1、控制台中的工作概述The RStudio console includes a variety of features intended to make working with R more productive and straightforward. This article reviews these features. Learning to use these features along with the related features available in the Source and History panes can have a substantial payoff
2、 in your overall productivity with R. RStudio 控制台 包含许多使 R 工作更为有效和直观的特征。本文综述这些特征。学习使用这些特征 以及 Source和 History 窗口中可用的 相关 特征可以对你使用 R 的效率有实际性的帮助。 代码补全RStudio supports the automatic completion of code using the key. For example, if you have an object named pollResults in your workspace you can type poll a
3、nd then and RStudio will automatically complete the full name of the object. RStudio 支持使用 键来自动补全 代码 。例如，如果你在工作空间中有名为pollResults的对象，你可输入 poll然后按 键， RStudio将自动完成该对象的全名。 The code completion feature also provides inline help for functions whenever possible. For example, if you typed sub then pressed you
4、 would see: 代码补全特征同样提供了尽可能的嵌入式帮助。例如，如果你可输入 sub 然后按键， 你将看到 ： Code completion also works for function arguments, so if you typed subset( and then pressed youd see the following: 代码补全还可以对参数功能进行工作，如果你可输入 subset(然后按 键，你将看到： 检索以前命令As you work with R youll often want to re-execute a command which you previ
5、ously entered. As with the standard R console, the RStudio console supports the ability to recall previous commands using the arrow keys: 当你使用 R 进行工作，你将经常可输入重新执行你之前输入的命令。与标准的 R 控制台一样， RStudio 控制台支持使用以下方向键回忆之前命令的功能： Recall previous command(s) Reverse of Up 回忆 前一条命令； 回 相反； If you wish to review a list
6、 of your recent commands and then select a command from this list you can use to review the list (note that on the Mac you can also use ): 如果 你 希望回顾你当前的命令列表并从中选择一条命令，则可使用 来回顾命令列表（注意：在 Mac 你还可使用 ） You can also use this same keyboard shortcut to quickly search for commands that match a given prefix. F
7、or example, to search for previous instances of the plot function simply type plot and then : 你 还可以使用同样的快捷键来快速查找 匹配给定前缀的 命令 。例如，查找前面出现过的plot 函数，先输入 plot 然后 控制台标题栏This screenshot illustrates a few additional capabilities provided by the Console title bar: 这个截屏阐明了控制台标题栏的一些额外功能。 Display of the current
8、working directory. The ability to interrupt R during a long computation. Minimizing and maximizing the Console in relation to the Source pane (using the buttons at the top-right or by double-clicking the title bar). 显示 当前工作目录 ； 能够在一 个长期的计算里中断 R； 最小化和最大化 Console 和 Source 窗口（使用右上按钮或双击标题栏） 快捷键Beyond th
9、e history and code-completion oriented keyboard shortcuts described above, there are a wide variety of other shortcuts available. Some of the more useful shortcuts include: 除了上述的历史和代码补全快捷键外，还有很多其他快捷键可用，其中最为有用的快捷键包括 Move focus to the Source Editor Move focus to the Console Clear the Console Interrupt
10、 R 移动 焦点到 Source 编辑器。 移动 焦点到 Console。 清理控制台； 中断 R You can find a list of all shortcuts in the Keyboard Shortcuts article. 你可从 Keyboard Shortcuts 文中找到所有快捷键列表。 相关主题 Editing and Executing Code 编辑和执行代码 Using Command History 使用命令历史 编辑执行代码概述RStudios source editor includes a variety of productivity enhanci
11、ng features including syntax highlighting, code completion, multiple-file editing, and find/replace. RStudio 的 souce 编辑器包含各种提高效率的特征，包括 语法高亮显示 ， 代码自动补全 ， 多文件编辑 以及查找和替换。 RStudio also enables you to flexibly execute R code directly from the source editor. For many R developers this represents their pre
12、ferred way of working with R. By executing commands from within the source editor rather than the console it is much easier to reproduce sequences of commands as well as package them for re-use as a function. These features are described in the Executing Code section below. RStudio 还可以使你 直接通过 source
13、 编辑器灵活地执行 R 代码 。 对于许多 R 开发者来说，这是他们使用 R 的首选方式。通过 source 编辑器执行命令相 对于控制台来说更便于复制命令序列和将其做为再次使用的函数进行打包；这些特征将在后面的执行代码部分讲解。 文件管理RStudio supports syntax highlighting and other specialized code-editing features for the following types of files: Rstudio 支持语法高亮显示和其他专业化的代码编辑功能，针对以下类型文件。 R scripts R 脚本 文件 Sweave
14、documents Sweave 文件 TeX documents Tex 文件 To create a new file you use the menu: 你可通过 菜单创建新文件。 （你也可使用 快捷键）。 To open an existing file you use either the menu or the menu to select from recently opened files. 你可通过 菜单 或者 菜单选择来打开已有文件 。（你也可使用快捷键）。 If you open several files within RStudio they are all avai
15、lable as tabs to facilitate quick switching between open documents. If you have a large number of open documents you can also navigate between them using the icon on the tab bar or the ) menu item: 如果 你 通过 RStudio 打开许多文件，那么他们都可以通过标签进行快速切换 。 如果你有大量的打开文件，你也可在它们间通过标签栏中的 图标来进行导航，或者菜单项 （你也可使用 快捷键）。 代码补全R
16、Studio supports the automatic completion of code using the key. For example, if you have an object named pollResults in your workspace you can type poll and then and RStudio will automatically complete the full name of the object. RStudio 可以使用 Tab 键来支持代码自动补全， 例如，如果你在工作空间中有名为pollResults 的对象，你可输入 poll
17、 然后按 键， RStudio 将自动完成该对象的全名。 Code completion also works in the console, and more details on using it can be found the console Code Completion documentation. 代码补全同样在控制台中工作，具体用法可间控制台代码自动完成 Code Completion 文档 。 查找和替换RStudio supports finding and replacing text within source documents: Rstudio 支持在 source
18、 文件中查找和替换。 Find and replace can be opened using the shortcut key, or from the menu item. 可使用 快捷键来打开查找和替换栏，或者使用 菜单项。 提取函数RStudio can analyze a selection of code from within the source editor and automatically convert it into a re-usable function. Any “free“ variables within the selection (objects tha
19、t are referenced but not created within the selection) are converted into function arguments: RStudio 可以在 source 编辑器中分析一组选择的代码，并自动将其转化成再次使用的函数。任何选择中的 “free“变量（ 选择 引用对象但不创建 ）将转化为函数参数。 （你也可使用快捷键）。 注释 取消注释You can comment and uncomment entire selections of code using the menu item (you can also do this
20、using the keyboard shortcut): 你可使用使用 菜单项来对所选的整个代码进行注释或取消注释（ 你也可使用 快捷键 ）。 首行缩进As you write R code in RStudio it is automatically indented according to the current indentation options (see Customizing RStudio). R code is also re-indented: 如果你 在 RStudio 中写 R 代码，他将自动根据当前的缩进选项（见 Customizing RStudio）进行缩进
21、。 R 代码也可再缩进。 1. Whenever new code is pasted into a source document. 2. When the Reindent Lines command (pictured above) is invoked. 当新代码黏贴到一个 source 文件中； 当缩进行命令（上图）被调用 Note that RStudio automatic indentation is R syntax-aware and is therefore only used on source files containing R code. 注意： RStudio
22、自动缩进针对的是 R 语法意识 ，因此，只有在包含 R 代码的 source 文件中使用 执行代码RStudio supports the direct execution of code from within the source editor (the executed commands are inserted into the console where their output also appears). RStudio 支持从 source 编辑器中直接执行代码（执行代码将插入控制台，并在此输出结果）， 执行一行代码To execute the line of source c
23、ode where the cursor currently resides you press the key (or use the toolbar button): 你可通过 键来执行当前光标所在行的 source 代码（或者 使 用 工具条按钮） After executing the line of code, RStudio automatically advances the cursor to the next line. This enables you to single-step through a sequence of lines. 执行完一行代码， RStudio
24、自动将光标跳到下一行，这将使你可以 在一系列行中单步执行代码。 执行多行代码There are three ways to execute multiple lines from within the editor: 有三种方法从编辑器中执行多行代码。 Select the lines and press the key (or use the toolbar button); or After executing a selection of code, use the command (or its associated toolbar button) to run the same se
25、lection again. Note that changes to the selection including additional, removal, and modification of lines will be reflected in this subsequent run of the selection. To run the entire document press the key (or use the toolbar button). 选择这些行，按 键（或 者使用 工具条按钮） 执行选择的代码后，使用 命令（或相应的工具栏按钮）再次运行相同的选择。注意：现在发
26、生变化，包括增增加、删除和修改行将反映到后续运行中。（或者使用 快捷键 ） 运行整个文件按 键（或使用 工具条按钮） The difference between running lines from a selection and invoking is that when running a selection all lines are inserted directly into the console whereas for the file is saved to a temporary location and then sourced into the console from
27、 there (thereby creating less clutter in the console). 从选择的行进行运行和调用 的区别在于，当运行所选的所有行将直接插入到控制台中，而对于 文件则保存到临时位置然后从那里反映到控制台（因此在控制台中产生较少的杂乱）。 资源保存When editing re-usable functions (as opposed to freestanding lines of R) you may wish to set the option for the document (available on the toolbar next to the
28、Save icon). Enabling this option will cause the file to automatically be sourced into the global environment every time it is saved. 当编辑一个再次调用函数（相对于独立的 R 行而言），你可能希望对文件设置选项（通过工具条中 Save 图标的后一项实现） 。 启用该选项导致文件每次保存都将被全球自动采用。 Setting ensures that the copy of a function within the global environment is alw
29、ays in sync with its source, and also provides a good way to arrange for frequent syntax checking as you develop a function. 设置 选项确保该函数的版本在全球环境总是能够资源同步，并且也能在你开发一个函数是提供一种好的方式安排频繁的语法检查。 快捷键Beyond the keyboard shortcuts described above, there are a wide variety of other shortcuts available. Some of the
30、 more useful ones include: 除了上述的快捷键外，还有很多其他快捷键可用，其中最为有用的快捷键包括。 New document 新文档 Open document 打开文档 Save active document 保存活动文档 Move focus to the Source Editor 移动 焦点到 Source 编辑器 Move focus to the Console 移动 焦点到 控制台 You can find a list of all shortcuts in the Keyboard Shortcuts article. 相关主题 Working i
31、n the Console 在控制台中工作 Using Command History 使用历史命令 Navigating Code 代码导航 Code Folding and Sections 代码 折叠 和截取 代码折叠和截取代码折叠RStudio supports both automatic and user-defined folding for regions of code. Code folding allows you to easily show and hide blocks of code to make it easier to navigate your sourc
32、e file and focus on the coding task at hand. For example, in the following source file the body of the plot.autoregressive.model has been folded: RStudio 支持自动和使用者定义的地区代码折叠 。 代码折叠允许你很方便地显示和隐藏代码块，这将使你的 source 文件导航更简易，并可以将中重点放在手头的代码任务上。例如，在下面的 source 文件中 plot.autoregressive.model 部分已经被折叠。 You can expan
33、d the folded region by either clicking on the arrow in the gutter or on the icon that overlays the folded code. 你可展开折叠部分，通过点击箭头槽或者覆盖折叠代码的图标。 折叠区域The following types of code regions are automatically foldable within RStudio: RStudio 中以下类型的代码区域将自动折叠： Braced regions (function definitions, conditional b
34、locks, etc.) Code chunks within R Sweave or R Markdown documents Code sections (see below for details) 支撑区域 （函数定义、条件块等） R Sweave 的代码块或者是 R 的 Markdown 文件。 代码 段 （具体见后文） In the following example you can see that the top-level code section, function body, and conditional blocks are all foldable: 在以下案例中，
35、即将看到顶级代码部分、函数体和条件块都被折叠。 You can also fold an arbitrary selection of code by using ( ). 你也可折叠任意选定的代码，通过 ，或者使用 快捷键。 Folded regions are preserved while editing a document however when a file is closed and re-opened all foldable regions are by default shown expanded. 折叠部分在编辑文件时将被保证，但是当文件关闭或者再次打开时，所有折叠部分
36、将默认展开显示。 代码 段Code sections allow you to break a larger source file into a set of discrete regions for easy navigation between them. Code sections are automatically foldable for example, the following source file has three sections (one expanded and the other two folded): 代码 段 允许你将一个大型的 source文件分解成一组
37、独立的区域以方便再他们之间漫游。代码 段 将自动折叠，例如，以下源文件有三个部分（一个展开而另两个折叠）。 To insert a new code section you can use the - command. Alternatively, any comment line which includes at least four trailing dashes (-), equal signs (=), or pound signs (#) automatically creates a code section. For example, all of the following
38、lines create code sections: 插入一个新的代码段你使用 - 命令。或者，任意注释行中包含至少四个破折号（ -），等号（ =）或井号（ #）将自动创建代码段。 # Section One - # Section Two = # Section Three # Note that as illustrated above the line can start any number of pound signs (#) so long as it ends with four or more -, =, or # characters. 注意：如前所述，可输入超过 4 个或
39、更多的数量的 #号， -， =等。 To navigate between code sections you can use the menu available at the bottom of the editor: 你可使用编辑器低端的 菜单 在代码段间漫游（或者使用 快捷键 ） 。 菜单命令和快捷键The following menu commands and shortcuts are available for working with folded regions and code sections: 以下菜单命令和快捷键可以对折叠区域和代码段进行操作： - : Alt+L S
40、hift+Alt+L Alt+A Shift+Alt+A : Ctrl+Shift+R (Cmd+Shift+R on the Mac) Shift+Alt+J Note that the Collapse All command collapses all of the outermost foldable regions (rather than all of the nested regions within the source file). 注意： Collapse All 命令折叠所有外层可折叠区域（而不是源文件中的所有嵌套区域） Navigating Code 导航代码 Edit
41、ing and Executing Code 编辑和执行代码 导航代码RStudio includes a number of features to enable rapid navigation through R source code. Learning these features can be a major productivity enhancement and can also assist in gaining a better understanding of source code written by others on your team or within ext
42、ernal packages. RStudio 包括一些在 R 源代码中加速导航的功能。学习这些 功能可以提高效率并帮助更好地理解你的团队中其他人所写的源代码，或者是外部程序包中的源代码。 查找文件Given a specific directory, Find in Files allows you to search every file for each occurrence of a given string. To display the Find in Files dialog box, go to the edit menu and select : 给出一个特定目录，查找文件
43、（ Edit-Find in Files） 允许你对每个出现的字符串递归查找每一个文件。显示查找文件对话框，编辑菜单并选择查找文件： You can further customize your search with regular expressions and filters for specific file types. Your search results will display in the pane adjacent to the console. For each matching string, the following will be displayed: 你可以进
44、一步通过正式表达式和特定文件类型来自定义你的搜索。你的搜索结果将显示在控制台的相邻窗口中。 每一个匹配的字符串都将显示以下信息： The file path 文件路径 The line number of each occurrence 每个出现的行号 The matching string (highlighted), in the context of the current line 当前行内容中匹配的字符串（高亮） Double clicking the line, will open the file in the RStudio source editor. The keyboar
45、d shortcut for Find in Files is 双击这一行，将在 RStudio 的 source 编辑器中打开该文件。查找文件的快捷键是。 转到文件 函数If you know the name of the source file or function that you want to edit next you can quickly navigate to it using the Go to File/Function search box on the main RStudio toolbar: 如果你知道源文件或函数的名字并想对其进行编辑，你可以使用 RStud
46、io 工具条中的Go to File/Function 搜索框 迅速导航 。 The Go to File/Function feature works off a constantly updated index of your source code. The specific source files to index are determined as follows: Go to File/Function 功能就不断更新索引你的源代码。专业源文件的索引将决定于： 1. If an RStudio Project is active then all R source files w
47、ithin the project directory are indexed. 2. If a Project is not active then all currently open R source files are indexed. 1.RStudio Project 是活动的，然后所有的 R 源文件在程序包列表中将 被索引； 2.如果 一个 Project 不活动，那么所有当前打开的 R 源程序将被索引； The keyboard shortcut for Go to File/Function is Go to File/Function 的 快捷键是转到函数定义Since a
48、n index of your R source code (as described above) is maintained, RStudio can also help you quickly navigate to definition of any R function. To navigate a function definition you place your cursor on the function name (it doesnt have to fully selected) and then choose the command: 当一个你的 R 源代码 指数 （如
49、上所述）被维护， RStudio 也 可帮助你迅速对任何 R 函数进行导航。你可将光标放在函数名称上（不需要完全选定）来导航函数定义，然后选择命令： You can also access go to function definition: 你也可这样去访问函数定义： Using the keyboard shortcut 使用 F2 快捷键 Using with the mouse 使用 Ctrl+Click 鼠标点击 From either the source editor or the console 从 source 编辑器或控制台 It is possible to navigate to both your
