1、英语每日一练【英语每日一练(51) 】 This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. 【词汇突破】discrimination:歧视 alphabet:字母表 【主干识别】This refers to discrimination against those 加定语从句 【其他成分】for those as yet
2、unaware of such a disadvantage:插入语,可改写为:for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet 理解起来会方便很多;as yet 至今;whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet 定语从句。 【微观解析】若是对于句中的插入语理解起来有困难,不妨试着改变它的句式结构,将长定语还原为定语从句,而这种方法的逆向思维可以与写作相结合,使文章的句式更加灵活多变。 【难点揭秘】较长插入语的出现会混淆视听,不容易把握主干
3、。 【译文赏析】对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说,它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视【英语每日一练(52) 】From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. 【词汇突破】democratic:民主的 populist:平民主义的 【主干识别:】 our democratic and populist urges have driven us t
4、o reject anything+定语从句 【其他成分】says Hofstadter 插入语;our democratic and populist urges have driven us to可提炼出 sth has driven sb to do 这个句型;that smells of elitism 定语从句,修饰 anything。 (注意 smell 的介词搭配) 【微观解析】若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解,可将这个句子变为 Hofstadter aid ,”From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populi
5、st urges havedriven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。 ”这样的由直接引语构成的宾语从句会降低句子的难度 【难点揭秘】灵活的利用插入语改变句式是这个句子给我们的启示。 【译文赏析】Hofstadter 说,从我们的历史一开始,我们对于民主化和大众化的渴求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西【英语每日一练(53) 】The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental st
6、udies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. 【词汇突破】depletion :消耗(consume 的同义替换词) ozone layer:臭氧层(碰到这种专业词汇不要慌张,判断出它是一个名词即可) 【主干识别】the enemies are those 加定语从句 【其他成分】argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford Un
7、iversity 插入语,相当于上一句中的 says Hofstadter,of Stanford University 做定语修饰 Paul Ehrllch;a pioneer of environmental studies:插入语;who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth 定语从句修饰 those。 【微观解析】a pioneer of environmental stud
8、ies 插入语,改写为 who is a pioneer of environmental studies 就 可以很快判断出它是修饰 Paul Ehrllch 的,而并非是句子的主语。定语从句中 supporting global warming 作 evidence 的定语(仍旧是修饰形式的变化) 。 【难点揭秘】在这个句子中,关于 Paul Ehrllch 的修饰成分作为插入语造成了主干隔离。句子的后半部分,定语从句中修饰 evidence 的定语以非谓语的形式出现。另外由于插入语的存在可能会导致判断主语的失误从而句意理解错误。 【译文赏析】 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗?6?1 厄
9、尔里西认为,科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。【英语每日一练(54) 】 Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 主干识别:tools and technology have been ignored. 其他成分:over the years 状语 themselves 反身
10、代词作同位语 as a source of fundamental innovation 定语 by historians and philosopher 状语 翻译点拨:定语前置: 作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身; 词的处理: philosophers of science 科学哲学家/科学思想家 参考译文:多年来,作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们所忽视了。【英语每日一练(55) 】 Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly inv
11、ented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. 主干识别:Galileos greatest glory was that (主句主干) he was the first person to prove that (从句主干) the planets revolve around the sun (从句主干) 其他成分:to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens t
12、o prove that (定语) (turn .on. to prove(目的状语).) rather than around the earth(我们很熟悉的 rather than 做状语) 翻译点拨: 中文到英文,如果表语较短的时候没有必要遵守英文中的主系表结构:他是第一个人,就直接翻译为:“他第一个 将”就可以了。 he is the one who invented the telephone. 可以翻译为:他发明了电话 = 他是发明电话的那个人。 参考译文:伽利略最大的辉煌就是在 1609 年的时候,他第一个将新发明的望远镜对准了天空,去证明了行星是围绕着太阳而不是地球转动的。【
13、英语每日一练(56) 】 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 主干识别:Whether+主语从句 depends on the issue 其他成分: the Government should increase the financing of pure science at
14、the expense of technology or vice versa(主语从句) of which is seen as the driving force.of 短语 of + which 引导的宾语句子 翻译点拨:先翻译主语从句,再用代词“这”代替; 词的处理: increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入 at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入 the driving force 动力,驱动力量 the issue of 可以不翻译: 比较两种翻法: 1.哪一方被看做是驱动力的问
15、题 2.那一方面被看做是驱动力 第二种更加符合中文的表达。 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。【英语每日一练(57) 】The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.主干识别:The target is wrong其他成分:for in attacking the tests,critics dive
16、rt attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.(原因状语)for +状语从句; in attacking the tests 状语从句中的状语; critics divert attention from the fault.(状语从句的主句) that lies with illinformed or incompetent users 定语从句修饰 fault;翻译点拨:词汇的处理: divert attention from. divert attention from. 原义是把注
17、意力引开,反译为没有注意到; lies with 在于 illinformed or incompetent users 不甚了解或使用不当的使用者; 初步可以翻译为: 这个目标是错的,因为批评者在攻击测试的时候,没有注意到在于这个错误,这个错误在于不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。 但是这个翻译明显不符合中文的表达习惯需要修改: 主要是后半部分: 将两个“这个错误”合并为:测试的错误在于. 将“ illinformed or incompetent”翻译为动词:“不了解,不太会” 那么主语就应该是原句中的“user” ,缺一个对象那应该“tests” 修改完成:参考译文: 这个目标是错的,因为抨击
18、测试的时候,批评者没有注意到测试的弊病 在于使用者不了解也不太会恰当使用测试。【英语每日一练(58) 】Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 主干识别:Whether to use tests,other k
19、inds of information,or both depends,therefore ,upon theevidence and upon such factors. 其他成分:or both = or tests and other kinds of information (both 指代前面) in a particular situation 状语 therefore 状语 from experience concerning comparative validity 定语修饰 evidence as cost and availability 定语修饰 factors 翻译点拨
20、:in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下 the evidence from experience 经验依据(来自经验的证据) comparative validity 相对效度 concerning 与有关的 availability 能否获得(有无来源) 参考译文:所以在某一特定的情况下,是否使用测试以及其他的各种信息或者两者使用,取决于有关相对效度的经验依据, 也取决于诸如经费(多少) ,有无来源等因素。【英语每日一练(59) 】In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to
21、be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.主干识别:the tests work 其他成分:most effectively 状语 when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined 状语从句 (the qualities can be most precisely defined 主干; to be m
22、easured 定语修饰 qualities) least effectively 状语 when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined 状语从句 (what is to be measured or predicated 状语从句中的主语)翻译点拨:the tests work 测试有效 be most precisely defined 很精确界定(most =very;the most 才是最高级) measured 测量参考译文:一般的说,当所要测定的素质/性质/ 特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当
23、所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地被界定时, 测 试的效果则最差。【英语每日一练(60) 】Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.主干识别:it is obvious that .a
24、nd that. 其他成分:the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency its agriculture and industry 主语从句一 this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds 主语从句二翻译点拨: 词的处理: Furthermore 再者,另外 it is obvious that (固定译法) 显而易见的是 the strength of a countrys
25、 economy 一个国家的经济实力 is directly bound up with 与直接(密切) 相关 the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率 rests upon 有赖于,取决于 scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员,所有领域的科学家和技术人员 this 在这里指代 efficiency参考译文: 再者,显而易见的是,一个国家的经济实与其工农业生产效率密切相关,并且效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。【英语每日一练(61) 】Owing to the r
26、emarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.主干识别:people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being expos
27、ed to new customs and ideas 其他成分:Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,状语 while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above 状语翻译点拨:词的处理: owing to 因为,由于 mass-communications 大众通讯 people everywhere 所有的人,各地的人 new wants 新的需求(要求,需要)
28、being exposed to 接触到,感受到 customs and ideas 习俗和思想 introduce 推出,采取,施行 innovations 革新,革新措施 for the reasons given above 由于上述原因 特别提示: still 的特殊用法两例: 用法一:连词 但是,然而 用法二:(与 further, another, more 等连用强调数量惊人或极大 )更,还 例子:We look forward to strengthening still further our already close co- operation with the poli
29、ce service. 我们期盼着进一步加强和警方的合作,形成更加紧密的合作关系。参考译文:由于大众通讯的显著发展,所有的人都不断感到有新的需求,并不断接触到新的习俗和思想,由于上述原因,各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。【英语每日一练(62) 】In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a
30、 century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.主干识别: the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century 并列句由whereas 引导主干: a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 其他成分: In the early industrialized countries of E
31、urope 状语 with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed 状语翻译点拨: 词汇处理: industrialized countries 工业化国家 the process of industrialization 工业化进程,工业化过程 with .that followed 随而来的,以及 far-reaching changes 深刻的变革,影响深远的变化 social patterns 社会结构 spread over 持续,延续 nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎) 一个世纪
32、a developing nation 一个发展中国家 undergo 经历 in a decade or so 在 10年左右的时间 whereas 但是参考译文: 在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里,其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪,而如今一个发展中国家在 10 年左右的 时间内就可以完成同样的过程。【英语每日一练(63) 】Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration mo
33、vementsthemselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.主干识别: Additional social stresses may also occur 主谓结构 其他成分:because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 状语 themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.同位语翻译点
34、拨: Additional social stresses may also occur 增加的社会压力也可能会出现。 试着解释一下:additional 可以译作动词增加;主语改为 social stress, 社会压力也可能会增加 (may also occur 可以略去。 ) because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 因为人口爆炸和由于大规模的人口迁移而引起的种种问题 themselves made relatively easy nowadays by mo
35、dern means of transport. 现代交通工具使得 Themselves(大规模的人口迁移)变得相对容易。 同位语可以用括号放到解释说明的名词之后。 人口爆炸和大规模的人口迁移(现代交通工具使其变得相对容易)引起的种种问题参考译文:由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易 )所引起了各种问题这也增加了新的社会压力。【英语每日一练(64) 】The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s,to
36、 maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.主干识别:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang 其他成分:first put forward in the 1920s 定语 to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos 状语翻译点拨:词汇的点拨: the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云 virtually 事实上,实际
37、上,实质上 the Big Bang 大爆炸理论 first put forward 首创的,开始提出的 in the 1920s 二十年代 to maintain its reign as 以保持的地位 explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙(起源论)的解释 对于较长的成分可以单独成句; 并且要注意调整各个意群的语序; The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang/,first put forward in the 1920s/,to maintain its reign
38、 as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. The existence of the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对于宇宙大爆炸理论来讲确实是必须的,这个理论首创于 1920 年代,这种存在维持了其在宇宙(起源论)的解释中的统治地位。 可以适当的调整语序: 宇宙大爆炸理论首创于 1920 年代,巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对其而言非常重要,因为这维持了其在宇宙起源解释中的主导统治地位。参考译文: 宇宙大爆炸理论首创于 1920 年代,巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对其而言非常重要,因为这维持了其在宇宙起源解释中的主导统治地位。 (巨大的宇宙云的
39、存在,实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。【英语每日一练(65) 】Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.主干识别:Astrophysicists are closing in on such structures and may report their fin
40、dings soon. 其他成分:working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments 定语翻译点拨:词的处理: working with 使用,以为工作手段 ground-based detectors 陆基探测器 the South Pole 南极 balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器 are closing in on 正越来越近 structures 云系 findings 根据上文可以翻译为:观测结果 成分处理的点拨: 过长的部分记得一定是可以单独成句
41、的,所以将英语中的名词,形容词,介词短语转译为中文中的动词是常用的翻译技巧。 因此可以将 working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments 翻译为单独的一个句子(这个地方的主语就是句子的主语 Astrophysicists):天体物理学家正在使用设在南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器, 上面的句子翻译完毕后再翻译主句: Astrophysicists are closing in on such structures 分析两个句子的关系应该是因果关系所以翻译为: 这样他们就能越来近的观察这
42、些云系了 再翻第三个部分: and may report their findings soon. 也许很快他们就能传回观测结果了。参考译文: 天体物理学家正在使用设在南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器,这样他们就能越来近的观察这些云系了,也许很快他们就能传回观测结果了。【英语每日一练(66) 】If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary univers
43、e theory.主干识别:that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea 其他成分:If the small hot spots look as expected,状语 a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 词组 scientific idea 的同位语翻译点拨:词的处理: the small hot spots 小热点 scientific idea 科学论断,科学观点,科学理念 refinement 更完美,提炼,改进 the
44、 inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论) 同位语的处理: 同位语通常可以单独成句: a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 这个科学观点就是更完美的大爆炸理论,也被称之为宇宙膨胀论参考译文:假如那些小热点看上去同预想是一致的,那这将是又一科学理论的胜利,这种观点就是更完美的大爆炸理论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。【英语每日一练(67) 】Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausibl
45、e consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.主干识别:并列句一:cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics 并列句二:many ast
46、rophysicists have been convinced that it is true其他成分:并列一:状语 Odd though it sounds, though 的用法和 as 的用法是一样的,都可以引起句子顺序的变换,调整后为:though it sounds odd 并列二:状语 for the better part of a decade词汇处理: cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说 scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论 respected idea 公认的理论 in elementary-particle
47、 physics 基本粒子物理学 convinced 相信 for the better part of a decade 七八年来参考译文:虽然这个理论听起来很奇怪,但宇宙膨胀说却是从基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论中得出的从科学角度讲合理的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。【英语每日一练(68) 】Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that g
48、ives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.主干识别:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world.其他成分:to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语 that gives the latest dates 状语中名词 calendar 的定语从句 when
49、we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中 latest dates 的定语从句翻译点拨:词汇的处理: Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译) pieced together 汇集;综合 around the world 世界各地,全世界 produce 编制 a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历 the latest dates 最近日期 key breakthroughs 重大突破,关键性突破 定语从句的处理:可以后置单独成句,也可以翻译为前置定语; a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 编制了一个独特的千年技术日历,这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。参考译文:皮尔森汇集世界各地