1、Unite4 -Task2 -Sample3,Mr. Chairperson, Mr. Director-General, Distinguished Members of the ILOs Governing Body and Friends, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good Morning! I welcome this opportunity to be here today, with an organization which in many ways belongs to all of us workers. I can think of, in fact,
2、no other international body that one can claim as ones own so unambiguously. 译文：主席先生，总干事先生，尊敬的国际劳工组织管理机构的成员和朋友们，女士们、先生们，早上好！我很荣幸今天能有这次机会同这样一个从多方面来说都属于我们全体劳动者的组织相聚在这里。事实上，我可以说没有任何其他国际机构可以让一个人如此明确的宣称自己属于它。 词汇：unambiguously nmbjrsl adv. 明确地，毫不含糊地。 ILO 国际劳动组织,I have also had a longstanding formal associ
3、ation with the ILO. Many of my early pieces on women and technological change and on land rights were published by the ILO, as well as was the work of many other scholars. It is therefore a pleasure for me to be here on this important symposium. 译文：我曾经与国际劳工组织有过长时间的正式联系。我早期许多关于妇女、科技改变以及土地权利的作品也是由国际劳工
4、组织出版的，很多其他的学者也是这样的。因此，我很乐意参加这个重要的学术会议。 词汇：symposium smpozim n. 专题讨论会，座谈会，学术报告会；专题论文集；（古希腊）酒宴，宴会,The canvass of the Symposium is very large. I will focus on one aspect of gender inequality that centrally affects millions of women as workers but perhaps have failed to receive the attention they deserv
5、e. That is the inequality about gender-biased social perceptions and social norms. 译文：这个会议讨论的（内容）很广泛。我将专注于性别歧视的一个方面（的议题），它集中影响着数以百万计的女性工人，但也许未能得到应有的重视。这个性别的歧视是由社会观念和社会准则的偏见所造成的。 词汇：gender dnd n性某些语言的（阳性、阴性和中性，不同的性有不同的词尾等）；性别；某些语言的（名词、代词和形容词）性的区分,Gender ideology is embedded in social perceptions and
6、social norms. Although difficult to quantity, these can affect economic outcomes for women in virtually every sphere, be it property rights, employment or household allocation. 译文：性别（差异）的意识形态牢牢的植根于社会观念和社会准则之中。尽管难以计量，但这些实际上在每一个方面都能影响到女性的经济成果，比如财产所有权、应聘或者是住房分配。,Take perceptions: there is often a diver
7、gence between a persons actual abilities, contributions and needs, and perceptions about these. In the labour market, gender, like race, often defines perceptions about abilities and can lead to discriminatory hiring and pay practices.译文：有这样一种感觉：在一个人实际的能力、贡献和需要与对这些（内容）的感知之间通常存在着一个背离。在劳动力市场，性别，如同种族一般
8、，常常决定了对能力的感知，它会导致歧视性的雇佣和报酬。 词汇： divergence dav:dns n. 分叉；分歧；背离；离题,Within the family perceptions guide intra-family allocations. For example, who gets what is often justified by referring to a persons contributions or needs. As we know, womens contributions are often undervalued because many do home-
9、based unwaged work which is less “visible“ in physical and monetary than wage work outside the home. 译文：在家庭内，（这种观念）影响着家庭内部的分配。例如，一个人该得到什么通常是由他的贡献或者需要来确定的。我们都知道，女性的贡献通常是被低估的，因为许多（女性）做的是没有任何工资收入的家庭工作，这与那些家庭之外有报酬的工作相比，在物质和金钱方面的（收益）是很少见的。 词汇：justify dstfa vt. 证明有理；为辩护；,Female members thus often receive
10、less because their contribution to the household is perceived as being less valuable than that of males. 译文： 因此，女性成员通常所得到的较少，因为她们对家庭的贡献被认为比男性的贡献价值低。,Incorrect gender perceptions are also embedded in most public policies. That governments transfer land almost solely to men, has much to do with percep
11、tion about, rather than the universal fact of, male responsibility and female dependency. Men are often seen as primary bread winners and women at best as helpers. 译文：不正确的性别观念也被嵌入到大多数的公共政策中。政府转让土地几乎只给男性，对于那样的观念有太多的（东西）需要去改变，而不是仅仅是男尊女卑的普遍现实。男性通常被看作是原始的物质胜利者，而女性只是最好的助手。 词汇：embed in 使牢牢嵌入,The same is o
12、ften true of many social security schemes. In India, for instance, typically widows even if destitute are not entitled to a pension if they have an adult son, and sometimes even an adult male relative. In practice, assumptions about male altruism are often proved wrong. 译文：同样的性别歧视也存在于许许多多的社会保障体系之中。例
13、如，具有代表性的，在印度的寡妇只要她们有一个成年的儿子，有时甚至是只要有成年的男性亲属，即使再贫困也没有获得养老金的权利。在实践中，关于男性主义的假设往往被证明是错误的。 词汇：destitute desttu:t adj. 极度缺乏的；穷困的； altruism n. 利他主义，无私；爱他主义；利人主义,Like perception, social norms enter almost every sphere of activity. In South Asia they define the legitimate claimants for property. Everywhere t
14、hey define the gender division of labour within and outside the home. They may even define whether at all women should work outside the home, such as female seclusion norms. 译文：社会准则如同意识形态一样充斥在我们生活的每一个领域。在南亚，他们明确了合法的财产索求者。规定了室内外工作各个方面劳工的性别区分，甚至还规定女性是否应该外出工作，例如，女性隔离标准。 词汇：seclusion sklun n. 隔绝，隔离，隐居,S
15、ocial norms can thus severely restrict womens economic options by discouraging them from claiming their inheritance or from taking up jobs, limiting the range of tasks they may perform, defining child care as their duty, restricting their mobility, and so on. Therefore, gender inequality is embedded
16、 in social norms and perceptions. Then, how can change be brought about? 译文：社会准则严格地限制妇女的经济选择权，通过阻止女性继承财产的索求或阻止她们从事工作，限定她们执行工作的范围，规定照顾孩子是她们的责任，限制她们的流动性等等。因此，性别歧视在社会准则和社会观念中已根深蒂固，那么这些变化是如何发生的呢？ 词汇： mobility moblti n. 流动性；移动性；,Conventionally, economists have taken very little account of perception bias
17、es and assume that social norms are exogenous. But evidence suggests that social norms and perceptions can be changed by group challenges to norms, and by demonstrating alternatives. 译文：传统上，经济学家很少考虑观念偏见（的作用），并假定社会规范是外成的。但是，证据表明社会规范和观念能被群体对准则的质疑及取而代之的游行所改变。 词汇： exogenous eks:dns adj. 外生的，外成的，外因的,For
18、instance, in northern South Asia, on the one hand, poverty compels many women to work outside the home and to challenge female seclusion norms. On the other hand, group strength and income options opened by many NGOs have enhanced womens ability to challenge social norms. It has also changed percept
19、ions about womens abilities. 译文：例如，在南亚北部，一方面贫穷迫使许多女性外出务工并挑战女性的隔绝准则。另一方面，群体的力量以及被非政府组织开放的薪资选择权增强了女性挑战社会准则的能力，这也改变了对女性能力的认识。 词汇： NGOs 非政府组织,These constitute the local challenge to gender norms. But perceptions and norms are also influenced by the media. Herein, I believe, lies the global challenge sin
20、ce the media today cuts across countries and could be used in gender-progressive ways. I believe it is time we changed our own social perceptions and social norms. Thank you. 译文：这些组成了局部范围内对性别准则的挑战，此外观念和准则还受到媒体的影响。因此，我相信，可以形成全球性的挑战，因为当今的媒体打破了国家间的界限，也可以被用在性别（观念）前进的道路上。我相信此刻正是改变我们的社会观念以及社会准则的好时机。谢谢大家！,
