1、大学英语四级考试 之,段落翻译,试题类型：,翻译部分测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。翻译题型为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字。,Part IV Translation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sh
2、eet 2. 剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。,评分标准：,本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表：,考生做题时常出现的错误：,1.
3、 完全不管句子的逻辑结构，直接把所有词汇和短语按中文句子的顺序摆放； 2. 英语单词的各种词性不分； 3. 忽略英语动词（vt.&vi.）的时态和语态，人称和数的变化； 4. 缺乏段落中各句子之间的衔接和过渡，一个“，”就了事；,做题步骤：,1. 以句子为单位，确定重点词和词组的译法（找不到准确的可以简单意译），一定要注意所选单词的词性； 2. 分解句子，抓住主干，划清成分，确立句型； 3. 时态，语态确定后组句； 4. 检查单词拼写，动、名、形的相关搭配； 5. 检查主谓一致，人称，数； 6. 检查句与句之间的衔接。,真题解析：,“你要茶还是咖啡?“是用餐人常被问到的问题。 许多西方人会选咖
4、啡，而中国人则会选茶。 相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病。 在明清(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国。 饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到17和18世纪才传到欧美。 如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。 茶是中国的民族饮品，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。,“Would you like tea or coffee?” This is a question which the dining people are frequently asked. Some westerners tend to choose coffee
5、, while the Chinese usually choose tea. There is a legend that one Chinese emperor found tea 5,000 years ago and used it to cure illnesses. During the Ming and Q ing Dynasties, tea houses were widespread throughout China. Tea-drinking was spread to Japan in the 6th century but to Europe and America
6、until the 18th century. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Tea is the treasure of China, and it is also an important part of the Chinese tradition and culture.,技巧一：主语的选择,1. 主谓合理搭配,例： 1. 现在全世界各地都在学习中国功夫。2. 中国人交朋友，最重要的原则是“诚”和“信”。,Chinese people try to maintain two most im
7、portant principles in friendship: sincerity and faithfulness.,Nowadays, Chinese Kung fu is being learned all across the world.,2. 突出句子的话题,例： 1. 茶的品种不同，制法也不同。2. 人们学习功夫的目的是防卫而不是攻击。,People learn kung fu not to attack but to defend.,Tea differs in type and method of production.,3. 注意句子的平衡,例： 1. 游览北京、上海、
8、西安，最好是在春秋两季。2. 花上两天时间游览西湖及周围景点较为合适。,It is advisable for tourists to take two days to tour West lake and the scenic spots around it.,Spring and autumn are the best times to tour cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Xian.,技巧二：无主语的翻译,1.译为被动句,例： 1. 自古以来，各种典礼和祭祀都要用酒。2. 通常把茶分为清茶、红茶、花茶三类，味道各有不同。,Liquor has be
9、en used since ancient times in ceremonies and sacrifices.,Tea is often classified into green tea, black tea and flower tea, each with its own taste.,2.增添主语,例： 1. 要更好地了解中国，可以有很多视角。2. 中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家，留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。,In its history China has produced many outstanding philosophers,
10、thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.,To understand China better, one may approach it from different angles.,3.译为存在句、祈使句等特殊句型,例： 1. 从前没有商场，也没有公共聚会的地方，市镇上只有庙会。2. 必须在中国社会发扬孝顺父母的美德。,it is necessary to promote the virtue of filial p
11、iety in Chinese society.,There used to be no shopping malls or any places for public gatherings except temple fairs in cities and towns.,技巧三：调整语序,1.句内语序调整,（1）定语位置的调整： 例： 在庙会期间，你可以看到无数男女老少的游客，和许多大大小小的摊子。,During the temple fair, you can see countless tourists: men and women, old and young. There are a
12、lso many vendor stands, both big and small.,1.句内语序调整,（2）状语位置的调整： 例： 1. 老子教导人们要谦和，一个人要长久生存，要想避免危险，柔弱和谦和是最重要的条件。2. 中国通过丝绸之路给西域各国带去了丝绸织物、火药和印刷术。,Lao Zi preaches modesty because softness and modesty are the most important elements to avoiding danger and living a long life.,China brought silk, gunpowder,
13、 and printing techniques to the West via the Silk Road.,2.句间语序调整,例： 1. 一个人不论做什么事，都不要使自己的父母感到羞耻，这才是真正的孝顺。2. 如果有人认为中国人好用武力，动不动就用拳脚来解决问题，那就大错特错了。,one is truly filial when he never puts his parents in shame no matter what he does.,It is utterly wrong to imagine that Chinese people are liable to use forc
14、e and resolve problems through violence.,技巧四：词性转换法,1.动词的转译,（1）汉语动词转译为英语名词： 例： 1. 上海的发展，从一个侧面反映了中国所发生的巨大变化。2. 如果中国人说自己才疏学浅，这是因为他觉得自己所知有限，同时也是怕自己的知识不能让你感到满足。,When Chinese people say they have little talent or learning, it is motivated by their awareness of the limits of their knowledge, and their fear
15、 that they cannot satisfy.,The growth is Shanghai is one reflection of the tremendous changes that have taken place in China.,1.动词的转译,（2）汉语动词转译为英语介词 例： 秋天，菊花不怕风霜，不怕严寒，傲然开放。,In autumn, the chrysanthemums blossom against wind, frost, and bitter cold.,2.名词的转译,例： 按照古人的说法，四季的特征是“春生，夏长，秋收，冬藏”。,According t
16、o traditional proverbs, the four seasons are characterized by different events: birth in spring, growth in summer, harvest in autumn and storage in winter.,3.形容词的转译,例： 1. 在除夕，所有出门的人一定要赶回家吃年夜饭，全家团圆，屋子里充满了欢乐的气氛。2. 在中国人的生活当中，酒和茶是不可缺少的东西。,liquor and tea are necessities in the life of Chinese people.,Tho
17、se living away from home will return for a family reunion dinner on New Years Eve, when happiness pervades the home.,技巧五：动词的时态,1.一般现在时,例： 1. 认干儿子和干女儿，倒不一定是因为自己孤独。2. 所谓“开门七件事”，就是柴米油盐酱醋茶。,The so-called Seven Necessities of Daily Life refer to fuel, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea.,Taking on a
18、godson or goddaughter does not necessarily come from loneliness.,2.现在完成时,例： 1. 千百年来，泰山以其壮丽的景色，吸引了海内外无数的游客。2. 中国人发明了罗盘，却并没有制造兵舰横行四海。,Chines people invented the compass, but have never used it to make warships to prowl about the seas.,Over hundreds of years, Mount Tai has attracted both domestic and f
19、oreign visitors with its spectacular scenery.,3.一般过去时,例： 1. 据史书记载，商朝人就是因为太喜欢喝酒，沉迷放纵，终于亡国。2000年前，秦始皇修筑的长城是防御性的。,The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty commanded the building of the Great Wall 2000 years ago for the purpose of defense.,According to historical records, people in the Shang Dynasty were fo
20、nd of drinking liquor, indulging in it as an obsession until at last the nation was conquered.,技巧六：减译法,1.省略或替代重复的词,（1）省略或替代形式重复的词： 例： 1. 中国人一直热爱自由，热爱和平。2. 在吃的方面，中国各省的习惯不一样，口味也不一样。3. 中国人认为，人应该同情别人，关心别人，并且帮助别人。,Chinese people believe that we should have sympathy and concern for others and give them ou
21、r assistance.,Eating habits and tastes differ from province to province in China. or Eating habits differ in the provinces of China, and so do tastes.,Chinese people have long loved freedom and peace.,1.省略或替代重复的词,（2）省略或替代语义重复的词： 例： 1. 直到今天，中国人仍然重视孝道。一个不孝顺父母的人，到处受人轻视，很难在社会上立足。2. 一个人先要学习刻苦耐劳，等到内心能安详宁静
22、，大师才肯教授功夫。,Chinese people still cherish filial piety till today. Those who fail to demonstrate it will be despised and unable to secure a place in society.,Only when one learns to endure hardships and have inner peace can the masters teach him kung fu.,2.省略范畴词,例： 1. 耍狮子、舞长龙、划龙舟这些活动不但可以达到娱乐的目的，同时也培养了
23、人们的合作精神。2. 谦虚是中国人的美德。不论一个人的地位有多高，学问有多么了不起，他都不应该盛气凌人，用粗鲁、傲慢的态度去对待他人。,Modesty is a virtue of Chinese people. No matter how high his position is, nor how learned he is, one should not put on airs or treat others rudely and arrogantly.,The activities of the lion dance, the long dragon dance and dragon b
24、oat rowing are performed not only to entertain, but also to train the performers to be cooperative.,技巧七：增译法,1.增译使译文语法结构完整,例： 1. 在京剧脸谱中，黑色代表刚直，白色代表背叛和狡诈。2. 松竹梅不受寒冬的影响，有君子的气节，被称为“岁寒三友”。,Pines, bamboos and plum blossoms are called “the three companions of winter“ because they represent the integrity of
25、 gentlemen living against the harsh cold winter.,In the masks of the Beijing opera, black stands for uprightness, while white signals treachery and deception.,2.增译使译文句义明确,例： 1. 古代中国人觉得月亮可爱又神秘，连苏东坡也不禁要问：“明月几时有？把酒问青天。”2. 我国的端午节是纪念屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子。,On Dragon Boat Festival, a day set aside in memo
26、ry of the ancient poet Qu Yuan, people will hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves.,The ancient Chinese felt the moon was lovely and yet mysterious. Su Dongpo, a great poet of the Song Dynasty, wrote the following lines: “The bright moon, wh
27、en will she appear? Wine cup in hand, I ask the blue sky.“,技巧八：合并译法（一）：,使用从句,1.使用状语从句,例： 1. 在中国人的生活当中，酒和茶虽然没有布帛米粟那样重要，却也是不可缺少的东西。2. 烧菜是一门艺术。把菜烧熟，人人能做到；把菜烧得味道鲜美，就不那么容易了。,Cooking can be considered an art, since it is easy to simply cook dishes but hard to make dishes tasty and delicious.,In the life o
28、f Chinese people, liquor and tea are indispensable, though not as important as food and clothing.,2.使用定语从句,例： 1. 连接亚欧两大洲的贸易通道丝绸之路全程达7000千米，其历史可以追溯到公元前2世纪。2. 香港是购物天堂，对各国游客产生了巨大的诱惑力。,Hong Kong is a shopping mecca that greatly attracts tourists from all over the world.,The 7000-kilometer-long Silk Road
29、 is a trade thoroughfare linking the continents of Asia and Europe, which could date back to the second century B.C,3.使用同位语从句,例： 1. 许多人得出这样的结论：从长远来看，花钱请专业人员来干比自己动手更经济。2. 发展是硬道理，我们都必须坚持这一原则。,We should all embrace the principle that development is the absolute truth.,Many people have come to the concl
30、usion that the expense of paying professionals to do work is, in the long run, less than that of doing it themselves.,技巧九：合并译法（二）：,使用非谓语动词,1.使用分词,例： 1. 天坛首建于1420年，是中国传统建筑的一个典范。2. 长江是世界上第三大河，全长6300千米，流域面积180万平方千米。3. 黄浦江纵横南北，把上海分为两部分。,The Yangtze River is the third longest river in the world, stretchi
31、ng 6300 kilometers with a basin of 1.8 million square kilometers.,The Temple of heaven, first built in 1420, is a masterpiece of traditional Chinese architecture.,The Huangpu River flows across Shanghai from north to south, dividing the city into two.,2.使用动词不定式,例： 1. 中国的房子通常都坐北朝南，以便接受冬天的阳光和夏日的清风。2.
32、只要有耐心去练，任何人都可以熟练地使用筷子享用中餐。,Anyone can use chopsticks well enough to enjoy a Chinese meal as long as he patiently practices.,Chinese houses usually face the south so as to have warm sunshine in winter and cool breezes in summer.,技巧十：合并译法（三）：,使用短语,1.使用名词短语,例： 1. 中国古代的读书人要想替国家做事，必须先把家庭治理好。2. 杭州是中国的“丝绸之
33、府”，丝绸产品品种繁多。3. 月饼是圆的，象征团圆的意思。,Hangzhou, the home of silk in China, boasts a great variety of silk products.,For ancient scholars of China, civil service for the country should follow good government of their families.,The mooncakes are round, a symbol of the reunion of the family.,2.使用介词短语,例： 1. 北京是
34、世界历史文化名城，有3000多年的历史，有着众多的名胜古迹。2. 西湖一年四季都美不胜收。宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。,Because of its year-round beauty, West Lake was praised by famous Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo, who described it as a beautiful lady “who is always charming, whether her makeup is light or heavy.“,Beijing is a famous historical
35、 and cultural city in the world, with numerous sites of interest and a history of 3000 years.,2.使用介词短语,例： 3. 随着时代的进步，中国人的娱乐方式也改变了。,With the advance of time, the entertainment of the Chinese has also changed.,The advance of time have brought about changes in the entertainment preferred by Chinese peo
36、ple.,技巧十一：“让”字句的译法,1.省略“让”字,例： 1. 灾难让世界认识到中国公民社会的力量，也让世界看到了中国的未来。,Through this disaster, the world has realized the power of Chinas civil society and also Chinas promising future,2.采用及物动词,例： 1. 有人以为只要让父母吃得好，穿得好，就算尽了孝道。其实这只是形式。2. 中国文化的包容性让全世界为之赞叹。,Some believe that they have fulfilled filial piety by
37、 feeding and dressing their parents well. In reality, these are merely superficial actions.,The tolerance of Chinese culture has amazed the world.,3.译为被动句,例： 1. 尊重别人，自然会让别人尊重。2. 在中国的传统故事里，英雄和武士都像文雅的儒者。一个张牙舞爪的武士，是让人看不起的。,In traditional Chinese stories, heroes and warriors are refined scholars. A thre
38、atening warrior brandishing his weapons is despised.,If you respect others, you will be respected by them.,4.采用含有“使”动意义的动词,例： 1. 眼睛是灵魂的窗户，我们看见外界，同时也让人看到我们的内心。2. 中国人在清明节祭祖，不仅是思念死去的亲人，同时也是让活着的人给自己寻找一种寄托。,Ancestors worship by the Chinese people on Tomb-sweeping Day is not only to commemorate deceased r
39、elatives, but also to enable the living to find hope for themselves.,As windows to the soul, eyes let us see the outside world and at the same time allow others to see our inner thoughts.,技巧十二：“使”字句的译法,1.译为及物动词/词组,例： 1. 根据传说，诗人屈原为了使醉生梦死的君臣觉醒，在农历五月五日投江自尽。2. 周庄曾经是个默默无闻的小镇，直到陈逸飞把它画进了油画，才使全世界为之倾倒。,Legen
40、d has it that the poet Qu Yuan, in order to wake up a befuddled emperor and his officials, jumped into the river and committed suicide on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month.,Zhouzhuang used to be an unknown small town until ChenYifei put it in oil paintings that have since enchanted the whole wo
41、rld.,2.采用英语中含有使动含义的动词,例： 1. 父母在世的时候，儿女要孝敬奉养，使他们的晚年过得快乐。2. 丝绸之路沿途大量的历史文物，自然风景及地方文化，使“丝绸之路游”成为世界上最精彩的旅游项目之一。,A wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local cultures along the Silk Road make the Silk Road Trip one of the worlds most exciting tourist attractions.,When parents a
42、re alive, their children should respect and support them to make their twilight years happy.,3.省略“使”字,例： 1. 近年来的香港购物旅游热，使香港成为世界上旅游业发展最快的城市。2. 中国人认为如果能够跳出自我的小圈子，不追求物质的享受，使自己的心灵进入一个高超的境界，那就是高雅的。,Chinese people believe that true elegance is to go beyond ones ego and reject the pursuit of physical pleas
43、ure so that ones spirit can enter a supreme realm.,With the craze for shopping and touring in Hong Kong, the city has become one of the fatest developing tourist destinations in the world.,技巧十三：汉语习语的翻译,1.省略原文的文化意象,例： 1. 山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。2. 民以食为天，食以安为先。,After encountering all kinds of difficulties and
44、 hardships, at the end of the day we will see light at the end of the tunnel.,Food is mans first necessity, and safety is the top priority for food.,2. 改变原文的文化意象,例： 1. 吃一堑，长一智。2. 千里之堤，溃于蚁穴。3. 苏州自唐代以来就有“鱼米之乡”的美称。,A thousand-mile long dam may collapse because of an ant nest.,A fall in the pit, a gain
45、in your wit.,Suzhou has enjoyed a reputation as a land of milk and honey ever since the Tang Dynasty.,3.保留原文中的文化意象,例： 1. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。2. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。,Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Chkeh Liang the master mind.,How can you catch tiger cubs without entering the tigers lair?,技巧十四：采用亮点结构和句型,
46、1.并列结构,例： 1. 中国各地的酿酒原料不尽相同：北方用高粱，南方用稻米。2. 庙会就是大型市场，游逛和购物的人占大多数，烧香拜佛的人反而很少。,The materials for making liquor vary in China: sorghum is used in the north and rice in the south.,The temple fairs are large markets where most people stroll around shopping, while fewer people burn incense and worship gods.
47、,2. 无动词的分句,例： 1. 中国的房子面朝南，冬暖夏凉，住在里面非常舒适。2. 中国是个多民族的国家，过新年的形式多种多样。,A multi-ethnic country, Chinese boasts a wide variety of ways to celebrate the new year.,Warm in winter and cool in summer, south-facing Chinese houses are comfortable for accommodation.,3.形式主语句,例： 1. 来到向往已久的古都北京，我兴奋不已。2. 说起中餐，都知道中式菜肴
48、“色、香、味、形”俱全。,As to Chinese food, it is commonly believed that Chinese cuisine has the perfect combination of “color, aroma, taste and appearance“.,It gives me a great pleasure to come to Beijing, a historical capital that I have long wanted to visit.,Thank U！,应对方法：,1. 确定“主语+谓语”的基本组句框架，抓住主干，确立句型（单句？并
49、列句？复合句？独立结构？）。,特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。,During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.,The color most frequently use
50、d in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.,Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.,应对方法：,2. 词类转换,中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。 人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。,Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.,
