near the factory.A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores4、 The doctor as well as the nurses _ great concern for the patients.A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 5、 Your son must
16、 be a clever boy, _ he?A. is B. isnt C. must D. mustnt 6、 The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among students in this school.A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened 7、Dont _ excited.A. get B. is C. seem D. look 8、 The days are _ warmer and warmer in spring.A. getting B. looking C.
17、seeming D. going 9、His job is_English.A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches10、_interesting work we are doing!A. What a B. How C. What D. What an 11、I want_ a teacher when I grow up.5A. to be B. to C. be D. being 12、-Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?-I dont think so. To be honest, I
18、 really dont feel like_on a picnic.A. going B. to go C. go D. went 13、Do you know_?A. where does he live B. where he livesC. where he live D. if where he lives 14、 I saw him _ basketball with Jack an hour ago.A. plays B. to play C. played D. play 15、 Sorry, weve kept you_ for a long time.A. waited B
19、. sing C. stand D. waiting 16、The teacher told us _ late again.A. arent be B. dont be C. not to be D. not be 17、I found _ difficult to work together with him.A. it B. its C. that D. those 18、We all know _ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.A. that B. this C. which D. it 19、He fou
20、nd _ very interesting to play with the little dog.A. what B. it C. / D. that20、Tom said he _ a good dream yesterday evening.A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has 21、Children _ a happy life in China.A. lead B. living C. has D. leading22、-_ skirt is that on the chair?-Let me see. Oh, no, its not mine.A.
21、Whose B. What C. Whos D. Which 23、Do you have anything _?A. saying B. to say C. said D. say 24、The box is _ heavy for her _ carry.A. very; to B. too; not to C. too; to D. very too; to 625、You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D
22、. Else where 26、They went out _ their old friends.A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited 27、There is a wide river_ our village.A. outside B. over C. from D. below28、The young man, _ works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 29、Our English teacher, _ often helps us wit
23、h study.A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs Wang C. Mrs Wangs D. of him 30、_, some railway workers are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs7简单句：简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构） ，它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种: A 作一种陈述, B 提出一个问题 , C 发出一种命令或请求, D 表示一种感叹.Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl r
24、ead the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!两个简单句的宾语可由 and、bothand 等连词连接组成一个简单句。1. I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.2. It was cold. It was wet.I
25、t was cold and wet.3. I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband.I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.并列句：需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。We fished all d
26、ay; we didnt catch a thing. (用分号)We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.(用分号，后跟一个连接副词)We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing. (用并列连词 and、but、so、yet 等)常用并列连词:8平行并列连词: and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and then转折并列连词：but, however, while, yet因果并列连词: for, so选择并列连词: or, eit
27、heror, neither norExercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。1. He was tired. He went to bed. _2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog._3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it._复合句：由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一
28、起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句） ，用以修饰另一句子（主句） 。复合句 = 主句 + 从句 复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句： 形容词性从句：定语从句名词性从句： 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句状语从句： 时间、地点、方式、条件、原因、比较、结果、目的、让步that the match had been canceled.that I could have the money wi
29、thout delay.1. He told me the news.when he was leaving for Paris.that his father was working in that school.how much he was prepared to pay for my car.how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay. that he has finished his work. whether he has finished his
30、work.2. I dont know him.that he is leaving for Washington.when(why,how,whether) he is leaving for Washington.9What he said who were sitting in the room.What he did who were present. 3. That surprised the people in the room.That he didnt know the answer whose sons were at war.who had signed the contr
31、act.what he needs.what he gave me.4. That is the fact.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.where I lived5. He worked in that factory three years ago.where his father worked when he lived thereWhere you took it6. Put the book on the desk.Where you found it练习：指出下列各从句的类型1. I believe tha
32、t everything is going on well.2. She was reading a novel when I came in.3. She is the girl who sings best in my class.用所给连词连接句子。1. He has found out. She was late. (why)_2. I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)_将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。1. He didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因)_2. Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间）_3. It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）_4. Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件) _5. We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）_
