1、1The English-Chinese Basic Glossary of Human Anatomy英汉人体解剖学基本词汇systematic anatomy 系统解剖学regional anatomy（topographic anatomy）局部解剖学anatomical position 解剖学姿势superior 上inferior 下anterior 前posterior 后medial 内侧lateral 外侧superficial 浅deep 深internal 内external 外proximal 近侧distal 远侧vertical axis 垂直轴sagittal a
2、xis 矢状轴coronal axis（frontal axis）冠状轴（额状轴）sagittal plane 矢状面coronal plane（frontal plane）冠状面（额状面）horizontal plane（transverse plane）水平面（横切面）I.Locomotor System 运动系统1.Bony System (Osteology）骨学long bone 长骨short bone 短骨flat bone 扁骨irregular bone 不规则骨sesamoid bone 籽骨compact bone（dense bone）骨密质cancellous bon
3、e（spongy bone）骨松质diploe 板障periosteum 骨膜bone marrow 骨髓(1)Bones of Trunk 躯干骨vertebrae 椎骨cervical vertebrae 颈椎thoracic vertebrae 胸椎lumbar vertebrae 腰椎sacrum 骶骨coccyx 尾骨2atlas 寰椎axis 枢椎vertebra prominens 隆椎sternum 胸骨rib 肋骨costal cartilage 肋软骨(2)Skull 颅frontal bone 额骨ethmoid bone 筛骨sphenoid bone 蝶骨pariet
4、al bone 顶骨temporal bone 颞骨occipital bone 枕骨maxilla 上颌骨zygomatic bone 颧骨palatine bone 腭骨nasal bone 鼻骨lacrimal bone 泪骨inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲vomer 犁骨mandible 下颌骨hyoid bone 舌骨(3)Bones of Upper Limb 上肢骨clavicle 锁骨scapula 肩胛骨humerus 肱骨ulna 尺骨radius 桡骨scaphoid bone 手舟骨lunate bone 月骨triquetral bone 三角骨pi
5、siform bone 豌豆骨trapezium bone 大多角骨trapezoid bone 小多角骨capitate bone 头状骨hamate bone 钩骨metacarpal bones 掌骨phalanges 指骨(4)Bones of Lower Limb 下肢骨hip bone 髋骨ilium 髂骨ischium 坐骨pubis 耻骨femur 股骨3patella 髌骨tibia 胫骨fibula 腓骨talus 距骨calcaneus 跟骨navicular bone 足舟骨medial cuneiform bone 内侧楔骨intermediate cuneiform
6、 bone 中间楔骨lateral cuneiform bone 外侧楔骨cuboid bone 骰骨metartarsal bones 跖骨phalanges of toes 趾骨2.Arthrology 关节学joint（articulation）关节ligament 韧带flexion 屈extension 伸adduction 收abduction 展pronation 旋前supination 旋后rotation 旋转circumduction 环转(1)Joints of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的连结vertebral column 脊柱intervertebral
7、 disc 椎间盘annulus fibrosus 纤维环nucleus pulposus 髓核anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带posterior longitudinal ligament 后纵韧带cervical curve 颈曲thoracic curve 胸曲lumbar curve 腰曲sacral curve 骶曲thoracic cage 胸廓costal arch 肋弓(2)Synovial Joint of Skull 颅的连结temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节(3)Joints of Upper Limb 上肢骨
8、连结shoulder joint 肩关节elbow joint 肘关节wrist joint（radiocarpal joint）腕关节（桡腕关节）(4)Joints of Lower Limb 下肢骨连结pelvis 骨盆4hip joint 髋关节knee joint 膝关节medial meniscus 内侧半月板lateral meniscus 外侧半月板ankle joint（talocrural joint）踝关节（距小腿关节）arch of foot 足弓3.Myology（Muscular System）肌学muscle 肌long muscle 长肌short muscle
9、短肌flat muscle 扁肌orbicular muscle 轮匝肌superficial fascia（subcutaneous fascia）浅筋膜deep fascia（proper fascia）深筋膜(1)Muscles of Head 头肌1)Facial Muscles 面肌Epicranius（occipitofrontalis）颅顶肌（枕额肌）galea aponeurotica 帽状腱膜orbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌orbicularis oris 口轮匝肌2)Masticatory Muscles 咀嚼肌masseter 咬肌temporalis 颞肌l
10、ateral pterygoid 翼外肌medial pterygoid 翼内肌(2)Muscles of Neck 颈肌platysma 颈阔肌sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌scalenus anterior 前斜角肌(3)Muscles of Trunk 躯干肌1)Muscles of Back 背肌trapezius 斜方肌latissimus dorsi 背阔肌erector spinae（sacrospinalis）竖脊肌（骶棘肌）2)Muscles of Thorax 胸肌pectoralis major 胸大肌serratus anterior 前锯肌inte
11、rcostales externi 肋间外肌intercostales interni 肋间内肌3）Diaphragm 膈4)Muscles of Abdomen 腹肌obliquus externus abdominis 腹外斜肌obliquus internus abdominis 腹内斜肌transversus abdominis 腹横肌5rectus abdominis 腹直肌(4)Muscles of Upper Limb 上肢肌1)Muscles of Shoulder 肩肌deltoid 三角肌2)Muscles of Arm 臂肌biceps brachii 肱二头肌brach
12、ialis 肱肌triceps brachii 肱三头肌3)Muscles of Forearm 前臂肌flexor pollicis longus 拇长屈肌flexor digitorum superficialis 指浅屈肌flexor digitorum profundus 指深屈肌extensor pollicis longus 拇长伸肌extensor digitorum 指伸肌4)Muscles of Hand 手肌(5)Muscles of Lower Limb 下肢肌1)Muscles of Hip 髋肌psoas major 腰大肌iliacus 髂肌gluteus maxi
13、mus 臀大肌piriformis 梨状肌2)Muscles of Thigh 大腿肌sartorius 缝匠肌quadriceps femoris 股四头肌adductor longus 长收肌adductor magnus 大收肌biceps femoris 股二头肌semitendinosus 半腱肌semimembranosus 半膜肌3)Muscles of Leg 小腿肌tibialis anterior 胫骨前肌extensor digitorum longus 趾长伸肌extensor hallucis longus 拇长伸肌triceps surae 小腿三头肌flexor
14、digitorum longus 趾长屈肌tibialis posterior 胫骨后肌flexor hallucis longus 拇长屈肌4)Muscles of Foot 足肌II.Splanchnology 内脏学viscera 内脏1.Alimentary System 消化系统alimentary canal 消化管alimentary gland 消化腺(1)Oral Cavity 口腔6oral lips 口唇philtrum 人中cheek 颊hard palate 硬腭soft palate 软腭uvula 腭垂palatine velum 腭帆palatoglossal
15、arch 腭舌弓palatopharyngeal arch 腭咽弓isthmus of fauces 咽峡deciduous teeth 乳牙permanent teeth 恒牙incisor 切牙canine 尖牙premolar 前磨牙molar 磨牙dentine 牙质enamel 釉质cement 牙骨质dental pulp 牙髓tongue 舌parotid gland 腮腺submandibular gland 下颌下腺sublingual gland 舌下腺(2)Pharynx 咽nasopharynx 鼻咽oropharynx 口咽laryngopharynx 喉咽palat
16、ine tonsil 腭扁桃体(3)Esophagus 食管(4)Stomach 胃(5)Small Intestine 小肠duodenum 十二指肠jejunum 空肠ileum 回肠(6)Large Intestine 大肠caecum 盲肠vermiform appendix 阑尾ascending colon 升结肠transverse colon 横结肠descending colon 降结肠sigmoid colon 乙状结肠rectum 直肠anal canal 肛管7anal column 肛柱anal valve 肛瓣anal sinus 肛窦dental line 齿状线
17、anal pecten 肛梳white line 白线anus 肛门sphincter ani internus 肛门内括约肌sphincter ani externus 肛门外括约肌(7)Liver 肝porta hepatis 肝门hepatic pedicle 肝蒂gallbladder 胆囊(8)Pancreas 胰2.Respiratory System 呼吸系统respiratory tract 呼吸道respiratory organ 呼吸器官(1)Nose 鼻(2)Paranasal Sinus 鼻旁窦frontal sinus 额窦maxillary sinus 上颌窦eth
18、moidal sinus 筛窦sphenoid sinus 蝶窦(3)Larynx 喉thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨cricoid cartilage 环状软骨arytenoid cartilage 杓状软骨epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨vocal fold 声带cricothyroid 环甲肌(4)Trachea and Bronchi 气管和支气管right principal bronchus 右主支气管left principal bronchus 左主支气管(5)Lung 肺apex of lung 肺尖base of lung 肺底hilum of
19、 lung 肺门root of lung 肺根(6)Pleura 胸膜parietal pleura 壁胸膜viceral pleura 脏胸膜pleural cavity 胸膜腔costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝3.Urinary System 泌尿系统8kidney 肾renal hilum 肾门renal pedicle 肾蒂renal sinus 肾窦renal region 肾区minor renal calices 肾小盏major renal calices 肾大盏renal pelvis 肾盂ureter 输尿管urinary bladder 膀胱ur
20、ethra 尿道4.Male Genital System 男性生殖系统testis 睾丸epididymis 附睾ductus deferens 输精管spermatic cord 精索ejaculatory duct 射精管seminal vesicle 精囊prostate 前列腺bulbourethral gland 尿道球腺penis 阴茎scrotum 阴囊5.Female Genital System 女性生殖系统ovary 卵巢uterine tube 输卵管uterus 子宫vagina 阴道vaginal orifice 阴道口hymen 处女膜greater vestib
21、ular gland 前庭大腺vulva 女阴greater lip of pudendum 大阴唇lesser lip of pudendum 小阴唇clitoris 阴mamma 乳房mammary papilla（nipple）乳头6.Peritonium 腹膜peritoneal cavity 腹膜腔lesser omentum 小网膜greater omentum 大网膜mesentery 肠系膜rectovesical pouch 直肠膀胱陷凹vesicouterine pouch 膀胱子宫陷凹rectouterine pouch(Douglaspouch)直肠子宫陷凹（道格拉斯陷
22、窝）9III.Vascular System 脉管系统1.Cardiovascular System 心血管系统pulmonary circulation（lesser circulation）肺循环（小循环）systemic circulation（greater circulation）体循环（大循环）(1)Heart 心right atrium 右心房right ventricle 右心室left atrium 左心房left ventricle 左心室tricuspid valve 三尖瓣bicuspid valve 二尖瓣aortic valve 主动脉瓣pulmonary valv
23、e 肺动脉瓣sinoatrial node 窦房结internodal tract 结间束atrioventricular node 房室结atrioventricular bundle（Hisbundle）房室束（希氏束）left bundle branch 左束支right bundle branch 右束支Purkinjes fibers 普氏纤维left coronary artery 左冠状动脉right coronary artery 右冠状动脉coronary sinus 冠状窦great cardiac vein 心大静脉middle cardiac vein 心中静脉smal
24、l cardiac vein 心小静脉pericardium 心包(2)Artery 动脉pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干ascending aorta 升主动脉aortic arch 主动脉弓brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干common carotid artery 颈总动脉external carotid artery 颈外动脉superior thyroid artery 甲状腺上动脉lingual artery 舌动脉facial artery 面动脉superficial temporal artery 颞浅动脉maxillary artery 上颌动脉mi
25、ddle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉occipital artery 枕动脉posterior auricular artery 耳后动脉internal carotid artery 颈内动脉subclavian artery 锁骨下动脉10vertebral artery 椎动脉internal thoracic artery 胸廓内动脉inferior thyroid artery 甲状腺下动脉costocervical trunk 肋颈干axillary artery 腋动脉thoracoacromial artery 胸肩峰动脉lateral thoracic ar
26、tery 胸外侧动脉subscapular artery 肩胛下动脉posterior humeral circumflex artery 旋肱后动脉brachial artery 肱动脉deep brachial artery 肱深动脉radial artery 桡动脉superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓ulnar artery 尺动脉deep palmar arch 掌深弓common palmar digital arteries 指掌侧总动脉proper palmar digital arteries 指掌侧固有动脉descending aorta 降主动脉thora
27、cic aorta 胸主动脉posterior intercostal arteries 肋间后动脉subcostal artery 肋下动脉abdominal aorta 腹主动脉lumbar arteries 腰动脉inferior phrenic artery 膈下动脉median sacral artery 骶正中动脉middle suprarenal artery 肾上腺中动脉renal artery 肾动脉testicular artery 睾丸动脉ovarian artery 卵巢动脉coeliac trunk 腹腔干left gastric artery 胃左动脉common
28、hepatic artery 肝总动脉splenic artery 脾动脉superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉common iliac artery 髂总动脉internal iliac artery 髂内动脉obturator artery 闭孔动脉superior gluteal artery 臀上动脉inferior gluteal artery 臀下动脉iliolumbar artery 髂腰动脉uterine artery 子宫动脉internal pudendal artery 阴部内动
29、脉external iliac artery 髂外动脉11femoral artery 股动脉deep femoral artery 股深动脉popliteal artery 腘动脉posterior tibial artery 胫后动脉peroneal artery 腓动脉medial plantar artery 足底内侧动脉lateral plantar artery 足底外侧动脉anterior tibial artery 胫前动脉dorsal artery of foot 足背动脉(3)Vein 静脉pulmonary vein 肺静脉facial vein 面静脉deep faci
30、al vein 面深静脉retromandibular vein 下颌后静脉maxillary vein 上颌静脉pterygoid venous plexus 翼静脉丛superficial temporal vein 颞浅静脉external jugular vein 颈外静脉internal jugular vein 颈内静脉common facial vein 面总静脉superior thyroid vein 甲状腺上静脉middle thyroid vein 甲状腺中静脉subclavian vein 锁骨下静脉venous angle 静脉角cephalic vein 头静脉ba
31、silic vein 贵要静脉median cubital vein 肘正中静脉median vein of forearm 前臂正中静脉ulnar vein 尺静脉radial vein 桡静脉brachial vein 肱静脉brachiocephalic vein 头臂静脉superior vena cava 上腔静脉azygos vein 奇静脉posterior intercostal veins 肋间后静脉esophageal vein 食管静脉bronchial vein 支气管静脉ascending lumbar vein 腰升静脉small saphenous vein 小隐
32、静脉great saphenous vein 大隐静脉anterior tibial vein 胫前静脉posterior tibial vein 胫后静脉popliteal vein 腘静脉femoral vein 股静脉12external iliac vein 髂外静脉internal iliac vein 髂内静脉common iliac vein 髂总静脉inferior vena cava 下腔静脉inferior phrenic vein 膈下静脉lumbar veins 腰静脉testicular veins 睾丸静脉ovarian veins 卵巢静脉renal vein 肾
33、静脉suprarenal vein 肾上腺静脉hepatic vein 肝静脉hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉superior mesenteric vein 肠系膜上静脉splenic vein 脾静脉inferior mesenteric vein 肠系膜下静脉left gastric vein 胃左静脉right gastric vein 胃右静脉cystic vein 胆囊静脉paraumbilical vein 附脐静脉2.Lymphatic System 淋巴系统lymphatic capillary 毛细淋巴管lymphatic vessel 淋巴管lymphat
34、ic trunk 淋巴干jugular trunk 颈干subclavian trunk 锁骨下干bronchomediastinal trunk 支气管纵隔干lumbar trunk 腰干intestinal trunk 肠干right lymphatic duct 右淋巴导管thoracic duct 胸导管cisterna chyli 乳糜池lymph tissue 淋巴组织lymph node 淋巴结spleen 脾thymus 胸腺submandibular lymph node 下颌下淋巴结submental lymph node 颏下淋巴结lateral cervical lym
35、ph node 颈外侧淋巴结axillary lymph node 腋淋巴结bronchopulmonary hilar lymph node 支气管肺门淋巴结superficial inguinal lymph node 腹股沟浅淋巴结deep inguinal lymph node 腹股沟深淋巴结internal iliac lymph node 髂内淋巴结external iliac lymph node 髂外淋巴结13common iliac lymph node 髂总淋巴结lumbar lymph node 腰淋巴结celiac lymph node 腹腔淋巴结left gastri
36、c lymph node 胃左淋巴结right gastric lymph node 胃右淋巴结left gastroepiploic lymph node 胃网膜左淋巴结right gastroepiploic lymph node 胃网膜右淋巴结hepatic lymph node 肝淋巴结pancreaticosplanic lymph node 胰脾淋巴结superior mesenteric lymph node 肠系膜上淋巴结inferior mesenteric lymph node 肠系膜下淋巴结IV.Sensory Organs 感觉器官1.Visual Apparatus
37、视器(1)Eyeball 眼球cornea 角膜sclera 巩膜iris 虹膜pupil 瞳孔sphincter pupilae 瞳孔括约肌dilator pupilae 瞳孔开大肌ciliary body 睫状体ciliary muscle 睫状肌choroid 脉络膜retina 视网膜optic disc 视神经盘macula lutea 黄斑fovea centralis 中央凹aqueous humor 房水lens 晶状体vitreous body 玻璃体(2)Accessory Visual Apparatus 眼副器Eyelid（palpebra）眼睑palpebral fi
38、ssure 睑裂eyelash 睫毛conjunctiva 结膜lacrimal gland 泪腺nasolacrimal duct 鼻泪管levator palpebrae superioris 上睑提肌superior rectus 上直肌inferior rectus 下直肌medial rectus 内直肌lateral rectus 外直肌superior obliquus 上斜肌inferior obliquus 下斜肌14ophthalmic artery 眼动脉central artery of retina 视网膜中央动脉superior ophthalmic vein 眼上
39、静脉inferior ophthalmic vein 眼下静脉2.Vestibulocochlear organ 前庭蜗器(1)External Ear 外耳auricle 耳廓tympanic membrane 鼓膜(2)Middle Ear 中耳tympanic cavity 鼓室malleus 锤骨incus 砧骨stapes 镫骨tensor tympani 鼓膜张肌(3)Internal Ear 内耳bony labyrinth 骨迷路cochlea 耳蜗vestibule 前庭bony semicircular canal 骨半规管cochlear duct 蜗管spiral or
40、gan（Cortis organ）螺旋器（Corti 器）scala vestibuli 前庭阶scala tympani 鼓阶membranous semicircular duct 膜半规管V.Nervous System 神经系统gray matter 灰质white matter 白质cortex 皮质medulla 髓质nucleus 神经核ganglion 神经节fasciculus 传导束nerve 神经reticular formation 网状结构1.Peripheral Nervous System 周围神经系统(1)Spinal Nerves 脊神经cervical pl
41、exus 颈丛lesser occipital nerve 枕小神经great auricular nerve 耳大神经transverse nerve of neck 颈横神经supraclavicular nerves 锁骨上神经phrenic nerve 膈神经brachial plexus 臂丛axillary nerve 腋神经15musculocutaneous nerve 肌皮神经median nerve 正中神经ulnar nerve 尺神经radial nerve 桡神经intercostal nerve 肋间神经subcostal nerve 肋下神经lumbar plex
42、us 腰丛femoral nerve 股神经obturator nerve 闭孔神经genitofemoral nerve 生殖股神经sacral plexus 骶丛superior gluteal nerve 臀上神经inferior gluteal nerve 臀下神经pudendal nerve 阴部神经sciatic nerve 坐骨神经tibial nerve 胫神经common peroneal nerve 腓总神经superficial peroneal nerve 腓浅神经deep peroneal nerve 腓深神经（2）Cranial Nerves 脑神经olfactor
43、y nerve 嗅神经optic nerve 视神经oculomotor nerve 动眼神经trochlear nerve 滑车神经trigeminal nerve 三叉神经abducent nerve 展神经facial nerve 面神经vestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经glossopharyngeal nerve 舌咽神经vagus nerve 迷走神经accessory nerve 副神经hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经（3）Visceral Nervous System 内脏神经系统sympathetic nerve 交感神经parasympat
44、hetic nerve 副交感神经sympathetic trunk 交感干celiac ganglia 腹腔神经节superior mesenteric ganglia 肠系膜上神经节inferior mesenteric ganglia 肠系膜下神经节aorticorenal ganglia 主动脉肾节greater splanchnic nerve 内脏大神经lesser splanchnic nerve 内脏小神经lumbar splanchnic nerve 腰内脏神经abdominal aortic plexus 腹主动脉丛16inferior mesenteric plexus
45、肠系膜下丛pelvic plexus 盆丛2Central Nervous System 中枢神经系统（1）Spinal Cord 脊髓cervical enlargement 颈膨大lumbosacral enlargement 腰骶膨大conus medullaris 脊髓圆锥filum terminale 终丝cauda equina 马尾central canal 中央管anterior horn (anterior column）前角（前柱）posterior horn (posterior column）后角（后柱）lateral horn (lateral column）侧角（侧
46、柱）anterior funiculus 前索posterior funiculus 后索lateral funiculus 外侧索fasciculus gracilis 薄束fasciculus cuneatus 楔束posterior spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑后束anterior spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑前束spinothalamic tract 脊髓丘脑束corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束reticulospinal
47、tract 网状脊髓束tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束medial longitudinal fasciculus 内侧纵束(2)Brain 脑1）Medulla Oblongata 延髓pyramid 锥体decussation of pyramid 锥体交叉olive 橄榄gracile tubercle 薄束结节cuneate tubercle 楔束结节inferior cerebellar peduncle 小脑下脚2）Pons 脑桥bulbopontine sulcus 延髓脑桥沟basilar part 基底部basilar sulcus 基底沟middle cere
48、bellar peduncle 小脑中脚superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚rhomboid fossa（floor of fourth ventricle）菱形窝（第四脑室底）vestibular area 前庭区acoustic tubercle 听结节17medial eminence 内侧隆起facial colliculus 面神经丘hypoglossal triangle 舌下神经三角vagal triangle 迷走神经三角fourth ventricle 第四脑室superior medullary velum 上髓帆inferior medull
49、ary velum 下髓帆3）Midbrain 中脑cerebral peduncle 大脑脚interpeduncular fossa 脚间窝superior colliculus 上丘inferior colliculus 下丘hypoglossal nucleus 舌下神经核accessary nucleus 副神经核dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve 迷走神经背核nucleus ambiguus 疑核inferior salivatory nucleus 下泌涎核nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve 三叉神经脊束核gracile nucleus 薄束核cuneate nucleus 楔束核inferior olivary nucleus 下橄榄核facial nucleus 面神经核abducens nucleus 展神经核motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve 三叉神经运动核superior salivatory nucleus 上泌涎核pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve 三叉神经脑桥核ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei 蜗神经腹侧核和蜗神经背侧核ves
