1、1第一讲名词、冠词(一)名 词可数名词的复数形式全析考法.单句语法填空 1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause)解析：causes 此处的 cause是可数名词，表示“原因” 。根据其前的 all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填 caus
2、es。2(20186 月浙江高考)Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.解析：dishes 此处 dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指中国菜。3(2017全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side _ (effect) such as overweight and heart dis
3、ease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析：effects 根据空格前面的 some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用 effect的复数形式。4(2017全国卷)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid
4、 terrible _ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowds 根据空格前面的形容词 terrible可知此处填名词，crowd 表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。5(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspect
5、s.解析：days every few days表示“每隔几天” ，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。6(2015全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are 2pictured by artists in so many Chinese _ (painting)解析：paintings painting 意为“图片，图画” ，是可数名词，由于前有“so many”修饰，
6、故使用其复数形式。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken._解析：chickenchickens 短语 dozens of之后应该使用可数名词 chicken“鸡”的复数形式。2(2018全国卷)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room._解析：sortsorts 由前面的 all 修饰可数名词 sort可知，应用 so
7、rt的复数形式；all sorts意为“各种各样的” 。3(2018全国卷)At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.”_解析：mistakemistakes and 连接两个平行成分，前面的 textbooks为复数，故可数名词 mistake“错误”应改为 mistakes。4(2017全国卷)The instructor
8、 kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”_解析：wordwords 根据后面引号内的内容可知教练一直重复说的话有多句，故此处应用 word的复数形式。5(2016全国卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._解析：yearyears 此处指 1319 岁的年龄，且其后 be动词为 were，故用 year的复数形式。6(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three
9、new friend here._解析：friendfriends 名词 friend为可数名词，其前有 three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把 friend改成 friends。7(2015浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass._3解析：sidesides 前面有 three修饰，故 side要用复数形式 sides。8(2014全国卷)Since then for all these year we have been allowing toma
10、toes to selfseed where they please._解析：yearyears year 为可数名词，其前面有 these修饰，故应用其复数形式years。9(2014全国卷)For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day._解析：第一个 hourhours 此处指一个半小时，所以用 hour的复数形式。10(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barki
11、ng._解析：timetimes 根据前面表示数量的词 several可知，此处 time意为“次数” ，应用复数形式。谨记规则(一)规则名词的 6种复数变化形式变化规则 例词一般情况下 在词尾直接加s mouthmouths以s, x, ch，sh 结尾的名词在词尾加es glassglassesmatchmatches以辅音字母y 结尾的名词 变 y为 i再加es countrycountriesfactoryfactories以元音字母y 结尾的名词 在词尾直接加s holidayholidaysmonkeymonkeys一般在词尾加s photophotos以o 结尾的名词有些在词尾加
12、es potatopotatoes一般要变 f或 fe为 v再加esselfselves wolfwolves以f, fe 结尾的名词少数直接加s beliefbeliefs(二)可数名词复数的 3种不规则变化形式变化规则 例词单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, 4spacecraft, species, fish变内部元音footfeet, toothteeth, mousemice，manmen, womanwomen外来名词mediummedia (媒体)phenomenonphenomena (现象)a
13、nalysisanalyses (分析)特别注意 fish 表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数形式相同，但表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为 fishes。(三)合成名词复数的 2类变化形式1若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups2 “man/woman n.”变复数时，作定语的 man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。不可数名词 全析考法单句改错1(2017全国卷)Besides, th
14、ey often get some useful informations from the Internet._解析：informationsinformation information 是不可数名词，没有复数形式。2(2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._解析：knowledgesknowledge knowledge 意为“知识” ，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。3(2015全国卷)The airs we breath
15、e in is getting dirtier and dirtier._解析：airsair 由后面的定语从句“we breathe in”可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气” ，air 意为“空气”时为不可数名词。故 airs改为 air。谨记规则(一)常见的 24个不可数名词单词 词义 单词 词义fun 乐趣 homework 家庭作业5progress 进步 equipment 设备bread 面包 wealth 财富knowledge 知识 room 空间work 工作 weather 天气music 音乐 news新闻；消息traffic 交通 meat 肉word 消息 luck 运
16、气advice 建议 housework 家务information 信息 furniture 家具milk 牛奶baggage/luggage行李orange 橙汁 man 人类(二)抽象名词的具体化抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)surprise惊讶 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事success成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)honour荣誉 an honour一个 (件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败 a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)beauty美；美丽 a beauty美丽的人或事物pleasure乐趣 a pleasure
17、一件乐事语法填空解题“3 定向”1根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式(1)不定冠词 a, an后用名词单数形式；(2)有 these, those, several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of, different或数词等修饰时名词用复数形式；(3)名词前有 one of, among时用名词复数形式。2根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或 are，要考虑用名词的复数形式。63根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形式。 据第 1条解题1The
18、 team who won the three world championships (championship) would always get this cup.2Interested in their work, she picked up a pair of scissors (scissor)3During the festival, which lasts three or four days, people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful
19、activities (activity)4Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural beliefs (belief) about dogs.5Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes, causing many complaints (complaint) about the unbearable adve
20、rtisements.6Going to Cambridge University was a dream of mine, for it is one of the top universities (university) in the world.7I decided to label one of my small purses (purse), which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some cash inside and an encouraging note. 据第 2条解题8While
21、there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us, the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.9Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 据第 3条解题10Timmis and hi
22、s team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passersby (passerby)11It thinks that Cinglish may hurt peoples ability to speak standard English and make it hard for them to communicate with foreigners (foreigner)12Unable to express himself easily in conversation, he uses a special typewriter to
23、write letters to his friends, and beautiful poems (poem)短文改错解题“3 视角”71分清名词单复数看到 several, a few, many, one of, three, a number of等要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。2知晓不可数名词看到 information, advice, homework, progress, knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式。3注意词性错误看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词(短语)，要想到后跟名词形式。
24、据第 1条解题1The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.thingthings2It is not easy for our parent to bring us up.parentparents3I failed to respond to their question.questionquestions4The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school.friendfriends5Due to
25、 some rich tourist attraction, every year many visitors come to my hometown, where they can not only appreciate the beautiful scenery, but also enjoy the delicious food.attractionattractions 据第 2条解题6He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific.knowledgesknowledge7Looking at the spot
26、where he thought the “fly” was again, he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strengths.strengthsstrength8A lot of informations can be stored in it.informationsinformation9Shes getting married next month and decides to buy some decorations and furnitures.furnituresfurniture 据第 3条解题10I would
27、appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenient. convenientconvenience11Firstly, it is of vital important to have a positive attitude.importantimportance12I restarted to pick up my confident again.confidentconfidence8(二)冠 词冠词的基本用法 全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumpe
28、d nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析：the 此处特指过去的 25年，故用 the past 25 years。2(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.解析：the top 是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以填定冠词 the。3(2017全国卷)Instead,
29、 she is earning 6,500 a day as _ model in New York.解析：a 此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特” ，在单数可数名词 model前应该使用不定冠词，表示“一，一名” ，且 model的读音以辅音音素开头，故填 a。4(201711 月浙江高考)Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, its _ ongoing process.解析：an 此处表示积累词汇是一个持续的过程，因为单词 ongoing的读音以元音音素
30、开头，故填不定冠词 an。5(20176 月浙江高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _ wonder.解析：a wonder 为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事” ，此处为泛指，且 wonder的读音以辅音音素开头，故填不定冠词 a。6(2015全国卷)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even _ most modern of architects and engineers.解析：the 在形容词最高级的前面用定冠
31、词 the。7(2015广东高考)He owned _ farm, which looked almost abandoned.解析：a 此处指一个农场，表示泛指，且 farm的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词 a。8(2014全国卷)Now, years later, this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.解析：the 此空后为形容词的最高级形式，故应填定冠词 the。9.单句改错1(2018全国卷)As the kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but
32、 no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my parents would not let me._解析：thea kid 在此处表泛指，且 kid的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词 a。 2(2017全国卷)I still remember how hard first day was._解析：first 前加 the/my 表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词 the或者用形容词性物主代词 my进行修饰。3(2017全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a ho
33、ur and a half to go to work every day._解析：第一个 aan/one hour 的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以用an/one hour表示“一个小时” 。4(2016全国卷)But in that case, we will learn little about world._解析：world 前加 the 此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。5(2016四川高考)I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen._解析：kitchen 前加 the 此处特指“我们家”的厨房
34、。6(2015全国卷)He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop . A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop._解析：outside 后的 athe 此处用定冠词特指上文提到的商店。7(2014全国卷)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings._解析：去掉第一个 the 此处为泛指，不表示特指，故去掉 the。谨记规则(一)不定冠词表示类指
35、或某类中的“任何一个” 。 A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.表示泛指“某个” 。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词；或由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于 a certain；或专有名词前加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、I have a question to ask you.In a sense what you said is true.All of a sudden, she burst into tears.Experts think that the recently d
36、iscovered painting may be a Picasso.10某一位不认识的人或某个不确定的时间。表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有 one强烈。 Suddenly they heard a loud voice.表示“每” ，相当于 per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Prices start at 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，使之具体化。表示“一种的人或事”He suddenly appeared on a rainy night, which was a great surprise
37、 to us.不定冠词用于序数词前，表示“再一，又一” 。Live a good, honorable life.Then when you get older and think back, youll get to enjoy it a second time.(二)定冠词表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明确的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。Take your time its just a short distance from here to the restaurant.用在世界上独一无二的事物前。 The earth goes around the sun.用于序
38、数词或形容词、副词的最高级前。 Is this the first time that you have visited Qingdao？用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代” 。Its said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in the 17th century.(三)零冠词专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。 He
39、is living in Canada now.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。We usually have breakfast at 7 oclock.语言、学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。 Im interested in English.表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。Dr.Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us， “A fifth of pupils 11here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”系动词 turn(变成)
40、后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。 His brother has turned writer.“(零冠词)单数名词/形容词最高级as/though(主语谓语)” ，意为“尽管但是” 。Hero as/though he is, he has some shortcomings.冠词的固定搭配 全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly, Im facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.解析：the at the top of ones lungs为固定搭配，意为“尽量大声地
41、，声嘶力竭地” 。2(2017全国卷)When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.As _ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.解析：a as a result 为固定搭配，意为“结果” 。3(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that
42、while one is being bottlefed, _ other is with mum she never suspects.解析：the one .the other为固定搭配，意为“一个另一个” 。此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用 the other。4(2016全国卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：a for a while 为固定搭配，意为“一会儿” 。5(20
43、14广东高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor.解析：the on the top floor 为固定搭配，意为“在顶层” 。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.12_解析：countryside 前加 the go to the countryside 是固定用法，意为“去乡下” 。2(2016全国卷
44、)At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself._解析：去掉 the at first“起初” ，为固定短语。3(2015浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning._解析：hurry 前加 a in a hurry“匆匆忙忙” ，为固定短语。4(2014全国卷)As result, the plant
45、s are growing everywhere._解析：As 后加 a as a result“结果” ，为固定短语。5(2014辽宁高考)Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day._解析：第一个 aan an average of .“平均有” ，为固定短语。谨记规则(一)不定冠词用于固定搭配中an average of平均 for a while一会儿as a result因此 as a rule 通常as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact 事实上at a loss不知所措 in a hu
46、rry匆忙in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to 拜访put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然be on a diet节食 have a gift for有天赋have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生 have/take a rest休息 give sb.a lift让某人搭便车(二)定冠词用于固定搭配中in the
47、middle of 在中间 in the end 最后by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面13to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时on the spot在现场 on the top floor在顶层the other day前几天 take the place of代替at the moment此刻，目前 in the countryside在乡村make the most/best of 充分利用one .the other . 一个，另一个(三)零冠词用于固定搭配中at present目前
