1、中考书面表达的类型及分析,中考作文常考类型 一、看图作文 二、 话题作文 三、应用文（书信）,基础写作四重奏:,1. 信息划分 : 确定哪些相关的信息可用一句话表达, 确保5个句子表达完所有的信息. 建议可在题目上用铅笔做 ,的标志 (完整性) 2. 列出关键词组和句型 (准确性) 3. 串联句子: 用正确的语法结构写出准确的句子, 并形成篇章 (连贯性) 4.检查(准确性),句子的分类,简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子.并列句: 主谓结构+ 连词(and, but, so, or) +主谓结构 (或更多的主谓结构)复合句: 引导词+主谓结构, 主谓结构(从句) (主句),写一个完整的句子,
2、这几句是正确的句子吗? 如果你认为有误, 该怎么改?,1.The meeting will until 3:00.,2.Work hard, you will succeed.,3.I have a brother, who is a doctor. 4. There are only 4 students take part in the class.,last,and,who,taking/to take,五种基本的简单句,主语+不及物动词2. 主语+及物动词+宾语,Birds fly. Buses run from dawn till midnight. We are studying
3、hard.,We have read many books. They do shopping at the weekend. We are learning English.,3. 主语+系动词+表语4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,We are students. He became a scientist. That sounds good.,He gave Tom a present. He offered me a job.,We made him our monitor. The manager thinks the plan prac
4、tical. He will have his bike repaired. I wont have you speaking to your mother like that.,并列句,1. 用连词/副词 (and, but , so, for, or , not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, while, bothand, however, therefore),1) Li Ming is 18 years old and he is a student in No.1 Middle School. 2)Hurry up or youll be l
5、ate for school.,3)I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.,2. 用 “ ; ”3. 用 “ ; + adv ”,1) We fished all day; we didnt catch anything.,We fished all day; however, we didnt catch anything. 2) The car was almost new; besides, it was in excellent condition.,but we,so all ,2) Lily does well in stud
6、y; all the teachers think highly of her.,复合句,复合句里包含两个或更多的主谓结构, 其中有一个主谓结构为句子的主体称为主句，另一个些主谓结构为从句，他（们）只能充当句子的某一（些）成分，,如: 主语, 宾语, 表语, 同位语, 定语, 状语等. 根据他们在句子中的功能分别称为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句, 同位语从句, 定语从句, 状语从句等.,判断下面句子属于哪种复合句,1) When we shall have our sports meeting is still a question. 2) The letter says that the
7、y are leaving on Friday. 3)Thats what they should do. 4) We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again. 5) This is the very dictionary that I am looking for. 6) As time went on, Einsteins theory proved to be correct.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,状语从句,连贯性的要求是：句子前后之间要有照应，有衔接，思想的表达应该有序，
8、清楚句子与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑，不能造成歧义或矛盾,Time order: First, First of all, Second, Third, Next, After that, Then Finally,Space order On the right, On the left, In the center, In the middle, Next to the, Beside the, Opposite the _, Near the _, Under the _, Above the _, On one side of the _, On the other side of th
9、e _,Transition signals,1、递进：besides, in addition, whats more 2、转折和对比：but, however, on the other hand, 3、总结：in short, in brief, for these reasons 4、因果和结论：as a result, due to, because of, thus, therefore 5、强调：really, indeed, surely 6、其它插入语：worse still/whats worse, after all, if possible,培养英语思维-词的搭配,大雨
10、 大桥 大楼 大错 大写 大病 大地震,heavy rain,long bridge,high rise/large building,big/terrible/serious mistake,capital letter,serious illness,major earthquake,句的表达,注意汉英差异： 一、状语 e.g. 她一周有三个下午在一家百货公司做兼职。She works part time in a department store three afternoons a week.在我十岁那年我和家人经历了一次奇妙的旅行。I took a fantastic trip wi
11、th my family when I was ten years old.,二、谓语动词汉语：无动词或多动词英语：单动词 e.g. 我妈妈很漂亮。My mother is pretty.我们又唱又跳。We sang and danced.我们邀请他们到上海来玩。We invited them to come to Shanghai for a visit.你上课常常缺席所以我想要提醒你。You are often absent from class so I want to remind you.,三、主语e.g. 活到老，学到老。One is never too old to learn.
12、很难说谁对谁错。Its hard to tell who is right and who is wrong.昨天找到了丢失的钢笔。The lost pen was found yesterday.上饭店吃饭很贵。Its expensive to eat out.乘飞机旅行更舒适、便捷。Travelling by plane is faster and more convenient.,四、定语 汉：常常是前置定语 英：前置和后置定语 e.g. 我们学校的所有学生all the students in our school左边数第五个男孩the fifth boy from the left英
13、国人的日常生活everyday lives of the British在中国骑车的人数the number of cyclists in China几种气体的混合物a mixture of several gases,介词短语作后置定语,三到六岁的孩子 Children from 3 to 6 years of age 隔壁的音像店 the music store next door 用英语写的信 the letter(s) in English 晚上最晚一班返回的公交车 the last bus back in the evening 城市生活的嘈杂、脏乱 the noise and di
14、rt of city life,玩/放松的时间 time to play/relax 当一个音乐家的计划 plans to be a musician 出国学习的机会 the chance to study abroad 供人坐着休息的安静场所 a quiet place for people to sit in/rest 找到任何一个可以询问的人 find anyone to ask,动词不定式作后置定语,城市用水 water used by cities 不乱扔垃圾的习惯 the habit of not throwing away rubbish 我曾经生活的村庄 the village
15、 where I stayed/lived 我昨晚吃的某样东西 something I ate last night 到月球去的宇航员 astronauts who traveled to the moon 孩子们喜欢吃的食物 food (which) children like,分词、定语从句等作后置定语,检 查,1.时态 2. 主谓一致 3.名词单复数 4.单词拼写 5.动词的过去式, 过去分词 6.句子是否完整,Writing tips:,时态一致必须注意所用时态符合上下文。如果用过去时叙述一个故事，就要保证通篇都用过去时，不要在作文中间变成现在时。同样，如果是在谈论普遍问题、现状或日常
16、习惯，就要用现在时，而不要用过去时。 e.g. Yesterday I did my homework. It takes me three hours.His father thought he is good at math.She started her new job last week. She liked it.We didnt go to the party. We arent invited.,took,was,likes,werent,Writing tips:,2. 主语一致应该保持全文人称一致，这样读者才能跟随一个逻辑思维顺序。否则读者会感到困惑。 e.g. Althou
17、gh you may fail the exam, hecan still be useful to the country.It not only provides you with lots ofknowledge but also develops his interests.,you,your,Writing tips:,4. 词序/语序它能够帮助准确表达作者本意并并避免意义含糊不清。注意要让句子尽量保持英语的表达习惯。 e.g. I already have had lunch.She with her mum traveled to Italy.I always be the wi
18、nner of the pianocontest.In China, he knew there were big floods.I just wonder what does my future like andwhat should I do.,have already,She traveled to Italy with her mum.,am always,He knew there were big floods in China.,I just wonder what my father likes and what I should do.,Writing tips:,5. 并列
19、句用并列句能使文章更生动流畅，它包含两个独立分句和一个连词，如：and, but, or, so等。 e.g. They know what is better and theyare always right.It was crowded. We were able to see him.It was crowded but we were able to see him.She is a top student. She is a talentedmusician.She is a top student and a talented musician.Though he doesnt h
20、ave much money, but his heart is full of love.,两个分句不要重复同一个单词。每个分句都必须有一个动词；每两个分句组成的句子只能使用一个连词。,Writing tips:,6. 复合句。它包含一个主句和一个从句，由when, after, if等连词或who, which等关系代词引导。 e.g. She was very old. She couldnt stand on the bus easily. She was so old that she couldnt stand on the bus easily.The result was no
21、t the most important thing for me. The result would be known a whole month later.The result, which would be known a whole month later, was not the most important thing for me.,Writing tips:,7. 避免词的重复。 e.g. All in all, we had a wonderful trip. We travelled across Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne. We sa
22、w the beautiful coast of Queensland. We toured all of Perth. We had a great visit with Dan. Perhaps we will go again next winter.,Writing tips:,3. 主谓一致/人称一致确保语法正确。 e.g. Things I hate to do is doing homework.What I hate to do isEvery people start to learn English.Every person starts to learn English.
23、The activities can relax ourselves.The activities can help us relax ourselves./Wecan relax ourselves by taking part in theactivities.,看图作文,Look And write,看图作文难度稍大，在写作时它要根据图画呈现的内容与所给的中英文提示相结合来表达其内在涵义，描述图画内容，使短文达意、正确、连贯。,看图作文可采用以下几个步骤： 1、理解图意，确立情景 2、注意所给的中英文提示 3、明确时态，理顺思路 4、连词成句，然后再连句成文 5、反复审核，修改错误,假设
24、下面五幅图画描述的是你在5月3日(星期五)的一段亲身经历。请你根据画面内容，写一篇80字左右的日记。,英文日记的格式,英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。中、英文的日记格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期（年、月、日）、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy等。日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。,今天下午我去看电影.,go to a movie go to the cinema see a film,Its a fine day today.,t
25、his afternoon,I went to a movie happily this afternoon.,在路上,我看到一个手提箱从一辆自行车上掉了下来.,On the way, I found/saw a case fall down from/off a mans bike.,on the way fall down from / fall off see / find + 复合宾语,我捡起箱子,并向骑车人大声喊叫,但他却没听见,走远了.,I picked up the case and shouted to the man, but he didnt hear me and rod
26、e away.,pick up shout toride away,于是,我拦了一辆出租车去追赶失主.,I stopped a taxi to to catch up with the man.,stop a taxi catch up with,我终于追上了失主,并把箱子还给他.,失主非常的感动,他拿出一些钱来感谢我,但被我拒绝了.,I caught up with him at last and gave the case back to him.,The man took out some money to thank me, but I refused.,give back / ret
27、urn refuse,May 3rd,Friday Fine This afternoon, I went to see a film. On the way, I saw a case fall off a mans bike. I picked up the case and shouted to the man to stop. But he didnt hear me and rode away.I stopped a taxi and got into it with the case. And we caught up with the man. I gave the case b
28、ack to him. The man thanked me very much and wanted to give me some money. But I refused .,Useful sentences:,Sayings and proverbs: On self-help:Pride goes before a fall 骄者必败 .A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。Custom
29、makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难。Great hopes make great man.伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。,Useful sentences:,Honesty is the best policy.做人诚信为本。Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。If a thing is worth doing, its worth doing well. 值得做的是就值得
30、做好。Where there is life, there is hope. 生活充满了希望。/留得青山在，不怕没柴烧,Useful sentences:,On health:A close mouth catches no flies.病从口入。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果，不用请医生。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身体好。 On motherhood:A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。
31、,Useful sentences:,On friendship:A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。A friend is never known till a man has need. 需要之时方知友。 On reading:A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.一本好书，相伴一生。By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。Choose an
32、author as you choose a friend.择书如择友。,Useful sentences:,On entertainment:All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 On life:We know not what is good until we have lost it.好东西，失去了才明白。Variety is the spice of life.丰富多彩是生活的调味品。Life is just like a bowl of cherries.生活犹如一盘樱桃。Living without
33、an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标等于航行没有指南针。Pleasant hours fly past.快乐时光去如飞。,Useful sentence patterns:,在各种之中 Among various kinds of , e.g. Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 就我的看法；我认为 In my opinion, = To my mind, . = As far as I am concerned, e.g. In my opinio
34、n, playing computer games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 根据我个人经验 According to my personal experience, = Based on my personal experience, e.g. According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.,俗语说得好：。 Well goes an old saying, “ = As an old saying goes (run
35、s, says),“ e.g. As an old saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.“ (A) 用下列方法 in the following ways. (B) 有三个主要理由。 for three major reasons. e.g. I build my confidence in the following ways.People learn a foreign language for three major reasons. 换言之 in other words, e.g. In other words, I will try my best to live up to my goal. 曾经最的 最高级+ 现在完成时 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.,
