1、2019 年高考英语语法必考考点（7）：动词时态和语态含解析李仕才【考点解读】一、动词的时态1一般现在时(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用 often, usually, every day 等时间状语。Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象，无论在
2、什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。“Life is like walking in the snow， ” Granny used to say， “because every step shows.”So what is the procedure?All the applicants are interviewed before a final decision is made by the authority.(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for A
3、frica.(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作，但限于少数动词。如 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等。The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.2一般过去时(1)表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示)；用于表示过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。I didnt realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surg
4、eon.Michaels father always helped the poor as he believed it made everyone happier.I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.(2)注意句型：was/were about to do . when .中 when 后从句的动词用过去式。I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.3现在完成时常用的时间状语有：so
5、far, recently, lately, once/twice/three .times, before, ever, by now, in the last/past few years, over a long time, up to now, yet, already, just, since 等。主要用于以下几种情况：(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Look! Somebody has cleaned the sofa.Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.(2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。They have b
6、een good friends since they met at a meeting.Shakespeares play Hamlet has been made into at least ten different films over the past years.(3)下列句型中常用现在完成时。It is (has been)一段时间since 从句This (That/It) is the first (second .) timethat 从句This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as
7、 a family.在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。When shall we restart our business?Not until we have finished our plan.4过去完成时(1)过去某一时间或某一动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。常与 for, since 等构成的时间状语连用。He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he had had it for a very long time.We first met o
8、n a train in 2010.We both felt immediately that we had known each other for years.(2)有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。这类动词常见的有：hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think 等。I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train.(3)在特殊句式 hardly/scarcely .when .; no sooner .than .中，主句常
9、用过去完成时，该句式意为“一就；刚就” 。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.5将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间” 。I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.6现在进行时表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作；表近期特定的安排或计
10、划；go, come 等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。You are always studying in the library. Why not have a picnic this afternoon?7过去进行时(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。Did you catch what I said?Sorry. I was answering a text message just now.Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No, I was doing my homework all day yester
11、day.(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry. But I was doing my homework.8现在完成进行时(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the
12、last three years.(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.9将来进行时将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。Can I call you b
13、ack at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry, but by then I will be flying to Beijing. How about five?二、动词的语态英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走：第一步确定正确的时态，第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系则用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。被动语态的构成(以 write 为例)时间 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态现在 am/
14、is/are written am/is/are being writtenhas/have been written过去 was/were written was/were being writtenhad been written将来 shall/will be written1.get过去分词表被动They got married last week.He fell and got hurt.2主动形式表被动意义(1)系动词 look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn 等形容词/名词。The dish ta
15、stes delicious.His plan proved (to be) practical.(2)表示主语的某种属性的词：read, write, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, shut 等，其主语往往是物。What about the books?Books of this kind sell well.The door wont open.The pen writes smoothly.(3)be worth 后常接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。A lot of small towns in the area are definitely
16、 worth visiting.(4)need, want, require, deserve 等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。Most house plants require regular watering.三、解题技巧动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占 12 道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单
17、一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、 “呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、 “搭配法”(固定搭配)、 “语境法”等解题技巧。1、识别标志词如果题干中有标志性的时间状语，则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态。例More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent解析 此题有明
18、显的时间标志词 last year，提示我们应该使用一般过去时；句中的主语 students 是被送的对象，应该使用被动语态。答案为 B。动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语，请同学们熟记下列 8 种常用时态所对应的时间状语：(1)一般现在时：often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day 等。(2)一般过去时：then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months 等。(3)现在进行时：now, right now, at present, at t
19、his moment, these days 等。(4)过去进行时：then, at that time, at this time yesterday 等。(5)现在完成时： recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等。(6)过去完成时：before, by the end of last month/years等。(7)一般将来时：tomorrow, today, next week/month, in an hour, in the
20、 coming/following few weeks 等。(8)过去将来时：the following month, the next week 等。命题角度及对策高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时，常在题干中加入具体情景，以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力。敏锐捕捉时间标志词，并结合具体的语境，选择出正确的动词时态，是解决此类问题的良策。2、主从时态须呼应如果所给题干是主从复合句，可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态。命题角度及对策：近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查。在根据时态呼应原则解题时，要把握好以下几点:(1)在时间、条件等状语从
21、句中，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，一般过去时表示过去将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时。(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间，并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时，考生应熟知以下规则：主句动词为现在时，则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态；主句动词为过去时，则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态 (表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)。3、仔细体会语境近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高，大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化，因此，仔细体会所给语境，根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题。例：Do you think we should accept t
22、hat offer?Yes, we should, for we_ such bad luck up till now, and time_ out.A. have had; is running B. had; is runningC. have; has been run D. have had; has been run【答案解析】 A。由时间标志词 up till now 知道，动作是从过去延续到现在，所以第一空要用现在完成时;而根据语境可知时间快要耗光了，所以第二空要用进行时表将来。Can you tell me the timetable of the _school bus?We
23、ll, the bus _here for the _campus at 7:00 a.mA. will leave B. left C.is leaving D. leaves【答案解析】 D。考查时态， “校班车的时间表”是规定好的事情，表示一般性动作用一般现在时。【真题分析】一、单项选择1. (2018北京卷) Hi, Im Peter. Are you new here? I havent seen you around?Hello, Peter. Im Bob. I just _ on Monday.A. start B. have started C. started D. had
24、 started【答案】C2. (2018北京卷) Susan had quit her well-paid job and _ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.A. is working B. was working C. has worked D. had worked【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意: Susan 已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。Susan 辞职发生在地当志愿者之前，是过去完时态，过去完时态通俗的说就是“过去的过去” ，且结合时间状语 wh
25、en I visited her last year 可知，Susan 做志愿者是过去的某个时间段发生的情况，故该空应用过去进行时态。B 选项正确 3. (2018北京卷 ) Chinas high-speed railways _ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown【答案】B4. (2018北京卷 ) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who
26、_ in the mountains for two days.A. are trapping B. have been trapped C. were trapping D. had been trapped【答案】D【解析】考查语和付态。句意：一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。 “who _ in the mountains for two days”是定语从句，修饰 two tourists；two tourists 和 tap 之间是被动关系，该空应用被动语态。由 risked 可知，营救人员救游客是过去的事情，被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前，即过去的过去”
27、 ，该空应用过去完成时态。综上，D 选项正确。5. (2018天津卷) My washing machine _ this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.A. was repaired B. is repairedC. is being repaired D. has been repaired【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句 so I have to wash my clothes by hand.可知，洗衣机正在修，故用现在进行时态的被动语态。故选 C。6. (2018江苏卷) H
28、opefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we _ more convenient electronic communication tools by then.A. have developed B. had developedC. will have developed D. developed【答案】C【解析】考查时态。句意：希望在 2025 年，我们不再互相发电子邮件，因为到那时候我们将开发更方便的电子通信工具。根据时间状语 in 2025，可知用将来时；再根据时间状语by then 到那时，可知用完
29、成时。结合两者可知用将来完成时。故选 C。7. (2018江苏) I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ in the past two years.A. had been carried out B. would be carried outC. is being carried out D. has been carried out【答案】A【解析】考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语 last month 和 in the past
30、 two years 可知用过去完成时。故选A。8. (2017江苏卷) He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he _.A. was being followed B. was following C. had been followed D. followed【答案】A9. (2017北京卷) People_ better access to health care than they used to, and theyre living longer as a result.A. will have B. have C. h
31、ad D. had had【答案】B【解析】考查时态。句意：人们有着比过去更好的医疗保险，结果他们更长寿。与过去对比是现在，所以 than 前一句话是用现在的时间，而且后一句用的就是现在时态，所以前面也用现在时态，故选 B。10. (2017北京卷) In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones _ yet. A. havent invented B. havent been invented C. hadnt invented D. hadnt been inven
32、ted【答案】D【解析】考查时态语态。句意：在美国 20 世纪 50 年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除 AC，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成时，排除 B，故选 D，过去完成时的被动语态。二、单句填空1. (2018新课标 I 卷) While running regularly can make you live forever, the review says it _ (be)more effective at lengthening life than walking ,cycling or swimming
33、.【答案】is【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。句意：虽然经常跑步不能使你永远活着，但是评论说经常跑步在延长生命这方面比步行更有效。此处用一般现在时表示客观事实，it 是第三人称单数，故答案为 is。2. (2018新课标 II 卷) Diets have changed in China-and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country_ (grow) more corn than rice.【答案】has grown【解析】考查谓语动词的时态。由句中的时间状语 since 2011 可知用现在完成时，主语the country 是单数，故
34、答案为 has grown。3. (2018新课标 III 卷) True to a gorillas unaggressive nature, the huge animal _(mean)me no real harm.【答案】meant【解析】考查动词的时态。 由上下文可知此处用一般过去时，动词用过去时，故答案为meant。4. (2018浙江卷) I still remember visiting a friend whod lived here for five years and I_(shock) when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in al
35、l that time.【答案】was shocked5. (2017新课标 I 卷) When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something【答案】are removed【解析】考查时态和语态。本文的主体时态为一般现在时，此处亦应用一般现在时；又fat and salt 是动词 remove 的承受者，应用被动语态。所以此处填 are removed。6. (2017新课标 II 卷) Later, engineers 68 (manage) to construct railwa
36、ys in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known to the tube【答案】managed【解析】考查动词时态。因为 engineers 与 manage 之间为主动关系，而且是发生在过去的事情，所以填 managed。7. (2017新课标 III 卷) Sarah 63 (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year【答案】has been told/was told 【解析】考查动词时态和语
37、态。此处动词 tell 与 Sarah 是被动关系，因为第二段在讲述父亲和 Sarah 的想法时都是用现在时，因此可以用现在完成时表达过去对现在的影响，故可以填 has been told。此外， “被告知”这件事情发生在过去，故也可填 was told。8. (2017新课标 III 卷) But at the moment, school 69 (come) first. I dont want to get too absorbed in modeling.【答案】comes【解析】考查动词时态。全文均为现在时，且 school 是第三人称单数，故填 comes。9. (2017浙江卷)
38、 Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.【答案】searched【解析】考查动词的时态。根据本段的基本时态为一般过去时及语境可知，此处应用一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作 故填 searched。10. (2016新课标 I 卷) So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps p
39、ay for research, I 62 (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.【答案】was allowed 三、单句改错1. (2018新课标 I 卷) During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.【答案】findfound【解析】考查时态，上文有时间状语 last winter holi
40、day，可知用过去时态，故答案为find 改为 found。2. (2018新课标 II 卷) I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.【答案】arewere【解析】I didnt realize how right my parents are 的 are 改为 were。3. (2018新课标 III 卷) It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.【答案】beginbegun【解析】句意：这是周一的早晨，写作课刚刚
41、开始。过去完成时 had+过去分词，而 begin是动词原形，故答案为 begin 改为 begun。4. (2017新课标 I 卷) I thought I had learned the instructors orders, so once I started the car, my mind goes blank.【答案】goeswent【解析】考查时态。本文讲述作者 18 岁生日后的那个暑假发生的事情, 且通篇以过去时为主。此处应用一般过去时, 故把 goes 改为 went。5. (2017新课标 II 卷) When summer comes, they will invite
42、their students to pick the fresh vegetables!【答案】amecomes【解析】考查动词时态。因为主句部分为一般将来时态, 所以此处的时间状语从句应使用一般现在时表将来意义。6. (2017新课标 III 卷) About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.【答案】tooktaken becomebecame 。7. (2016新课标 I
43、卷) It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside.【答案】hadhave【解析】考查时态。整篇文章都是以现在时态写的, 所以需将一般过去时改为一般现在时。8. (2016新课标 II 卷) Some classmates suggest we should go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea.【答案】thoughtthink。【解析】考查动词的时态。全文的时态均以一般现
44、在时为主, 故此处应用一般现在时。9. (2016新课标 III 卷) However, my parents didnt seem to think so. They always tell me what to do and how to do it.【答案】telltold【解析】考查语篇中时态的一致性。全文中心时态为一般过去时, 故应将 tell 改为told。10. (2018 ) Both Dad and I planned to do something on Mothers Day. We get up early in the morning. Dad cleaned the
45、 house, and then went shopping.【答案】getgot【解析】前句与后句都是过去时, 所以用一般过去时。【对点测试】一、单项选择1. (2018海淀二模) How was your vacation in Seattle?Pretty good. In the evenings I _ to pubs to enjoy beer.A. have gone B. goC. had gone D. went【答案】D2. (2018海淀二模) He messed the project up, but he behaved as if nothing _.A. had
46、happened B. happenedC. would happen D. would have happened【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：他把这个项目搞糟了，但他表现的好像什么也没发生一样。as if 引导的从句表示与事实相反的情况时，应用虚拟语气。该句表示对过去的虚拟，根据 as if 的虚拟规则，该处应用过去完成时态。A 选项正确。3. (2018海淀二模) By now 516 Confucius Institutes _in 142 countries and regions, according to the Confucius Institute Headquart
47、ers.A. founded B. would foundC. have been founded D. had been founded【答案】C【解析】考查时态和语态。句意：根据孔子学院总部的统计，到现在为止，全世界 142 个国家和地区已经建立了 516 个孔子学院。主语 516 Confucius Institutes 7 和 foud 之间是被动关系，该句应用被动语态。且 by now 做时间状语,谓语动词应用现在完成时态。综上，该空应填 have been founded。C 选项正确。4. (2018海淀二模) I _up my mind what I was going to
48、say in the seminar, but it was cancelled.A. have made B. had madeC. was making D. would make【答案】B5. (2018天津市一中) The singers music video nearly 9 million times since it was posted on the Internet four weeks ago.A. viewed B. has viewedC. was viewed D. has been viewed【答案】D【解析】考查动词时态与语态辨析。A. viewed，一般过去式；B. was viewed 过去式的被动语态；C. has viewed，现在完成式；D. has been viewed，现在完成式的被动语态。句意：自从四个星期前这位歌手的音乐视频被放在互联网上，这个视频的访问量达到了将近9 百万次。since 从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时 has done 形式，又因 music video 是被访问的，故要用被动语态。故选 D。6. (2018滨海 7 校联考) Is Peter coming? No
